Sustaining local food webs: insights from Kenya and the UK
This paper is a contribution to the contested discourse about how healthy food supplies can be secured for future generations. It argues that the small-scale food providers who currently supply the local food webs that nourish more than 70 per cent of the world’s population can provide for the growing urban and world population, building on their skills and knowledge. The food webs they serve are productive, resilient, and healthy, connecting food providers and consumers locally. Local food webs are a cornerstone for the model of food provision, in the framework of food sovereignty, that should be prioritized in order to secure our future food. The paper sets out to demonstrate the value and challenges of local, resilient, biodiverse, and productive food systems that would benefit from greater support and compliant policies. It uses examples from Kenya and the UK to demonstrate how productive local food systems can improve small-scale family farming and reduce hunger, in contrast to industrial agricultural systems. Consumer surveys and mapping local food webs demonstrate the value that consumers place in local food production and markets, both in Kenya and the UK. The article concludes with recommendations for how to support local food webs.Ayieko, M.W., Tschirley, D.L. and Mathenge, M.W. (2005) ‘Fresh fruit and vegetable consumption patterns and supply chain systems in urban Kenya: implications for policy and investment priorities’, Working Paper 16, Kenya: Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development.
Blench, R. (2001) ‘You Can’t Go Home Again’: Pastoralism in the New Millennium [pdf], London: Overseas Development Institute <www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6329.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Calza Bini, E. and Boccaleoni, S. (eds) (2010) Food Sovereignty: A Common Challenge in Africa and in Europe – Agricultural Policies and Regional Integration for Family Farming [pdf], Rome: europAfrica Campaign <www.csa-be.org/IMG/pdf_pubbeuropafrica_eng_low.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) (1998) Food Webs: A Report on Local Food Networks in East Suffolk which Demonstrates the Importance of Local Shops and Services to Rural Communities [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/1915-food-webs> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011a) From Field to Fork: Sheffield. Mapping the Local Food Web [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/2043from-field-to-fork-sheffield> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2011b) ‘From field to fork: mapping the local food web’ [online], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/what-we-do/farming-and-food/local-foods/update/item/2896-localfood-is-recipe-for-economic-success> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011c) From Field to Fork: Totnes [pdf], London: CPRE <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/download/527> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2012) ‘Local foods’ [online] <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods> [accessed 4 December 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2009) ‘The right to food and the political economy of hunger’ [online], 26th McDougall Memorial Lecture, Rome, 18 November <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/018/k6518e.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2011) ‘Agroecology and the right to food’ [online], presented at the 16th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, 8 March [A/HRC/16/49] <www.srfood.org/en/report-agroecology-and-the-right-to-food> [accessed 15 November 2013].
ETC Group (2009) Who Will Feed Us? Questions for the Food and Climate Crises [pdf], Communiqué Issue 102 <www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/ETC_Who_Will_Feed_Us.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
europAfrica (2013) Family Farmers for Sustainable Food Systems: A Synthesis of Reports by African Farmers’ Regional Networks on Models of Food Production, Consumption and Markets [pdf] <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/FamilyFarmersForSustainableFoodSystems_2013_en.pdf> [accessed 10 October 2013].
Facilitating Alternative Agro-food Networks (FAAN) (2010) Local Food Systems in Europe: Case Studies from Five Countries and What They Imply for Policy and Practice [pdf], FAAN <www.faanweb.eu/sites/faanweb.eu/files/FAAN_Booklet_PRINT.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Gitu, K.W. (2006) Agricultural Development and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Building a Case for more Support: The Case of Kenya [pdf], Working Paper No. 3, Policy Assistance Unit, FAO Subregional Office for East and Southern Africa, Rome: FAO <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0782e/a0782e00.pdf> [accessed 5 May 2015].
IAASTD, McIntyre, B.D., Herren, H.R., Wakhungu, J. and Watson, R.T. (eds) (2009) Agriculture at a Crossroads: Global Report [pdf], Washington, DC: International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, United Nations Environment Programme <www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Global%20Report%20%28English%29.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
ICIPE (no date) ‘Push–pull: A novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online], International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology <www.push-pull.net/works.shtml> [accessed 15 November 2013].
