Earth Construction
A comprehensive guide
A comprehensive and illustrated handbook which will be essential reading for anyone involved in construction. Earth is extremely versatile and cheap but users must have a proper knowledge of its real potential in order to use it to its best effect. There are virtually no limitations on the use of the material, if users are aware of how to profit from the wide range of its qualities and ameliorate its defects.
This book is intended to serve as a practical manual and teaching handbook. It is aimed as all persons involved in earth construction projects: decision makers and planners, building inspectors, architects and engineers, technicians of all levels, building promoters, bricklayers, and sub-contractors.
Published: 1994
Pages: 376
eBook: 9781780444826
Paperback: 9781853391934
This book is intended to serve as a practical manual and teaching handbook. It is aimed as all persons involved in earth construction projects: decision makers and planners, building inspectors, architects and engineers, technicians of all levels, building promoters, bricklayers, and sub-contractors.
| FOREWORD ix | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| by Jan Pronk, Minister for Development Co-operation, The Netherlands | |||
| HOW TO USE THIS BOOK x | |||
| SI UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS xi | |||
| Introduction to small-scale energy technologies 1 | |||
| by Peter Fraenkel | |||
| Socio-economic considerations 11 | |||
| by Wim Hulscher | |||
| 1 Solar power | |||
| Introduction by Anthony Derrick, Roy Barlow and Modibo Dicko 23 | |||
| Photovoltaic equipment 40 | |||
| 2 Wind power | |||
| Introduction by Frank Goezinne, Dick Veldkamp, | |||
| Alvaro Pinilla and Robert W. Todd 73 | |||
| Wind pumps 86 | |||
| Wind generators 102 | |||
| 3 Water power | |||
| Introduction by Andy Brown and Bikash Pandey 123 | |||
| Water turbines 137 | |||
| Hydraulic ram pumps 172 | |||
| 4 Biomass energy technologies | |||
| Introduction by Joy Clancy, Hajo Brandt and P.D. Grower 175 | |||
| Pre-treatment equipment 204 | |||
| Briquetting equipment 207 | |||
| Gasifiers 235 | |||
| Combustion equipment 213 | |||
| Steam turbines 219 | |||
| 5 Internal combustion engines | |||
| by Joy Clancy and Kamal Siddiqui 239 | |||
| SUPPLIERS INDEX 246 | |||
| INDEX 275 |
The feasibility of earth block masonry for building sustainable walling in the United Kingdom
Williams, Colin
Goodhew, Steve
Griffiths, Richard
Watson, Linda
Journal of Building Appraisal, Vol. 6 (2010), Iss. 2 P.99
https://doi.org/10.1057/jba.2010.15 [Citations: 23]Challenges in treating earthen construction materials as unsaturated soils
Augarde, Charles E.
Beckett, Christopher T.S.
Smith, Jonathan C.
Corbin, Andrew J.
Delage, P.
Cui, Y.-J.
Ghabezloo, S.
Pereira, J.-M.
Tang, A.-M.
E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 9 (2016), Iss. P.03002
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160903002 [Citations: 3]Geomaterials in green building practices: comparative characterization of commercially available clay-based plasters
Montana, G.
Randazzo, L.
Sabbadini, S.
Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 71 (2014), Iss. 2 P.931
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2499-4 [Citations: 8]The influence of burnt clay brick waste addition on recycled brick
Wiryikfu, Nfor Clins
Fokam, Christian Bopda
Kenmeugne, Bienvenu
Tchotang, Théodore
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Vol. 14 (2021), Iss. 4 P.482
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-1141-6 [Citations: 2]Static Behavior of Cob: Experimental Testing and Finite-Element Modeling
Miccoli, Lorenzo
Silva, Rui A.
Oliveira, Daniel V.
Müller, Urs
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 31 (2019), Iss. 4
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002638 [Citations: 13]Out-of-plane shake table test of a rammed earth sub-assembly
Romanazzi, A.
Oliveira, D. V.
Silva, R. A.
Candeias, P. X.
Costa, A. C.
Carvalho, A.
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 20 (2022), Iss. 15 P.8325
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01525-6 [Citations: 7]The use of urban biowaste and excavated soil in the construction sector: A literature review
Scialpi, Giulia
Perrotti, Daniela
Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, Vol. 40 (2022), Iss. 3 P.262
https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211000430 [Citations: 15]Experimental characterization of natural fibre–soil interaction: lessons for earthen construction
Vincenzini, Alessandra
Augarde, Charles E.
