Assessing climate impacts on gender and socially inclusive WASH: lessons from a research-practice project
Jeremy Kohlitz | Tamara Megaw | Anna Gero | Silvia Landa | Angelo Ximenes | Caitlin Leahy | Joanne Chong
This paper describes a research-practice project that produced guidance materials for, and built knowledge on, assessing climate impacts on gender and socially inclusive water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Lessons about the relevance of gender and social inclusion for WASH climate resilience, and recommendations for programming and policy are provided. This paper outlines how a team of researchers and practitioners developed participatory community-based activities for assessing climate impacts on inclusive WASH in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. The team found differences in the type and magnitude of impacts that different people experience, burdens of responding to impacts, capacity to prepare for and respond to impacts, and influence on WASH decision-making. WASH programming and policy-making should seek to leverage tacit knowledge of local stakeholders and consult diverse people to inform climate interventions that provide equitable benefits. Partnerships between civil society organizations and research organizations can generate valuable and innovative learnings for WASH practice and policy.Dickin, S., Segnestam, L. and Sou Dakouré, M. (2020) ‘Women’s vulnerability to climate-related risks to household water security in Centre-East, Burkina Faso’, Climate and Development 13(5): 443–53 <https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1790335>.
Howard, G., Calow, R., Macdonald, A. and Bartram, J. (2016) ‘Climate change and water and sanitation: likely impacts and emerging trends for action’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41(1): 253–76 <https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856>.
IPCC (2014) ‘Summary for policymakers’, in C.B. Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 1–32, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
IPCC (2021) ‘Regional fact sheet – Asia’, in V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Irianti, S., and Prasetyoputra, P. (2019) ‘The struggle for water in Indonesia: The role of women and children as household water fetcher’, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9(3): 540–8 <https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.005>.
Kohlitz, J.P., Chong, J. and Willetts, J. (2017) ‘Climate change vulnerability and resilience of water, sanitation, and hygiene services: a theoretical perspective’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7(2): 181–95 <https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.134>.
Kohlitz, J., Chong, J. and Willetts, J. (2020a) ‘Rural drinking water safety under climate change: The importance of addressing physical, social, and environmental dimensions’, Resources 9(6): 77 <https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9060077>.
Kohlitz, J., Leahy, C., Chong, J., Soares, D., Ximenes, A., Neave, E., Guterres, T., Antoni, A., Pereira, M., Barbosa, P., Gomes, C., Mascarinhas, L., Reis Mangalaes, A., Ximenes, S., do Carmo, D., Weking, E., da Costa, L., Amaral, J., Pereira, M., Sequeira, L., Alves, D., Moniz, N. and Gero, A. (2020b) Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A Guidance Note for WaterAid Timor-Leste, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Kohlitz, J., Megaw, T., Chong, J., Sugi, F., Palaipeni, P., Emanual, Y., Brikman, H., Joman, Y., Landa, S., Talan, J., Leong, L., Kelleher, J. and Gero, A. (2020c) Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A Guidance Note for Plan International Indonesia’ ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Leahy, C., Kohlitz, J. and Chong, J. (2020) Socially-inclusive Responses to Climate Change Impacts on WASH: Case Study in Asumanu, Liquiçá, Timor-Leste, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Leichenko, R. and Silva, J.A. (2014) ‘Climate change and poverty: Vulnerability, impacts, and alleviation strategies’, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 5(4): 539–56 <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.287>.
Megaw, T., Kohlitz, J. and Chong, J. (2020a) Socially-inclusive Responses to Climate Change Impacts on WASH: Case Study in Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Megaw, T., Kohlitz, J., Gero, A. and Chong, J. (2020b) Understanding and Responding to Climate Change Impacts in Inclusive WASH Programs: A Conceptual Framework, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Scoones, I. (1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis, IDS, Brighton.
Sultana, F. (2018) ‘Gender and water in a changing climate: challenges and opportunities’, in C. Fröhlich, G. Gioli, R. Cremades and H. Myrttinen (eds), Water Security Across the Gender Divide, pp. 17–33, Springer, Berlin.
Tam, T.N.T.P. (2012) ‘Participation of women in rural water supply and sanitation projects: visible or invisible actors? The case of the sub-district of Maubara (Liquiçá, Timor-Leste)’, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought 2(4): 149–70.
Dickin, S., Segnestam, L. and Sou Dakouré, M. (2020) ‘Women’s vulnerability to climate-related risks to household water security in Centre-East, Burkina Faso’, Climate and Development 13(5): 443–53 <https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1790335>.
Howard, G., Calow, R., Macdonald, A. and Bartram, J. (2016) ‘Climate change and water and sanitation: likely impacts and emerging trends for action’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41(1): 253–76 <https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856>.
IPCC (2014) ‘Summary for policymakers’, in C.B. Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 1–32, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
IPCC (2021) ‘Regional fact sheet – Asia’, in V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Irianti, S., and Prasetyoputra, P. (2019) ‘The struggle for water in Indonesia: The role of women and children as household water fetcher’, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9(3): 540–8 <https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.005>.
Kohlitz, J.P., Chong, J. and Willetts, J. (2017) ‘Climate change vulnerability and resilience of water, sanitation, and hygiene services: a theoretical perspective’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7(2): 181–95 <https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.134>.
Kohlitz, J., Chong, J. and Willetts, J. (2020a) ‘Rural drinking water safety under climate change: The importance of addressing physical, social, and environmental dimensions’, Resources 9(6): 77 <https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9060077>.