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2002) ‘The rural poor’, in World Poverty Report 2001, pp. 15–70, Rome: IFAD.
Kibue, M. (2007) Learning to Set Up a Fair Trade Livestock Marketing Chain from Maasai Pastoralists to Consumers in Nairobi, Kenya [pdf] <www.future-agricultures.org/farmerfirst/files/T2c_Kibue.pdf> [accessed 1 August 2011].
Kinyanjui, M.N. (2010) ‘Social relations and associations in the informal sector in Kenya’ [online], Social Policy and Development Programme – Paper No. 43, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development <www.unrisd.org/publications/pp-kinyanjui> [accessed 5 May 2015].
Muchiri, S. and Kamau, M. (2011) ‘Models of production’, study paper for Eastern African Farmers Federation (EAFF), Nairobi.
Mulvany, P. and Ensor, J. (2011) ‘Changing a dysfunctional food system: towards ecological food provision in the framework of food sovereignty’, Food Chain 1(1): 34–51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2011.004>.
Murphy, B. (ed.) (2015) Sustaining Local Food Webs, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780448800.001>.
Neondo, H. (2011) New Approaches to an Old Technology Prepare Farmers in Readiness to the Impacts of Climate Change [pdf], Africa Science News Service <www.icipe.org/images/stories/pdf/news_and_events/2011/new_approaches_to_old_technology.pdf> [accessed 18 October 2013].
Nyéléni (2007) ‘Declaration and synthesis reports of “Nyéléni 2007: Forum for Food Sovereignty”’ [online] <www.nyeleni.org> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Nyéléni Europe (2012) ‘Synthesis report and action plan’ [online], Forum for Food Sovereignty, 16–21 August 2011, Krems/Austria <www.nyelenieurope.net/en/download> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Omiti, J., Otieno, D., McCullogh, E. and Nyanamba, T. (2008) ‘Strategies to promote market-oriented smallholder agriculture in developing countries: a case of Kenya’ [online], in AAAE Conference Proceedings (2007), pp. 259–64 <http://purl.umn.edu/52105>.
Onduru, D.D., Gachimbi, L., De Jager, A., Gachini, G.N., Maina, F. and Muchena, F.N. (2002) ‘Smallholder farming and rural livelihoods of central Kenya: a baseline survey of Kiambu District’, INMASP Report No. 6.
ROPPA, EAFF and PROPAC (2011) ‘Agricultural investment strengthening family farming and sustainable food systems in Africa’, Synthesis Report of the African Farmer Workshop, Yaounde, Cameroon, 4–5 May [online] <www.europafrica.info/en/publications/agricultural-investment-strengthening-family-farming-and-sustainable-food-systems-in-africa> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Simms, A.M. (2007) Tescopoly: How One Shop Came Out on Top and Why It Matters, London: Constable.
Stephens, E.C. and Barrett, C.B. (2006) Incomplete Credit Markets and Commodity Marketing Behavior, Cornell University Working Paper, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
UK Food Group (UKFG) (2010) Securing Future Food: Towards Ecological Food Provision [pdf], UKFG <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/Securing_future_food.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Watson, D.J. and van Binsbergen J. (2008) Livestock Market Access and Opportunities in Turkana, Kenya, ILRI Research Report 3, Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010 [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/> [accessed 11 October 2013].
Ayieko, M.W., Tschirley, D.L. and Mathenge, M.W. (2005) ‘Fresh fruit and vegetable consumption patterns and supply chain systems in urban Kenya: implications for policy and investment priorities’, Working Paper 16, Kenya: Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development.