Gioffrè, Massimiliano
Materials and Structures, Vol. 54 (2021), Iss. 3
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01703-z [Citations: 21]Performance characteristics of enhanced soil blocks: a quantitative review
Danso, Humphrey
Martinson, Brett
Ali, Muhammad
Mant, Catherine
Building Research & Information, Vol. 43 (2015), Iss. 2 P.253
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.933293 [Citations: 71]Observed damages in Pakistan due to 16 April 2013 Iran earthquake
Rafi, Muhammad Masood
Lodi, Sarosh H.
Ahmed, Muhammad
Alam, Naveed
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 13 (2015), Iss. 2 P.703
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9638-5 [Citations: 16]Consciousness, Creativity, and Self at the Dawn of Settled Life
Higher Levels of Consciousness
2020
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108753616.004 [Citations: 0]Characterisation of the progression of salts in walls of earthen architecture heritage
Tavares, Alice
Magalhães, M. Clara F.
Soares, Rosário
Costa, Aníbal
Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 86 (2022), Iss. 4 P.701
https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2022.51 [Citations: 4]The state of earthen housing worldwide: how development affects attitudes and adoption
Marsh, Alastair T. M.
Kulshreshtha, Yask
Building Research & Information, Vol. 50 (2022), Iss. 5 P.485
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1953369 [Citations: 29]Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions
Mechanical Characterization of Adobe Constructions Using Flat Jack Tests: Case Study of the Virgen de la Asunción de Sacsamarca Church
Tacas, Kiyoshi
Gonzales, Mauricio
Aguilar, Rafael
2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_76 [Citations: 4]Fibre reinforcement in earthen construction materials
Readle, Douglas
Coghlan, Sarah
Smith, Jonathan C.
Corbin, Andrew
Augarde, Charles E.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials, Vol. 169 (2016), Iss. 5 P.252
https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00039 [Citations: 7]Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability
A temporary pavilion as a way to experiment with mud. The case of Roly Poly
Balboa Quesada, L.
Jiménez Quesada, A.J.
2017
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315267739-58 [Citations: 1]10th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin
Development of Mud-Based Grouts for the Consolidation of Earth-Block Masonry
Papayianni, Ioanna
Pachta, Vasiliki
2018
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78093-1_12 [Citations: 0]Influence of Traditional Building Practices in Seismic Vulnerability of Bhutanese Vernacular Rammed Earth Architecture
Pennacchio, Roberto
De Filippi, F.
Bosetti, M.
Aoki, T.
Wangmo, P.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 16 (2022), Iss. 3 P.374
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1785044 [Citations: 12]Influence of Waste Gypsum on the Microstructural Characteristics and Strength Behavior of Unfired Mud Block
Iqbal, Kamran
Hussain, Shahab
Farooq, Asim
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol. 45 (2020), Iss. 10 P.8551
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04749-3 [Citations: 2]Tensile Bond Strength of Soil-Cement Block Masonry Couplets Using Cement-Soil Mortars
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V.
Gupta, Ajay
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 18 (2006), Iss. 1 P.36
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:1(36) [Citations: 37]Strengthening and Retrofitting of Existing Structures
Seismic Retrofit of Adobe Constructions
Vargas-Neumann, Julio
Oliveira, Cristina
Silveira, Dora
Varum, Humberto
2018
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5858-5_4 [Citations: 2]Encapsulation of fluoride sludge in stabilised mud blocks
Rao, S. M.
Mamatha, P.
Shantha, R. P.
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management, Vol. 160 (2007), Iss. 4 P.167
https://doi.org/10.1680/warm.2007.160.4.167 [Citations: 3]In Situ Characterization of Rammed Earth Wall Renders
Mateus, Luís
Veiga, Maria do Rosário
de Brito, Jorge
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 9 (2015), Iss. 4 P.430
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.798714 [Citations: 12]Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions
Academy, Cultural Heritage and Innovation in the Province of Azuay, Ecuador
Amaya, Jorge
García, Gabriela
Jara, David
2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_221 [Citations: 0]The archaeologist's challenge or despair: reburial at Merv, Turkmenistan
Cooke, Louise
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, Vol. 9 (2007), Iss. 2 P.97
https://doi.org/10.1179/175355208X360096 [Citations: 4]Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Water Energy Food and Sustainability (ICoWEFS 2023)
Building a Sustainable Future: Examining the Impact of Earth-Based Materials on Civil Engineering Development
Tarhan, Yeşim
Tarhan, İsmail Hakkı
Craveiro, Flavio
Bartolo, Helena
2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48532-9_54 [Citations: 0]Laboratory scale testing of extruded earth masonry units
Maskell, Daniel
Heath, Andrew
Walker, Pete
Materials & Design, Vol. 45 (2013), Iss. P.359
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.09.008 [Citations: 45]The Relevance of GIS in the Evaluation of Vernacular Architecture
Ford, Margaret
El Kadi, Hisham
Watson, Linda
Journal of Architectural Conservation, Vol. 5 (1999), Iss. 3 P.64
https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.1999.10785252 [Citations: 10]Compressive and shear strength of cob wallettes reinforced with bamboo and steel mesh
Sangma, Sangketa
Tripura, Deb Dulal
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, Vol. 176 (2023), Iss. 9 P.710
https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.21.00086 [Citations: 2]Influence of shear bond strength on compressive strength and stress–strain characteristics of masonry
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V.
