One of the most pressing research concerns in food studies is understanding how urban value chains work and making recommendations for how they could work better, with the broader aim of linking farmers to markets and making food more accessible for the urban poor. This paper aims to broaden out the idea of urban value chains beyond the vision of the supermarket as the ultimate benefactor of profitable chain linkages, as it has been cast in the development literature. I also argue, with evidence from Lusaka, Zambia that development practitioners need to broaden the focus on linking small-scale farmers to markets beyond the overly optimistic vision of supermarkets. Overlooking urban markets disregards almost 90 per cent of urban food trade in African cities through these markets. It is precisely these modes of retail that connect small-scale farmers to markets and enable accessible food provisioning for urban residents. The paper concludes with a few salient interventions for development policy research.

Abrahams, C. (2007) ‘Globally useful conceptions of alternative food networks in the developing south: the case of Johannesburg's urban food supply system’, in Maye, D., Holloway, L. and Kneafsey, M. (Eds.) Alternative Food Geographies: Representation and Practise, Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Abrahams, C. (2010) ‘Transforming the region: Supermarkets and the local food economy’. African Affairs, 109, 115-134.

Abrahams, C. (forthcoming) ‘Walmarting its way in to Southern Africa’ Development Policy Review.

Bair, J. (2004) ‘From commodity chains to value chains and back again?’ Sociology Conference Papers: Yale University.

Bair, J. (2009) Analysing global economic organization: embedded networks and global chains compared Economy and Society, 37, 339-64.

Bates, R. H. (1981) States and Markets in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policy, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1987) ‘A century of food supply in Dar es Salaam: From sumptuous suppers for the Sultan to maize meal for a million’, in Guyer, J. (ed.) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History. Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1993) Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade: The Public and Private Faces of Urban Marketing Policy, 1939-88, Oxford, James Currey.

Dicken, P. (2003) Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century, London, Sage Publications.

Faiguenbaum, S., Berdegué, J. A., and Reardon, T. (2002) ‘The rapid rise of supermarkets in Chile: Effects on dairy, vegetable and beef chains’, Development Policy Review, 20, 459-471.

Farina, E. (2002) ‘Consolidation, multinationalisation and competition in Brazil: Impacts on horticulture and dairy production systems’ Development PolicyReview, 20, 441-457.

Gereffi, G. (1996) ‘Global Commodity Chains: New Forms of Coordination and Control among Nations and Firms in International Industries’, Competition and Change, 1, 427-439.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2005) Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2008) ‘Global value chains: from governance to governmentality?’ Economy and Society, 37, 365-392.

Guyer, J. I. (Ed.) (1987) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History, Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Haantuba, H. and De Graaf, J. (2008) Linkages between smallholder farmers and supermarkets: lessons from Zambia. IN MCCULLOUGH, E. B., PINGALI, P. and STAMOULIS, K. G. (Eds.) Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers. UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Harper, M. (2010) Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Co.

Hichaambwa, M., Haantuba, H. and Madevu, H. (2007) Zambia: Trends in Growth Modern Retail and Wholesale Chains and Related Agribusiness. IN PROCTOR, F. (Ed.) Regoverning Markets: Securing Small Producers in Modern Agrifood Markets. Funded by SIDA.

Hichaambwa, M. and Tschirley, D. (2006) Understanding Zambia's domestic value chians for fresh fruits and vegetables. Policy Synthesis: Food Security Research Project - Zambia. Michigan, Michigan State University, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Market Access and Trade Enabling Policies (MATEP).

Jayne, T. (2008) ‘Forces of change affecting African food markets: implications for public policy’, in McCullough et al., (2008)

Louw, A. and Emongor, R. A. (2004) ‘Regoverning markets: Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-food Systems, Report 1: Overview. Final’. Prepared for International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) London. Pretoria, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria.

Louw, A., Vermeulen, H., Kirsten, J. and Madevu, H. (2007) ‘Securing small farmer participation in supermarket supply chains in South Africa’, Development Southern Africa, 24, 539-551.