Blench, R. (2001) ‘You Can’t Go Home Again’: Pastoralism in the New Millennium [pdf], London: Overseas Development Institute <www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6329.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Calza Bini, E. and Boccaleoni, S. (eds) (2010) Food Sovereignty: A Common Challenge in Africa and in Europe – Agricultural Policies and Regional Integration for Family Farming [pdf], Rome: europAfrica Campaign <www.csa-be.org/IMG/pdf_pubbeuropafrica_eng_low.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) (1998) Food Webs: A Report on Local Food Networks in East Suffolk which Demonstrates the Importance of Local Shops and Services to Rural Communities [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/1915-food-webs> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011a) From Field to Fork: Sheffield. Mapping the Local Food Web [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/2043from-field-to-fork-sheffield> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2011b) ‘From field to fork: mapping the local food web’ [online], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/what-we-do/farming-and-food/local-foods/update/item/2896-localfood-is-recipe-for-economic-success> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011c) From Field to Fork: Totnes [pdf], London: CPRE <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/download/527> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2012) ‘Local foods’ [online] <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods> [accessed 4 December 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2009) ‘The right to food and the political economy of hunger’ [online], 26th McDougall Memorial Lecture, Rome, 18 November <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/018/k6518e.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2011) ‘Agroecology and the right to food’ [online], presented at the 16th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, 8 March [A/HRC/16/49] <www.srfood.org/en/report-agroecology-and-the-right-to-food> [accessed 15 November 2013].
ETC Group (2009) Who Will Feed Us? Questions for the Food and Climate Crises [pdf], Communiqué Issue 102 <www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/ETC_Who_Will_Feed_Us.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
europAfrica (2013) Family Farmers for Sustainable Food Systems: A Synthesis of Reports by African Farmers’ Regional Networks on Models of Food Production, Consumption and Markets [pdf] <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/FamilyFarmersForSustainableFoodSystems_2013_en.pdf> [accessed 10 October 2013].
Facilitating Alternative Agro-food Networks (FAAN) (2010) Local Food Systems in Europe: Case Studies from Five Countries and What They Imply for Policy and Practice [pdf], FAAN <www.faanweb.eu/sites/faanweb.eu/files/FAAN_Booklet_PRINT.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Gitu, K.W. (2006) Agricultural Development and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Building a Case for more Support: The Case of Kenya [pdf], Working Paper No. 3, Policy Assistance Unit, FAO Subregional Office for East and Southern Africa, Rome: FAO <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0782e/a0782e00.pdf> [accessed 5 May 2015].
IAASTD, McIntyre, B.D., Herren, H.R., Wakhungu, J. and Watson, R.T. (eds) (2009) Agriculture at a Crossroads: Global Report [pdf], Washington, DC: International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, United Nations Environment Programme <www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Global%20Report%20%28English%29.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
ICIPE (no date) ‘Push–pull: A novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online], International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology <www.push-pull.net/works.shtml> [accessed 15 November 2013].
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2002) ‘The rural poor’, in World Poverty Report 2001, pp. 15–70, Rome: IFAD.
Kibue, M. (2007) Learning to Set Up a Fair Trade Livestock Marketing Chain from Maasai Pastoralists to Consumers in Nairobi, Kenya [pdf] <www.future-agricultures.org/farmerfirst/files/T2c_Kibue.pdf> [accessed 1 August 2011].
Kinyanjui, M.N. (2010) ‘Social relations and associations in the informal sector in Kenya’ [online], Social Policy and Development Programme – Paper No. 43, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development <www.unrisd.org/publications/pp-kinyanjui> [accessed 5 May 2015].
Muchiri, S. and Kamau, M. (2011) ‘Models of production’, study paper for Eastern African Farmers Federation (EAFF), Nairobi.
Mulvany, P. and Ensor, J. (2011) ‘Changing a dysfunctional food system: towards ecological food provision in the framework of food sovereignty’, Food Chain 1(1): 34–51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2011.004>.
Murphy, B. (ed.) (2015) Sustaining Local Food Webs, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780448800.001>.