Uday Vyas, Ch. V.
Materials and Structures, Vol. 41 (2008), Iss. 10 P.1697
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9358-x [Citations: 74]CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ADOBE ELEMENTS
Li Piani, T.
Weerheijm, J.
Sluys, L. J.
Journal of Green Building, Vol. 17 (2022), Iss. 3 P.203
https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.3.203 [Citations: 5]Drivers that help adopting stabilised earth construction to address urban low-cost housing crisis: an understanding by construction professionals
Zami, Mohammad Sharif
Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 13 (2011), Iss. 6 P.993
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-011-9301-0 [Citations: 7]Influence of synthetic waste fibres on drying shrinkage cracking and mechanical properties of adobe materials
Bertelsen, I.M.G.
Belmonte, L.J.
Fischer, G.
Ottosen, L.M.
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 286 (2021), Iss. P.122738
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122738 [Citations: 18]Seismic Analysis by Macroelements of Fujian Hakka Tulous, Chinese Circular Earth Constructions Listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List
Briseghella, B.
Colasanti, V.
Fenu, L.
Nuti, C.
Spacone, E.
Varum, H.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 14 (2020), Iss. 10 P.1551
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1618973 [Citations: 14]Sustainable Practices
Earth Building Materials, Production, and Construction Techniques
Niroumand, Hamed
Zain, M.F.M
Alhosseni, Sanaz Naghavi
2014
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4852-4.ch029 [Citations: 0]Barracas on the Mediterranean Coast
García-Esparza, Juan A.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 5 (2010), Iss. 1 P.27
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050903186532 [Citations: 9]Seaweed biopolymers as additives for unfired clay bricks
Dove, Cassandra A.
Bradley, Fiona F.
Patwardhan, Siddharth V.
Materials and Structures, Vol. 49 (2016), Iss. 11 P.4463
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0801-0 [Citations: 44]Thermal Insulation and Radiation Control Technologies for Buildings
Short History of Thermal Insulation and Radiation Control Technologies Used in Architecture
Kośny, Jan
Yarbrough, David W.
2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98693-3_1 [Citations: 6]Bond Characteristics of Earth Block Masonry
Walker, P.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 11 (1999), Iss. 3 P.249
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:3(249) [Citations: 52]Mechanical properties of three-leaf masonry walls constructed with natural stones and mud mortar
Meimaroglou, Nikiforos
Mouzakis, Harris
Engineering Structures, Vol. 172 (2018), Iss. P.869
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.015 [Citations: 23]Seismic behavior of two Portuguese adobe buildings: Part I - in-plane cyclic testing of a full-scale adobe wall
Silveira, Dora
Varum, Humberto
Costa, Aníbal
Pereira, Henrique
Sarchi, Laura
Monteiro, Ricardo
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 12 (2018), Iss. 6 P.922
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1423131 [Citations: 11]A proposed diagnostic survey procedure for cob walls
Keefe, L.
Watson, L.
Griffiths, R.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, Vol. 146 (2001), Iss. 1 P.57
https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2001.146.1.57 [Citations: 8]RESEARCH OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BLENDED BRICKS WİTH FLY ASH BASED, BLAST FURNACE SLAG ADDITION
Çağlar, Hakan
Çağlar, Arzu
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, Vol. 7 (2019), Iss. 1 P.126
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i1.2019.1041 [Citations: 4]Proceedings of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering Annual Conference 2021
Historical Development of Rammed Earth Construction and Its Use in Canada
Gupta, R.
Burrell, B. C.
Garg, M.
Gupta, A.
Krayenhoff, M.
Krayenhoff, J.