McCullough, E. B., Pingali, P. and Stamoulis, K. G. (Eds.) (2008) The Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Ngugi, I. K., Gitau, R. and Nyoro, J. K. (2006) Access to high value markets by smallholder farmers of African indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Regoverning Markets Innovative Practice series. London International Institute for Environment and Development.

Ponte, S. (2009) ‘Governing through quality: Conventions and supply relations in the value chain for South African wine’, Sociologia Ruralis, 49, 236-257.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and Potts, D. (2007) ‘Market institutions and urban food upply in West and Southern Africa: a review’, Progress in Development Studies, 7, 115-134.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and The Nigerian Marketing Network (2005) ‘Investigations on building a food marketing policy evidence base in Nigeria’. Briefing Report: CNTR 04 5785. UK Department for International Development DfiD

Porter, G., Lyon, F., Potts, D. and Bowyer-Bower, T. (2004) ‘Improving market institutions and urban food supplies for the urban poor: a comparative study of Nigeria and Zambia: scoping phase’, UK Department for International Development DfID.

Pritchard, B. and Burch, D. (2003) Agri-food Globalization in Perspective: International Restructuring in the Processing Tomato Industry, Aldershot, Ashgate.

Reardon, T. and Gulati, A. (2008) ‘The rise of supermarkets and their development implications: International experience relevant for India’, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00752. New Delhi, India, IFPRI.

Reardon, T. and Hopkins, R. (2006) ‘The supermarket revolution in developing countries: policies to address emerging tensions among supermarkets, suppliers and traditional retailers’, The European Journal of Development Research, 18, 522-545.

Timmer, C. P. (2008) ‘Food policy in the era of supermarkets: what's different?’ in McCullough et al. (2008)

Tschirley, D. (2009) ‘Selected thoughts on retail modernization in Africa: With special reference Zambia’, MSU Food Security Group: Seminar University of Pretoria. Pretoria, South Africa.

Tschirley, D. L., Ayieko, M. and Mathenge, M. (2004) ‘Where do consumers in Nairobi purchase their food and why does this matter? The need for investment to improve Kenya's “traditional” food marketing system’, Policy Brief, Number 3. Nairobi, Tegemeo Institute for Agricultural Policy and Development.

Weatherspoon, D. D. and Reardon, T. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review, 21, 333-355.

Abrahams, C. (2007) ‘Globally useful conceptions of alternative food networks in the developing south: the case of Johannesburg's urban food supply system’, in Maye, D., Holloway, L. and Kneafsey, M. (Eds.) Alternative Food Geographies: Representation and Practise, Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Abrahams, C. (2010) ‘Transforming the region: Supermarkets and the local food economy’. African Affairs, 109, 115-134.

Abrahams, C. (forthcoming) ‘Walmarting its way in to Southern Africa’ Development Policy Review.

Bair, J. (2004) ‘From commodity chains to value chains and back again?’ Sociology Conference Papers: Yale University.

Bair, J. (2009) Analysing global economic organization: embedded networks and global chains compared Economy and Society, 37, 339-64.

Bates, R. H. (1981) States and Markets in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policy, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1987) ‘A century of food supply in Dar es Salaam: From sumptuous suppers for the Sultan to maize meal for a million’, in Guyer, J. (ed.) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History. Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1993) Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade: The Public and Private Faces of Urban Marketing Policy, 1939-88, Oxford, James Currey.

Dicken, P. (2003) Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century, London, Sage Publications.

Faiguenbaum, S., Berdegué, J. A., and Reardon, T. (2002) ‘The rapid rise of supermarkets in Chile: Effects on dairy, vegetable and beef chains’, Development Policy Review, 20, 459-471.

Farina, E. (2002) ‘Consolidation, multinationalisation and competition in Brazil: Impacts on horticulture and dairy production systems’ Development PolicyReview, 20, 441-457.

Gereffi, G. (1996) ‘Global Commodity Chains: New Forms of Coordination and Control among Nations and Firms in International Industries’, Competition and Change, 1, 427-439.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2005) Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2008) ‘Global value chains: from governance to governmentality?’ Economy and Society, 37, 365-392.