Neondo, H. (2011) New Approaches to an Old Technology Prepare Farmers in Readiness to the Impacts of Climate Change [pdf], Africa Science News Service <www.icipe.org/images/stories/pdf/news_and_events/2011/new_approaches_to_old_technology.pdf> [accessed 18 October 2013].
Nyéléni (2007) ‘Declaration and synthesis reports of “Nyéléni 2007: Forum for Food Sovereignty”’ [online] <www.nyeleni.org> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Nyéléni Europe (2012) ‘Synthesis report and action plan’ [online], Forum for Food Sovereignty, 16–21 August 2011, Krems/Austria <www.nyelenieurope.net/en/download> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Omiti, J., Otieno, D., McCullogh, E. and Nyanamba, T. (2008) ‘Strategies to promote market-oriented smallholder agriculture in developing countries: a case of Kenya’ [online], in AAAE Conference Proceedings (2007), pp. 259–64 <http://purl.umn.edu/52105>.
Onduru, D.D., Gachimbi, L., De Jager, A., Gachini, G.N., Maina, F. and Muchena, F.N. (2002) ‘Smallholder farming and rural livelihoods of central Kenya: a baseline survey of Kiambu District’, INMASP Report No. 6.
ROPPA, EAFF and PROPAC (2011) ‘Agricultural investment strengthening family farming and sustainable food systems in Africa’, Synthesis Report of the African Farmer Workshop, Yaounde, Cameroon, 4–5 May [online] <www.europafrica.info/en/publications/agricultural-investment-strengthening-family-farming-and-sustainable-food-systems-in-africa> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Simms, A.M. (2007) Tescopoly: How One Shop Came Out on Top and Why It Matters, London: Constable.
Stephens, E.C. and Barrett, C.B. (2006) Incomplete Credit Markets and Commodity Marketing Behavior, Cornell University Working Paper, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
UK Food Group (UKFG) (2010) Securing Future Food: Towards Ecological Food Provision [pdf], UKFG <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/Securing_future_food.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Watson, D.J. and van Binsbergen J. (2008) Livestock Market Access and Opportunities in Turkana, Kenya, ILRI Research Report 3, Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010 [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/> [accessed 11 October 2013].
Ayieko, M.W., Tschirley, D.L. and Mathenge, M.W. (2005) ‘Fresh fruit and vegetable consumption patterns and supply chain systems in urban Kenya: implications for policy and investment priorities’, Working Paper 16, Kenya: Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development.
Blench, R. (2001) ‘You Can’t Go Home Again’: Pastoralism in the New Millennium [pdf], London: Overseas Development Institute <www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6329.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Calza Bini, E. and Boccaleoni, S. (eds) (2010) Food Sovereignty: A Common Challenge in Africa and in Europe – Agricultural Policies and Regional Integration for Family Farming [pdf], Rome: europAfrica Campaign <www.csa-be.org/IMG/pdf_pubbeuropafrica_eng_low.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) (1998) Food Webs: A Report on Local Food Networks in East Suffolk which Demonstrates the Importance of Local Shops and Services to Rural Communities [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/1915-food-webs> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011a) From Field to Fork: Sheffield. Mapping the Local Food Web [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/2043from-field-to-fork-sheffield> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2011b) ‘From field to fork: mapping the local food web’ [online], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/what-we-do/farming-and-food/local-foods/update/item/2896-localfood-is-recipe-for-economic-success> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011c) From Field to Fork: Totnes [pdf], London: CPRE <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/download/527> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2012) ‘Local foods’ [online] <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods> [accessed 4 December 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2009) ‘The right to food and the political economy of hunger’ [online], 26th McDougall Memorial Lecture, Rome, 18 November <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/018/k6518e.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2011) ‘Agroecology and the right to food’ [online], presented at the 16th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, 8 March [A/HRC/16/49] <www.srfood.org/en/report-agroecology-and-the-right-to-food> [accessed 15 November 2013].