2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0503-2_27 [Citations: 0]13. Earthen architecture
Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, Vol. 21 (2006), Iss. 1 P.387
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.ENG.2006.021.01.13 [Citations: 2]Stratagems and Back Spoils: Utilizing Backdirt in the Management of Archaeological Earthen Heritage
Lingle, Ashley
Seifert, Jerrod
Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 49 (2024), Iss. 3 P.192
https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2024.2318533 [Citations: 1]Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructural Analysis of Earthen Materials Reinforced with Intensive Agricultural By-Products and Binders
Cervilla-Maldonado, Ana
Valverde-Palacios, Ignacio
Martín-Villegas, Francisco
Fuentes-García, Raquel
Materials, Vol. 17 (2024), Iss. 24 P.6118
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246118 [Citations: 0]Evaluation of Engineering Characteristics of Stabilized Rammed-Earth Material Sourced from Natural Fines-Rich Soil
Hallal, Mohamad M.
Sadek, Salah
Najjar, Shadi S.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 30 (2018), Iss. 11
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002481 [Citations: 46]Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements
General Introduction
Hamard, Erwan
Fabbri, Antonin
Morel, Jean-Claude
2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83297-1_1 [Citations: 2]Applications of micromorphology to understanding activity areas and site formation processes in experimental hut floors
Banerjea, Rowena Y.
Bell, Martin
Matthews, Wendy
Brown, Alex
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Vol. 7 (2015), Iss. 1 P.89
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-013-0160-5 [Citations: 59]Effect of Treatment with Cement on the Mechanical Characteristics of Silt from Telagh Region of Sidi Belabes, Algeria
Ikhlef, Nour-Said
Ghembaza, Moulay Smaïne
Dadouch, Mokhtar
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 33 (2015), Iss. 4 P.1067
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9888-2 [Citations: 18]Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and preserving mudbrick architecture in regional and diachronic contexts
O’Grady, Caitlin R.
Luke, Christina
Mokrišová, Jana
Roosevelt, Christopher H.
Geraghty, Lincoln
Cogent Arts & Humanities, Vol. 5 (2018), Iss. 1
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2018.1553326 [Citations: 4]Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology
Tells
Matthews, Wendy
2017
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_148 [Citations: 2]Compressed Stabilized Earth Block Shell Housing: Performance Considerations
Bradley, Ryan A.
Gohnert, Mitchell
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, Vol. 23 (2018), Iss. 3
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000373 [Citations: 5]Potential utilization of oil shale as a stabilizing material for compressed Earth block
Al-Fhaid, Hamza
Edris, Walid Fouad
Al-Tamimi, Mahmoud
Frontiers in Built Environment, Vol. 9 (2023), Iss.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1199744 [Citations: 1]Consciousness, Creativity, and Self at the Dawn of Settled Life
Brick Sizes and Architectural Regularities at Neolithic Çatalhöyük
Barański, Marek Z.
2020
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108753616.008 [Citations: 1]Brick by brick: illuminating the cognitive landscape of the past through sensory archaeology
Lorenzon, Marta
Time and Mind, Vol. 17 (2024), Iss. 1-2 P.55
https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2024.2352383 [Citations: 2]Experimental Evaluation of Flexural and Bond Behaviors of Adobe Masonry
Rafi, Muhammad Masood
Khan, Sher
Marri, Amanullah
Bhutto, Muhammad Aslam
Journal of Structural Design and Construction Practice, Vol. 30 (2025), Iss. 2
https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDCCC.SCENG-1632 [Citations: 0]Sustainable Building with Earth
Construction Soil – Sourcing, Extraction and Classification
Schroeder, Horst
2016
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19491-2_2 [Citations: 0]Detailed Experimental Review of Flexural Behavior of Cement Stabilized Soil Block Masonry
Tennant, Adam G.
Foster, Craig D.
Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 28 (2016), Iss. 6
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001548 [Citations: 13]A review on the buffering capacity of earth building materials
McGregor, Fionn
Heath, Andrew
Maskell, Daniel
Fabbri, Antonin
Morel, Jean-Claude
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials, Vol. 169 (2016), Iss. 5 P.241
https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00035 [Citations: 61]Technologies for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructures
Bio-enzyme-Amended Building Blocks by Partial Replacement of Clay with Native Soil
Shivhare, Saurabh
Harikumar, M.
Krishna Priya, S.
Sarswat, Hariom
Sudeepta, S.
Harish, K.
2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4852-5_37 [Citations: 0]A review of local construction practices applied on unreinforced adobe buildings in South America
Cocco, Giulia
Brando, Giuseppe
Spacone, Enrico
Frontiers in Built Environment, Vol. 8 (2022), Iss.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.974005 [Citations: 7]On Earth Stabilization with Natural Polymers for Earth Masonry Construction
Achenza, M.
