Earth Construction
A comprehensive guide
A comprehensive and illustrated handbook which will be essential reading for anyone involved in construction. Earth is extremely versatile and cheap but users must have a proper knowledge of its real potential in order to use it to its best effect. There are virtually no limitations on the use of the material, if users are aware of how to profit from the wide range of its qualities and ameliorate its defects.
This book is intended to serve as a practical manual and teaching handbook. It is aimed as all persons involved in earth construction projects: decision makers and planners, building inspectors, architects and engineers, technicians of all levels, building promoters, bricklayers, and sub-contractors.
Published: 1994
Pages: 376
eBook: 9781780444826
Paperback: 9781853391934
This book is intended to serve as a practical manual and teaching handbook. It is aimed as all persons involved in earth construction projects: decision makers and planners, building inspectors, architects and engineers, technicians of all levels, building promoters, bricklayers, and sub-contractors.
| FOREWORD ix | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| by Jan Pronk, Minister for Development Co-operation, The Netherlands | |||
| HOW TO USE THIS BOOK x | |||
| SI UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS xi | |||
| Introduction to small-scale energy technologies 1 | |||
| by Peter Fraenkel | |||
| Socio-economic considerations 11 | |||
| by Wim Hulscher | |||
| 1 Solar power | |||
| Introduction by Anthony Derrick, Roy Barlow and Modibo Dicko 23 | |||
| Photovoltaic equipment 40 | |||
| 2 Wind power | |||
| Introduction by Frank Goezinne, Dick Veldkamp, | |||
| Alvaro Pinilla and Robert W. Todd 73 | |||
| Wind pumps 86 | |||
| Wind generators 102 | |||
| 3 Water power | |||
| Introduction by Andy Brown and Bikash Pandey 123 | |||
| Water turbines 137 | |||
| Hydraulic ram pumps 172 | |||
| 4 Biomass energy technologies | |||
| Introduction by Joy Clancy, Hajo Brandt and P.D. Grower 175 | |||
| Pre-treatment equipment 204 | |||
| Briquetting equipment 207 | |||
| Gasifiers 235 | |||
| Combustion equipment 213 | |||
| Steam turbines 219 | |||
| 5 Internal combustion engines | |||
| by Joy Clancy and Kamal Siddiqui 239 | |||
| SUPPLIERS INDEX 246 | |||
| INDEX 275 |
Challenges in treating earthen construction materials as unsaturated soils
Augarde, Charles E.
Beckett, Christopher T.S.
Smith, Jonathan C.
Corbin, Andrew J.
Delage, P.
Cui, Y.-J.
Ghabezloo, S.
Pereira, J.-M.
Tang, A.-M.
E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 9 (2016), Iss. P.03002
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160903002 [Citations: 3]Geomaterials in green building practices: comparative characterization of commercially available clay-based plasters
Montana, G.
Randazzo, L.
Sabbadini, S.
Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 71 (2014), Iss. 2 P.931
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2499-4 [Citations: 8]The influence of burnt clay brick waste addition on recycled brick
Wiryikfu, Nfor Clins
Fokam, Christian Bopda
Kenmeugne, Bienvenu
Tchotang, Théodore
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Vol. 14 (2021), Iss. 4 P.482
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-1141-6 [Citations: 2]Static Behavior of Cob: Experimental Testing and Finite-Element Modeling
Miccoli, Lorenzo
Silva, Rui A.
Oliveira, Daniel V.
Müller, Urs
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 31 (2019), Iss. 4
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002638 [Citations: 13]Bond–Slip Mechanism of Rammed Earth–Timber Joints in Chinese Hakka Tulou Buildings
Luo, Yi
Zhong, Haopeng
Ding, Nan
Ni, Pengpeng
Xu, Yuye
Peng, Xingqian
Easa, Said M.
Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 147 (2021), Iss. 5
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002986 [Citations: 11]Ecological Wisdom
Sustainable Building Materials Guided by Ecological Wisdom to Combat Environmental Issues
Li, Mengmeng
Achal, Varenyam
2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0571-9_10 [Citations: 1]Out-of-plane shake table test of a rammed earth sub-assembly
Romanazzi, A.
Oliveira, D. V.
Silva, R. A.
Candeias, P. X.
Costa, A. C.
Carvalho, A.
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 20 (2022), Iss. 15 P.8325
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01525-6 [Citations: 6]Shaking table tests on strengthened adobe dwellings typical of Mexico
Catalán-Quiroz, Policarpo
Moreno-Martínez, Jatziri Y.
Galván, Arturo
Arroyo-Matus, Roberto
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, Vol. 173 (2020), Iss. 10 P.761
https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.19.00093 [Citations: 1]The use of urban biowaste and excavated soil in the construction sector: A literature review
Scialpi, Giulia
Perrotti, Daniela
Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, Vol. 40 (2022), Iss. 3 P.262
https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211000430 [Citations: 14]Experimental characterization of natural fibre–soil interaction: lessons for earthen construction
Vincenzini, Alessandra
Augarde, Charles E.
Gioffrè, Massimiliano
Materials and Structures, Vol. 54 (2021), Iss. 3
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01703-z [Citations: 16]Performance characteristics of enhanced soil blocks: a quantitative review
Danso, Humphrey
Martinson, Brett
Ali, Muhammad
Mant, Catherine
Building Research & Information, Vol. 43 (2015), Iss. 2 P.253
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.933293 [Citations: 70]Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure
Modeling of Degradation and Failure of Earthen Structural Units
Foster, Craig D.
2021
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51354-2_34 [Citations: 0]Observed damages in Pakistan due to 16 April 2013 Iran earthquake
Rafi, Muhammad Masood
Lodi, Sarosh H.
Ahmed, Muhammad
Alam, Naveed
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 13 (2015), Iss. 2 P.703
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9638-5 [Citations: 16]Consciousness, Creativity, and Self at the Dawn of Settled Life
Higher Levels of Consciousness
2020
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108753616.004 [Citations: 0]Characterisation of the progression of salts in walls of earthen architecture heritage
Tavares, Alice
Magalhães, M. Clara F.
Soares, Rosário
Costa, Aníbal
Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 86 (2022), Iss. 4 P.701
https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2022.51 [Citations: 2]The state of earthen housing worldwide: how development affects attitudes and adoption
Marsh, Alastair T. M.
Kulshreshtha, Yask
Building Research & Information, Vol. 50 (2022), Iss. 5 P.485
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1953369 [Citations: 20]Second RILEM International Conference on Earthen Construction
Sustainable Poured Earth Construction Using Tropical Soil and Local Wood Residue Extracts
Walter, Lily
Estevez, Yannick
Medjigbodo, Gildas
Armougom, Adeline
Roux, Baptiste
Lespinasse, Laureline
Linguet, Laurent
Nait-Rabah, Ouahcène
2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62690-6_15 [Citations: 0]Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions
Mechanical Characterization of Adobe Constructions Using Flat Jack Tests: Case Study of the Virgen de la Asunción de Sacsamarca Church
Tacas, Kiyoshi
Gonzales, Mauricio
Aguilar, Rafael
2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_76 [Citations: 4]Fibre reinforcement in earthen construction materials
Readle, Douglas
Coghlan, Sarah
Smith, Jonathan C.
Corbin, Andrew
Augarde, Charles E.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials, Vol. 169 (2016), Iss. 5 P.252
https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00039 [Citations: 7]On the development of unmodified mud grouts for repairing earth constructions: rheology, strength and adhesion
Silva, R. A.
Schueremans, L.
Oliveira, D. V.
Dekoning, K.
Gyssels, T.