ETC Group (2009) Who Will Feed Us? Questions for the Food and Climate Crises [pdf], Communiqué Issue 102 <www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/ETC_Who_Will_Feed_Us.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
europAfrica (2013) Family Farmers for Sustainable Food Systems: A Synthesis of Reports by African Farmers’ Regional Networks on Models of Food Production, Consumption and Markets [pdf] <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/FamilyFarmersForSustainableFoodSystems_2013_en.pdf> [accessed 10 October 2013].
Facilitating Alternative Agro-food Networks (FAAN) (2010) Local Food Systems in Europe: Case Studies from Five Countries and What They Imply for Policy and Practice [pdf], FAAN <www.faanweb.eu/sites/faanweb.eu/files/FAAN_Booklet_PRINT.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Gitu, K.W. (2006) Agricultural Development and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Building a Case for more Support: The Case of Kenya [pdf], Working Paper No. 3, Policy Assistance Unit, FAO Subregional Office for East and Southern Africa, Rome: FAO <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0782e/a0782e00.pdf> [accessed 5 May 2015].
IAASTD, McIntyre, B.D., Herren, H.R., Wakhungu, J. and Watson, R.T. (eds) (2009) Agriculture at a Crossroads: Global Report [pdf], Washington, DC: International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, United Nations Environment Programme <www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Global%20Report%20%28English%29.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
ICIPE (no date) ‘Push–pull: A novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online], International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology <www.push-pull.net/works.shtml> [accessed 15 November 2013].
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2002) ‘The rural poor’, in World Poverty Report 2001, pp. 15–70, Rome: IFAD.
Kibue, M. (2007) Learning to Set Up a Fair Trade Livestock Marketing Chain from Maasai Pastoralists to Consumers in Nairobi, Kenya [pdf] <www.future-agricultures.org/farmerfirst/files/T2c_Kibue.pdf> [accessed 1 August 2011].
Kinyanjui, M.N. (2010) ‘Social relations and associations in the informal sector in Kenya’ [online], Social Policy and Development Programme – Paper No. 43, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development <www.unrisd.org/publications/pp-kinyanjui> [accessed 5 May 2015].
Muchiri, S. and Kamau, M. (2011) ‘Models of production’, study paper for Eastern African Farmers Federation (EAFF), Nairobi.
Mulvany, P. and Ensor, J. (2011) ‘Changing a dysfunctional food system: towards ecological food provision in the framework of food sovereignty’, Food Chain 1(1): 34–51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2011.004>.
Murphy, B. (ed.) (2015) Sustaining Local Food Webs, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780448800.001>.
Neondo, H. (2011) New Approaches to an Old Technology Prepare Farmers in Readiness to the Impacts of Climate Change [pdf], Africa Science News Service <www.icipe.org/images/stories/pdf/news_and_events/2011/new_approaches_to_old_technology.pdf> [accessed 18 October 2013].
Nyéléni (2007) ‘Declaration and synthesis reports of “Nyéléni 2007: Forum for Food Sovereignty”’ [online] <www.nyeleni.org> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Nyéléni Europe (2012) ‘Synthesis report and action plan’ [online], Forum for Food Sovereignty, 16–21 August 2011, Krems/Austria <www.nyelenieurope.net/en/download> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Omiti, J., Otieno, D., McCullogh, E. and Nyanamba, T. (2008) ‘Strategies to promote market-oriented smallholder agriculture in developing countries: a case of Kenya’ [online], in AAAE Conference Proceedings (2007), pp. 259–64 <http://purl.umn.edu/52105>.
Onduru, D.D., Gachimbi, L., De Jager, A., Gachini, G.N., Maina, F. and Muchena, F.N. (2002) ‘Smallholder farming and rural livelihoods of central Kenya: a baseline survey of Kiambu District’, INMASP Report No. 6.
ROPPA, EAFF and PROPAC (2011) ‘Agricultural investment strengthening family farming and sustainable food systems in Africa’, Synthesis Report of the African Farmer Workshop, Yaounde, Cameroon, 4–5 May [online] <www.europafrica.info/en/publications/agricultural-investment-strengthening-family-farming-and-sustainable-food-systems-in-africa> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Simms, A.M. (2007) Tescopoly: How One Shop Came Out on Top and Why It Matters, London: Constable.