Guyer, J. I. (Ed.) (1987) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History, Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Haantuba, H. and De Graaf, J. (2008) Linkages between smallholder farmers and supermarkets: lessons from Zambia. IN MCCULLOUGH, E. B., PINGALI, P. and STAMOULIS, K. G. (Eds.) Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers. UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Harper, M. (2010) Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Co.

Hichaambwa, M., Haantuba, H. and Madevu, H. (2007) Zambia: Trends in Growth Modern Retail and Wholesale Chains and Related Agribusiness. IN PROCTOR, F. (Ed.) Regoverning Markets: Securing Small Producers in Modern Agrifood Markets. Funded by SIDA.

Hichaambwa, M. and Tschirley, D. (2006) Understanding Zambia's domestic value chians for fresh fruits and vegetables. Policy Synthesis: Food Security Research Project - Zambia. Michigan, Michigan State University, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Market Access and Trade Enabling Policies (MATEP).

Jayne, T. (2008) ‘Forces of change affecting African food markets: implications for public policy’, in McCullough et al., (2008)

Louw, A. and Emongor, R. A. (2004) ‘Regoverning markets: Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-food Systems, Report 1: Overview. Final’. Prepared for International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) London. Pretoria, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria.

Louw, A., Vermeulen, H., Kirsten, J. and Madevu, H. (2007) ‘Securing small farmer participation in supermarket supply chains in South Africa’, Development Southern Africa, 24, 539-551.

McCullough, E. B., Pingali, P. and Stamoulis, K. G. (Eds.) (2008) The Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Ngugi, I. K., Gitau, R. and Nyoro, J. K. (2006) Access to high value markets by smallholder farmers of African indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Regoverning Markets Innovative Practice series. London International Institute for Environment and Development.

Ponte, S. (2009) ‘Governing through quality: Conventions and supply relations in the value chain for South African wine’, Sociologia Ruralis, 49, 236-257.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and Potts, D. (2007) ‘Market institutions and urban food upply in West and Southern Africa: a review’, Progress in Development Studies, 7, 115-134.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and The Nigerian Marketing Network (2005) ‘Investigations on building a food marketing policy evidence base in Nigeria’. Briefing Report: CNTR 04 5785. UK Department for International Development DfiD

Porter, G., Lyon, F., Potts, D. and Bowyer-Bower, T. (2004) ‘Improving market institutions and urban food supplies for the urban poor: a comparative study of Nigeria and Zambia: scoping phase’, UK Department for International Development DfID.

Pritchard, B. and Burch, D. (2003) Agri-food Globalization in Perspective: International Restructuring in the Processing Tomato Industry, Aldershot, Ashgate.

Reardon, T. and Gulati, A. (2008) ‘The rise of supermarkets and their development implications: International experience relevant for India’, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00752. New Delhi, India, IFPRI.

Reardon, T. and Hopkins, R. (2006) ‘The supermarket revolution in developing countries: policies to address emerging tensions among supermarkets, suppliers and traditional retailers’, The European Journal of Development Research, 18, 522-545.

Timmer, C. P. (2008) ‘Food policy in the era of supermarkets: what's different?’ in McCullough et al. (2008)

Tschirley, D. (2009) ‘Selected thoughts on retail modernization in Africa: With special reference Zambia’, MSU Food Security Group: Seminar University of Pretoria. Pretoria, South Africa.

Tschirley, D. L., Ayieko, M. and Mathenge, M. (2004) ‘Where do consumers in Nairobi purchase their food and why does this matter? The need for investment to improve Kenya's “traditional” food marketing system’, Policy Brief, Number 3. Nairobi, Tegemeo Institute for Agricultural Policy and Development.

Weatherspoon, D. D. and Reardon, T. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review, 21, 333-355.

Abrahams, C. (2007) ‘Globally useful conceptions of alternative food networks in the developing south: the case of Johannesburg's urban food supply system’, in Maye, D., Holloway, L. and Kneafsey, M. (Eds.) Alternative Food Geographies: Representation and Practise, Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Abrahams, C. (2010) ‘Transforming the region: Supermarkets and the local food economy’. African Affairs, 109, 115-134.

Abrahams, C. (forthcoming) ‘Walmarting its way in to Southern Africa’ Development Policy Review.