Materials and Structures, Vol. 45 (2012), Iss. 10 P.1497
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9853-y [Citations: 24]Designing a ‘yellow brick road’ for the archaeometric analyses of fired and unfired bricks
Fragnoli, P.
Boccalon, E.
Liberotti, G.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, Vol. 59 (2023), Iss. P.231
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.12.007 [Citations: 3]Second RILEM International Conference on Earthen Construction
Rammed Earth with Brick Waste and Influence of Moulding Water Content and Lime
Bertelsen, Ida M. G.
Zania, Varvara
Goltermann, Per
Spangenberg, Jon
Kirkelund, Gunvor M.
2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62690-6_28 [Citations: 0]Production of sustainable clay bricks using waste fly ash: Mechanical and durability properties
Abbas, Safeer
Saleem, Muhammad A.
Kazmi, Syed M.S.
Munir, Muhammad J.
Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 14 (2017), Iss. P.7
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.09.008 [Citations: 131]Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability
A temporary pavilion as a way to experiment with mud. The case of Roly Poly
Balboa Quesada, L.
Jiménez Quesada, A.J.
2017
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315267739-58 [Citations: 1]10th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin
Development of Mud-Based Grouts for the Consolidation of Earth-Block Masonry
Papayianni, Ioanna
Pachta, Vasiliki
2018
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78093-1_12 [Citations: 0]Influence of Traditional Building Practices in Seismic Vulnerability of Bhutanese Vernacular Rammed Earth Architecture
Pennacchio, Roberto
De Filippi, F.
Bosetti, M.
Aoki, T.
Wangmo, P.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 16 (2022), Iss. 3 P.374
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1785044 [Citations: 10]Influence of Waste Gypsum on the Microstructural Characteristics and Strength Behavior of Unfired Mud Block
Iqbal, Kamran
Hussain, Shahab
Farooq, Asim
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol. 45 (2020), Iss. 10 P.8551
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04749-3 [Citations: 2]Strengthening and Retrofitting of Existing Structures
Seismic Retrofit of Adobe Constructions
Vargas-Neumann, Julio
Oliveira, Cristina
Silveira, Dora
Varum, Humberto
2018
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5858-5_4 [Citations: 2]Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements
Environmental Potential of Earth-Based Building Materials: Key Facts and Issues from a Life Cycle Assessment Perspective
Ventura, Anne
Ouellet-Plamondon, Claudiane
Röck, Martin
Hecht, Torben
Roy, Vincent
Higuera, Paula
Lecompte, Thibaut
Faria, Paulina
Hamard, Erwan
Morel, Jean-Claude
Habert, Guillaume
2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83297-1_8 [Citations: 13]Factors affecting the use of earth material in mainstream construction: a critical review
Pelé-Peltier, Antoine
Charef, Rabia
Morel, Jean-Claude
Building Research & Information, Vol. 51 (2023), Iss. 2 P.119
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2022.2070719 [Citations: 7]Exploratory study of rammed earth walls under static element test
Wangmo, Phuntsho
Shrestha, Kshitij C.