Stephens, E.C. and Barrett, C.B. (2006) Incomplete Credit Markets and Commodity Marketing Behavior, Cornell University Working Paper, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
UK Food Group (UKFG) (2010) Securing Future Food: Towards Ecological Food Provision [pdf], UKFG <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/Securing_future_food.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Watson, D.J. and van Binsbergen J. (2008) Livestock Market Access and Opportunities in Turkana, Kenya, ILRI Research Report 3, Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010 [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/> [accessed 11 October 2013].
Ayieko, M.W., Tschirley, D.L. and Mathenge, M.W. (2005) ‘Fresh fruit and vegetable consumption patterns and supply chain systems in urban Kenya: implications for policy and investment priorities’, Working Paper 16, Kenya: Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development.
Blench, R. (2001) ‘You Can’t Go Home Again’: Pastoralism in the New Millennium [pdf], London: Overseas Development Institute <www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6329.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Calza Bini, E. and Boccaleoni, S. (eds) (2010) Food Sovereignty: A Common Challenge in Africa and in Europe – Agricultural Policies and Regional Integration for Family Farming [pdf], Rome: europAfrica Campaign <www.csa-be.org/IMG/pdf_pubbeuropafrica_eng_low.pdf> [accessed 15 November 2013].
Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) (1998) Food Webs: A Report on Local Food Networks in East Suffolk which Demonstrates the Importance of Local Shops and Services to Rural Communities [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/1915-food-webs> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011a) From Field to Fork: Sheffield. Mapping the Local Food Web [pdf], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/2043from-field-to-fork-sheffield> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2011b) ‘From field to fork: mapping the local food web’ [online], CPRE: London <www.cpre.org.uk/what-we-do/farming-and-food/local-foods/update/item/2896-localfood-is-recipe-for-economic-success> [accessed 9 August 2013].
CPRE (2011c) From Field to Fork: Totnes [pdf], London: CPRE <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods/item/download/527> [accessed 4 December 2013].
CPRE (2012) ‘Local foods’ [online] <www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-food/local-foods> [accessed 4 December 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2009) ‘The right to food and the political economy of hunger’ [online], 26th McDougall Memorial Lecture, Rome, 18 November <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/018/k6518e.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
De Schutter, O. (2011) ‘Agroecology and the right to food’ [online], presented at the 16th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, 8 March [A/HRC/16/49] <www.srfood.org/en/report-agroecology-and-the-right-to-food> [accessed 15 November 2013].
ETC Group (2009) Who Will Feed Us? Questions for the Food and Climate Crises [pdf], Communiqué Issue 102 <www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/ETC_Who_Will_Feed_Us.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
europAfrica (2013) Family Farmers for Sustainable Food Systems: A Synthesis of Reports by African Farmers’ Regional Networks on Models of Food Production, Consumption and Markets [pdf] <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/FamilyFarmersForSustainableFoodSystems_2013_en.pdf> [accessed 10 October 2013].
Facilitating Alternative Agro-food Networks (FAAN) (2010) Local Food Systems in Europe: Case Studies from Five Countries and What They Imply for Policy and Practice [pdf], FAAN <www.faanweb.eu/sites/faanweb.eu/files/FAAN_Booklet_PRINT.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Gitu, K.W. (2006) Agricultural Development and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Building a Case for more Support: The Case of Kenya [pdf], Working Paper No. 3, Policy Assistance Unit, FAO Subregional Office for East and Southern Africa, Rome: FAO <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0782e/a0782e00.pdf> [accessed 5 May 2015].
IAASTD, McIntyre, B.D., Herren, H.R., Wakhungu, J. and Watson, R.T. (eds) (2009) Agriculture at a Crossroads: Global Report [pdf], Washington, DC: International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, United Nations Environment Programme <www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Global%20Report%20%28English%29.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
ICIPE (no date) ‘Push–pull: A novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online], International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology <www.push-pull.net/works.shtml> [accessed 15 November 2013].