Fenu, L.
Materials and Structures, Vol. 39 (2007), Iss. 1 P.21
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-005-9000-0 [Citations: 86]Rammed Earth Techniques in China and the Mediterranean Area: A Comparative Analysis
Qi, Zhou
Lopez-Manzanares, Fernando Vegas
Mileto, Camilla
Trizio, Francesca
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 18 (2024), Iss. 11 P.1727
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2023.2255569 [Citations: 2]Dimensional analysis of soil–cement mixture performance
Williamson, S.
Cortes, D. D.
Géotechnique Letters, Vol. 4 (2014), Iss. 1 P.33
https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.13.00082 [Citations: 22]Earthen Dwellings and Structures
Shear Strength Parameters and Mohr–Coulomb Failure Envelopes for Cement-Stabilised Rammed Earth
Lepakshi, R.
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V.
2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5883-8_5 [Citations: 0]Cases on the Diffusion and Adoption of Sustainable Development Practices
Earth Building Materials, Production, and Construction Techniques
Niroumand, Hamed
Zain, M.F.M
Alhosseni, Sanaz Naghavi
2013
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2842-7.ch005 [Citations: 0]Influence of additives on poured earth strength development
Ardant, Daria
Brumaud, Coralie
Habert, Guillaume
Materials and Structures, Vol. 53 (2020), Iss. 5
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-020-01564-y [Citations: 20]18th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference
Mixing Energy: Manual Mixing Versus Mechanical Mixing, and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties of Unburnt Brick
Sambo, Webster
Noguchi, Takafumi
2025
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_70 [Citations: 0]In situ mechanical investigation of rammed earth: Calibration of minor destructive testing
Lombillo, I.
Villegas, L.
Fodde, E.
Thomas, C.
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 51 (2014), Iss. P.451
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.090 [Citations: 36]Feasibility Study of Affordable Earth Masonry Housing in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region
Kumar, Nitin
Barbato, Michele
Holton, Robert
Journal of Architectural Engineering, Vol. 24 (2018), Iss. 2
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000311 [Citations: 12]Strength and Durability Characteristics of Cement-Sand Stabilized Earth Blocks
Islam, Mohammad Shariful
Shahriar, Azmayeen Rafat
Nahar, Kamrun
Hossain, Tahsin Reza
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 32 (2020), Iss. 5
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003176 [Citations: 39]Experimental and FEM Investigation of Cob Walls under Compression
Quagliarini, Enrico
Maracchini, Gianluca
Rangeard, Damien
Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2018 (2018), Iss. 1
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7027432 [Citations: 13]Bibliometric Analysis of Bio- and Earth-Based Building Materials: Current and Future Trends
Rosa Latapie, Séverine
Abou-Chakra, Ariane
Sabathier, Vincent
Construction Materials, Vol. 3 (2023), Iss. 4 P.474
https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater3040031 [Citations: 2]Mechanical Properties and Behavior of Traditional Adobe Wall Panels of the Aveiro District
Silveira, Dora
Varum, Humberto
Costa, Aníbal
Carvalho, José
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 27 (2015), Iss. 9
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001194 [Citations: 35]Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology
Tells
Matthews, Wendy
2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44600-0_148-1 [Citations: 0]Optimum water content tests for earthen construction materials
Smith, Jonathan Chase
Augarde, Charles
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials, Vol. 167 (2014), Iss. 2 P.114
https://doi.org/10.1680/coma.12.00040 [Citations: 8]Optimum Soil Grading for the Soil-Cement Blocks
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V.
Lal, Richardson
Nanjunda Rao, K. S.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 19 (2007), Iss. 2 P.139
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:2(139) [Citations: 84]Overview of the Pathology, Repair and Strengthening of Adobe Structures
Illampas, Rogiros
Ioannou, Ioannis
Charmpis, Dimos C.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 7 (2013), Iss. 2 P.165
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2011.624254 [Citations: 40]Second RILEM International Conference on Earthen Construction
Unsaturated Behaviour of Material from a Vernacular Eastern Croatia Rammed Earth House
Perić Fekete, Ana
Augarde, Charles
Hughes, Paul
Kraus, Ivan
2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62690-6_29 [Citations: 0]A new procedure to adapt any type of soil for the consolidation and construction of earthen structures: projected earth system
Fuentes-García, R.
Valverde-Palacios, I.
Valverde-Espinosa, I.
Materiales de Construcción, Vol. 65 (2015), Iss. 319 P.e063
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