Aoki, Takayoshi
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 266 (2021), Iss. P.121035
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121035 [Citations: 7]Compressed earth blocks (CEB) compression tested under two earth standards
Aranda-Jiménez, Yolanda
Zuñiga-Leal, Carlos
Moreno-Chimely, Laura
Robles-Aranda, María Emilia
Cogent Engineering, Vol. 10 (2023), Iss. 1
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2022.2163116 [Citations: 2]In Situ Characterization of Rammed Earth Wall Renders
Mateus, Luís
Veiga, Maria do Rosário
de Brito, Jorge
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 9 (2015), Iss. 4 P.430
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.798714 [Citations: 12]Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions
Academy, Cultural Heritage and Innovation in the Province of Azuay, Ecuador
Amaya, Jorge
García, Gabriela
Jara, David
2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_221 [Citations: 0]Laboratory scale testing of extruded earth masonry units
Maskell, Daniel
Heath, Andrew
Walker, Pete
Materials & Design, Vol. 45 (2013), Iss. P.359
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.09.008 [Citations: 43]The Relevance of GIS in the Evaluation of Vernacular Architecture
Ford, Margaret
El Kadi, Hisham
Watson, Linda
Journal of Architectural Conservation, Vol. 5 (1999), Iss. 3 P.64
https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.1999.10785252 [Citations: 10]Compressive and shear strength of cob wallettes reinforced with bamboo and steel mesh
Sangma, Sangketa
Tripura, Deb Dulal
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, Vol. 176 (2023), Iss. 9 P.710
https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.21.00086 [Citations: 2]Advances in Architectural Geometry 2014
Simulation of Aggregate Structures in Architecture: Distinct-Element Modeling of Synthetic Non-convex Granulates
Dierichs, Karola
Menges, Achim
2015
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11418-7_1 [Citations: 1]Technical Strategies for Conservation of Earthen Archaeological Architecture
Correia, Mariana
Guerrero, Luis
Crosby, Anthony
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, Vol. 17 (2015), Iss. 3 P.224
https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2015.1129799 [Citations: 15]Mud Bricks and the Process of Construction in the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant
Homsher, Robert S.
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol. 368 (2012), Iss. P.1
https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.368.0001 [Citations: 33]CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ADOBE ELEMENTS
Li Piani, T.
Weerheijm, J.
Sluys, L. J.
Journal of Green Building, Vol. 17 (2022), Iss. 3 P.203
https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.3.203 [Citations: 2]UNI*VERS
Zur Erhaltung des Kulturerbes Tibets
Gruber, Maria M.
2010
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99285-2_14 [Citations: 0]A review of current construction guidelines to inform the design of rammed earth houses in seismically active zones
Thompson, David
Augarde, Charles
Osorio, Juan Pablo
Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 54 (2022), Iss. P.104666
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104666 [Citations: 14]Influence of synthetic waste fibres on drying shrinkage cracking and mechanical properties of adobe materials
Bertelsen, I.M.G.
Belmonte, L.J.
Fischer, G.
Ottosen, L.M.
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 286 (2021), Iss. P.122738
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122738 [Citations: 16]Seismic Analysis by Macroelements of Fujian Hakka Tulous, Chinese Circular Earth Constructions Listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List
Briseghella, B.
Colasanti, V.
Fenu, L.
Nuti, C.
Spacone, E.
Varum, H.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 14 (2020), Iss. 10 P.1551
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1618973 [Citations: 12]Traditional Constructive Techniques and Their Relation to Geographical Conditioning Factors. The Case of Half-Timbered Walls in Spain
Hueto-Escobar, Alicia
Mileto, Camilla
Vegas López-Manzanares, Fernando
Macchioni, Nicola
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 18 (2024), Iss. 3 P.454
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2022.2155884 [Citations: 2]Thermal performance exploration of 3D printed cob
Gomaa, Mohamed
Carfrae, Jim
Goodhew, Steve
Jabi, Wassim
Veliz Reyes, Alejandro
Architectural Science Review, Vol. 62 (2019), Iss. 3 P.230
https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2019.1606776 [Citations: 38]Sustainable Practices
Earth Building Materials, Production, and Construction Techniques
Niroumand, Hamed
Zain, M.F.M
Alhosseni, Sanaz Naghavi
2014
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4852-4.ch029 [Citations: 0]Proceedings of the 8th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym’22)
Water-Resistant Characteristics of Ch’ampa Type Earth Block Masonry
Quille, Yasmani Vitulas
2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31007-2_37 [Citations: 2]Seaweed biopolymers as additives for unfired clay bricks
Dove, Cassandra A.
Bradley, Fiona F.
Patwardhan, Siddharth V.