Kohlitz, J., Leahy, C., Chong, J., Soares, D., Ximenes, A., Neave, E., Guterres, T., Antoni, A., Pereira, M., Barbosa, P., Gomes, C., Mascarinhas, L., Reis Mangalaes, A., Ximenes, S., do Carmo, D., Weking, E., da Costa, L., Amaral, J., Pereira, M., Sequeira, L., Alves, D., Moniz, N. and Gero, A. (2020b) Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A Guidance Note for WaterAid Timor-Leste, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Kohlitz, J., Megaw, T., Chong, J., Sugi, F., Palaipeni, P., Emanual, Y., Brikman, H., Joman, Y., Landa, S., Talan, J., Leong, L., Kelleher, J. and Gero, A. (2020c) Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A Guidance Note for Plan International Indonesia’ ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Leahy, C., Kohlitz, J. and Chong, J. (2020) Socially-inclusive Responses to Climate Change Impacts on WASH: Case Study in Asumanu, Liquiçá, Timor-Leste, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Leichenko, R. and Silva, J.A. (2014) ‘Climate change and poverty: Vulnerability, impacts, and alleviation strategies’, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 5(4): 539–56 <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.287>.
Megaw, T., Kohlitz, J. and Chong, J. (2020a) Socially-inclusive Responses to Climate Change Impacts on WASH: Case Study in Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Megaw, T., Kohlitz, J., Gero, A. and Chong, J. (2020b) Understanding and Responding to Climate Change Impacts in Inclusive WASH Programs: A Conceptual Framework, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Scoones, I. (1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis, IDS, Brighton.
Sultana, F. (2018) ‘Gender and water in a changing climate: challenges and opportunities’, in C. Fröhlich, G. Gioli, R. Cremades and H. Myrttinen (eds), Water Security Across the Gender Divide, pp. 17–33, Springer, Berlin.
Tam, T.N.T.P. (2012) ‘Participation of women in rural water supply and sanitation projects: visible or invisible actors? The case of the sub-district of Maubara (Liquiçá, Timor-Leste)’, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought 2(4): 149–70.
Dickin, S., Segnestam, L. and Sou Dakouré, M. (2020) ‘Women’s vulnerability to climate-related risks to household water security in Centre-East, Burkina Faso’, Climate and Development 13(5): 443–53 <https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1790335>.
Howard, G., Calow, R., Macdonald, A. and Bartram, J. (2016) ‘Climate change and water and sanitation: likely impacts and emerging trends for action’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41(1): 253–76 <https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856>.
IPCC (2014) ‘Summary for policymakers’, in C.B. Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 1–32, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
IPCC (2021) ‘Regional fact sheet – Asia’, in V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Irianti, S., and Prasetyoputra, P. (2019) ‘The struggle for water in Indonesia: The role of women and children as household water fetcher’, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9(3): 540–8 <https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.005>.
Kohlitz, J.P., Chong, J. and Willetts, J. (2017) ‘Climate change vulnerability and resilience of water, sanitation, and hygiene services: a theoretical perspective’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7(2): 181–95 <https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.134>.
Kohlitz, J., Chong, J. and Willetts, J. (2020a) ‘Rural drinking water safety under climate change: The importance of addressing physical, social, and environmental dimensions’, Resources 9(6): 77 <https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9060077>.
Kohlitz, J., Leahy, C., Chong, J., Soares, D., Ximenes, A., Neave, E., Guterres, T., Antoni, A., Pereira, M., Barbosa, P., Gomes, C., Mascarinhas, L., Reis Mangalaes, A., Ximenes, S., do Carmo, D., Weking, E., da Costa, L., Amaral, J., Pereira, M., Sequeira, L., Alves, D., Moniz, N. and Gero, A. (2020b) Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A Guidance Note for WaterAid Timor-Leste, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Kohlitz, J., Megaw, T., Chong, J., Sugi, F., Palaipeni, P., Emanual, Y., Brikman, H., Joman, Y., Landa, S., Talan, J., Leong, L., Kelleher, J. and Gero, A. (2020c) Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A Guidance Note for Plan International Indonesia’ ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Leahy, C., Kohlitz, J. and Chong, J. (2020) Socially-inclusive Responses to Climate Change Impacts on WASH: Case Study in Asumanu, Liquiçá, Timor-Leste, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Leichenko, R. and Silva, J.A. (2014) ‘Climate change and poverty: Vulnerability, impacts, and alleviation strategies’, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 5(4): 539–56 <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.287>.
Megaw, T., Kohlitz, J. and Chong, J. (2020a) Socially-inclusive Responses to Climate Change Impacts on WASH: Case Study in Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Megaw, T., Kohlitz, J., Gero, A. and Chong, J. (2020b) Understanding and Responding to Climate Change Impacts in Inclusive WASH Programs: A Conceptual Framework, ISF-UTS, Sydney.
Scoones, I. (1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis, IDS, Brighton.
Sultana, F. (2018) ‘Gender and water in a changing climate: challenges and opportunities’, in C. Fröhlich, G. Gioli, R. Cremades and H. Myrttinen (eds), Water Security Across the Gender Divide, pp. 17–33, Springer, Berlin.
Tam, T.N.T.P. (2012) ‘Participation of women in rural water supply and sanitation projects: visible or invisible actors? The case of the sub-district of Maubara (Liquiçá, Timor-Leste)’, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought 2(4): 149–70.
Analysis of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) implementation based on GEDSI and climate resilience in Kupang City
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Agustina, Theresia
Priadi, Cindy Rianti
Abfertiawan, M.S.
Ariesyady, H.D.
Salami, I.R.S.
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