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2002) ‘The rural poor’, in World Poverty Report 2001, pp. 15–70, Rome: IFAD.
Kibue, M. (2007) Learning to Set Up a Fair Trade Livestock Marketing Chain from Maasai Pastoralists to Consumers in Nairobi, Kenya [pdf] <www.future-agricultures.org/farmerfirst/files/T2c_Kibue.pdf> [accessed 1 August 2011].
Kinyanjui, M.N. (2010) ‘Social relations and associations in the informal sector in Kenya’ [online], Social Policy and Development Programme – Paper No. 43, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development <www.unrisd.org/publications/pp-kinyanjui> [accessed 5 May 2015].
Muchiri, S. and Kamau, M. (2011) ‘Models of production’, study paper for Eastern African Farmers Federation (EAFF), Nairobi.
Mulvany, P. and Ensor, J. (2011) ‘Changing a dysfunctional food system: towards ecological food provision in the framework of food sovereignty’, Food Chain 1(1): 34–51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2011.004>.
Murphy, B. (ed.) (2015) Sustaining Local Food Webs, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780448800.001>.
Neondo, H. (2011) New Approaches to an Old Technology Prepare Farmers in Readiness to the Impacts of Climate Change [pdf], Africa Science News Service <www.icipe.org/images/stories/pdf/news_and_events/2011/new_approaches_to_old_technology.pdf> [accessed 18 October 2013].
Nyéléni (2007) ‘Declaration and synthesis reports of “Nyéléni 2007: Forum for Food Sovereignty”’ [online] <www.nyeleni.org> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Nyéléni Europe (2012) ‘Synthesis report and action plan’ [online], Forum for Food Sovereignty, 16–21 August 2011, Krems/Austria <www.nyelenieurope.net/en/download> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Omiti, J., Otieno, D., McCullogh, E. and Nyanamba, T. (2008) ‘Strategies to promote market-oriented smallholder agriculture in developing countries: a case of Kenya’ [online], in AAAE Conference Proceedings (2007), pp. 259–64 <http://purl.umn.edu/52105>.
Onduru, D.D., Gachimbi, L., De Jager, A., Gachini, G.N., Maina, F. and Muchena, F.N. (2002) ‘Smallholder farming and rural livelihoods of central Kenya: a baseline survey of Kiambu District’, INMASP Report No. 6.
ROPPA, EAFF and PROPAC (2011) ‘Agricultural investment strengthening family farming and sustainable food systems in Africa’, Synthesis Report of the African Farmer Workshop, Yaounde, Cameroon, 4–5 May [online] <www.europafrica.info/en/publications/agricultural-investment-strengthening-family-farming-and-sustainable-food-systems-in-africa> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Simms, A.M. (2007) Tescopoly: How One Shop Came Out on Top and Why It Matters, London: Constable.
Stephens, E.C. and Barrett, C.B. (2006) Incomplete Credit Markets and Commodity Marketing Behavior, Cornell University Working Paper, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
UK Food Group (UKFG) (2010) Securing Future Food: Towards Ecological Food Provision [pdf], UKFG <www.ukfg.org.uk/pdfs/Securing_future_food.pdf> [accessed 9 August 2013].
Watson, D.J. and van Binsbergen J. (2008) Livestock Market Access and Opportunities in Turkana, Kenya, ILRI Research Report 3, Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010 [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/> [accessed 11 October 2013].
A field practitioner’s perspective on developing green food value chains
Martin Hilmi, Martin Hilmi
Food Chain, Vol. 7 (2018), Iss. 1 P.1
https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.17-00006 [Citations: 0]- Design, construction, and performance evaluation of an innovative cassava peeling machine
- The dasheen itch factor and approaches to reducing its effect
- Insects in the human food chain: global status and opportunities
- Kenkey production, vending, and consumption practices in Ghana
- Support for small-scale food processors in developing countries in a changing global food supply