Materials and Structures, Vol. 49 (2016), Iss. 11 P.4463
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0801-0 [Citations: 37]Thermal Insulation and Radiation Control Technologies for Buildings
Short History of Thermal Insulation and Radiation Control Technologies Used in Architecture
Kośny, Jan
Yarbrough, David W.
2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98693-3_1 [Citations: 5]Mechanical properties of three-leaf masonry walls constructed with natural stones and mud mortar
Meimaroglou, Nikiforos
Mouzakis, Harris
Engineering Structures, Vol. 172 (2018), Iss. P.869
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.015 [Citations: 21]A process-based framework for adaptable modules in robotic clay 3D printing
Gündüz, Gamze
Özkar, Mine
International Journal of Architectural Computing, Vol. 22 (2024), Iss. 1 P.45
https://doi.org/10.1177/14780771231225698 [Citations: 1]Economic benefits of contemporary earth construction in low-cost urban housing – State-of-the-art review
Zami, Mohammad Sharif
Lee, Angela
Journal of Building Appraisal, Vol. 5 (2010), Iss. 3 P.259
https://doi.org/10.1057/jba.2009.32 [Citations: 48]Gulf Conference on Sustainable Built Environment
Compressed Earth Blocks: A Sustainable Construction Alternative
Saad, Ahmad S.
Al-Enezi, Fahad M.
Al-Sayab, Hamad A.
Al-Zayed, Zuhair H.
Awwad, Fares H.
Al-Muhanna, Sarah N.
2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39734-0_10 [Citations: 2]Fujian Tulou Rammed Earth Structures: Optimizing Restoration Techniques Through Participatory Design and Collective Practices
Frangedaki, Evangelia
Gao, Xihong
Lagaros, Nikos D.
Briseghella, Bruno
Marano, Giuseppe Carlo
Sargentis, G. Fivos
Meimaroglou, Nikiforos
Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 44 (2020), Iss. P.92
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.209 [Citations: 9]Seismic behavior of two Portuguese adobe buildings: Part I - in-plane cyclic testing of a full-scale adobe wall
Silveira, Dora
Varum, Humberto
Costa, Aníbal
Pereira, Henrique
Sarchi, Laura
Monteiro, Ricardo
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 12 (2018), Iss. 6 P.922
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1423131 [Citations: 9]Sample size choices for XRCT scanning of highly unsaturated soil mixtures
Smith, Jonathan C.
Augarde, Charles E.
Delage, P.
Cui, Y.-J.
Ghabezloo, S.
Pereira, J.-M.
Tang, A.-M.
E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 9 (2016), Iss. P.06005
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160906005 [Citations: 0]RESEARCH OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BLENDED BRICKS WİTH FLY ASH BASED, BLAST FURNACE SLAG ADDITION
Çağlar, Hakan
Çağlar, Arzu
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, Vol. 7 (2019), Iss. 1 P.126
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i1.2019.1041 [Citations: 2]Defining Criteria for Intervention in Earthen-Built Heritage Conservation
Rosado Correia, Mariana Rita Alberto
Walliman, Nicholas Stephen Robert
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 8 (2014), Iss. 4 P.581
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2012.704478 [Citations: 17]3D printing earth: Local, circular material processing, fabrication methods, and Life Cycle Assessment
Curth, Alexander
Pearl, Natalie
Castro-Salazar, Angelica
Mueller, Caitlin
Sass, Lawrence
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 421 (2024), Iss. P.135714
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135714 [Citations: 4]Proceedings of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering Annual Conference 2021
Historical Development of Rammed Earth Construction and Its Use in Canada
Gupta, R.
Burrell, B. C.
Garg, M.
Gupta, A.
Krayenhoff, M.
Krayenhoff, J.
2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0503-2_27 [Citations: 0]13. Earthen architecture
Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, Vol. 21 (2006), Iss. 1 P.387
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.ENG.2006.021.01.13 [Citations: 2]Insights into natural and carbonation curing of ancient Chinese rammed earth mixed with brown sugar
Luo, Yi
Zhong, Haopeng
Bao, Feiyang
Guo, Zhonghan
Ni, Pengpeng
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 317 (2022), Iss. P.125969
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125969 [Citations: 10]Evaluation of Engineering Characteristics of Stabilized Rammed-Earth Material Sourced from Natural Fines-Rich Soil
Hallal, Mohamad M.
Sadek, Salah
Najjar, Shadi S.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 30 (2018), Iss. 11
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002481 [Citations: 37]Influence of Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of Load-Bearing Adobe Masonry Walls
Martins, Tiago
Fernández, Jaime
Varum, Humberto
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 13 (2019), Iss. 6 P.841
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1482384 [Citations: 10]Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements
General Introduction
Hamard, Erwan
Fabbri, Antonin
Morel, Jean-Claude
2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83297-1_1 [Citations: 1]Material Weathering and Structural Damage in Historic Adobe Constructions in Spain: Preliminary Results of a Quantitative Approach
Gómez-Patrocinio, F. Javier
Mileto, Camilla
García-Soriano, Lidia
López-Manzanares, Fernando Vegas
Studies in Conservation, Vol. 65 (2020), Iss. 8 P.450
https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2020.1727695 [Citations: 3]Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks: Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
Mak, Kenneth
MacDougall, Colin
Fam, Amir
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 28 (2016), Iss. 7
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001512 [Citations: 9]Compression, Tension, and Fracture Energy Properties of Compressed Cement-Stabilized Earth Blocks
Hall, Ethan
Pulatsu, Bora
Erdogmus, Ece
Skourup, Brian
Journal of Architectural Engineering, Vol. 28 (2022), Iss. 1
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000524 [Citations: 6]Experimental Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Adobe Masonry
Rafi, Muhammad Masood
Khan, Sher
Bhutto, Muhammad Aslam
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 35 (2023), Iss. 9
https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15430 [Citations: 6]The mechanical characteristics of on-site manufactured compressed earth blocks: the effects of water repellent and other additives
Mak, Kenneth
MacDougall, Colin
Fam, Amir
International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, Vol. 6 (2015), Iss. 4 P.201
https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2015.1092001 [Citations: 3]Strength and durability assessment of stabilized Najd soil for usage as earth construction materials
Mustafa, Yassir Mubarak Hussein
Al-Amoudi, Omar Saeed Baghabra
Zami, Mohammad Sharif
Al-Osta, Mohammed A.
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 82 (2023), Iss. 2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03075-w [Citations: 2]Static Compaction of Soils with Varying Clay Content
Zhemchuzhnikov, Alexandr
Ghavami, Khosrow
dal Toé Casagrande, Michéle
Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 668 (2015), Iss. P.238
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.668.238 [Citations: 7]Applications of micromorphology to understanding activity areas and site formation processes in experimental hut floors
Banerjea, Rowena Y.
Bell, Martin
Matthews, Wendy
Brown, Alex
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Vol. 7 (2015), Iss. 1 P.89
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-013-0160-5 [Citations: 56]Effect of Treatment with Cement on the Mechanical Characteristics of Silt from Telagh Region of Sidi Belabes, Algeria
Ikhlef, Nour-Said
Ghembaza, Moulay Smaïne
Dadouch, Mokhtar
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 33 (2015), Iss. 4 P.1067
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9888-2 [Citations: 18]Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and preserving mudbrick architecture in regional and diachronic contexts
O’Grady, Caitlin R.
Luke, Christina
Mokrišová, Jana
Roosevelt, Christopher H.
Geraghty, Lincoln
Cogent Arts & Humanities, Vol. 5 (2018), Iss. 1
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2018.1553326 [Citations: 4]Design of Tannin-Based Poured Earth Material via Deflocculation–Coagulation Control: Additive Selection and Tannin Variation
Du, Yi
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