Bair, J. (2004) ‘From commodity chains to value chains and back again?’ Sociology Conference Papers: Yale University.

Bair, J. (2009) Analysing global economic organization: embedded networks and global chains compared Economy and Society, 37, 339-64.

Bates, R. H. (1981) States and Markets in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policy, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1987) ‘A century of food supply in Dar es Salaam: From sumptuous suppers for the Sultan to maize meal for a million’, in Guyer, J. (ed.) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History. Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1993) Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade: The Public and Private Faces of Urban Marketing Policy, 1939-88, Oxford, James Currey.

Dicken, P. (2003) Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century, London, Sage Publications.

Faiguenbaum, S., Berdegué, J. A., and Reardon, T. (2002) ‘The rapid rise of supermarkets in Chile: Effects on dairy, vegetable and beef chains’, Development Policy Review, 20, 459-471.

Farina, E. (2002) ‘Consolidation, multinationalisation and competition in Brazil: Impacts on horticulture and dairy production systems’ Development PolicyReview, 20, 441-457.

Gereffi, G. (1996) ‘Global Commodity Chains: New Forms of Coordination and Control among Nations and Firms in International Industries’, Competition and Change, 1, 427-439.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2005) Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2008) ‘Global value chains: from governance to governmentality?’ Economy and Society, 37, 365-392.

Guyer, J. I. (Ed.) (1987) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History, Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Haantuba, H. and De Graaf, J. (2008) Linkages between smallholder farmers and supermarkets: lessons from Zambia. IN MCCULLOUGH, E. B., PINGALI, P. and STAMOULIS, K. G. (Eds.) Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers. UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Harper, M. (2010) Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Co.

Hichaambwa, M., Haantuba, H. and Madevu, H. (2007) Zambia: Trends in Growth Modern Retail and Wholesale Chains and Related Agribusiness. IN PROCTOR, F. (Ed.) Regoverning Markets: Securing Small Producers in Modern Agrifood Markets. Funded by SIDA.

Hichaambwa, M. and Tschirley, D. (2006) Understanding Zambia's domestic value chians for fresh fruits and vegetables. Policy Synthesis: Food Security Research Project - Zambia. Michigan, Michigan State University, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Market Access and Trade Enabling Policies (MATEP).

Jayne, T. (2008) ‘Forces of change affecting African food markets: implications for public policy’, in McCullough et al., (2008)

Louw, A. and Emongor, R. A. (2004) ‘Regoverning markets: Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-food Systems, Report 1: Overview. Final’. Prepared for International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) London. Pretoria, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria.

Louw, A., Vermeulen, H., Kirsten, J. and Madevu, H. (2007) ‘Securing small farmer participation in supermarket supply chains in South Africa’, Development Southern Africa, 24, 539-551.

McCullough, E. B., Pingali, P. and Stamoulis, K. G. (Eds.) (2008) The Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Ngugi, I. K., Gitau, R. and Nyoro, J. K. (2006) Access to high value markets by smallholder farmers of African indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Regoverning Markets Innovative Practice series. London International Institute for Environment and Development.

Ponte, S. (2009) ‘Governing through quality: Conventions and supply relations in the value chain for South African wine’, Sociologia Ruralis, 49, 236-257.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and Potts, D. (2007) ‘Market institutions and urban food upply in West and Southern Africa: a review’, Progress in Development Studies, 7, 115-134.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and The Nigerian Marketing Network (2005) ‘Investigations on building a food marketing policy evidence base in Nigeria’. Briefing Report: CNTR 04 5785. UK Department for International Development DfiD

Porter, G., Lyon, F., Potts, D. and Bowyer-Bower, T. (2004) ‘Improving market institutions and urban food supplies for the urban poor: a comparative study of Nigeria and Zambia: scoping phase’, UK Department for International Development DfID.

Pritchard, B. and Burch, D. (2003) Agri-food Globalization in Perspective: International Restructuring in the Processing Tomato Industry, Aldershot, Ashgate.

Reardon, T. and Gulati, A. (2008) ‘The rise of supermarkets and their development implications: International experience relevant for India’, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00752. New Delhi, India, IFPRI.

Reardon, T. and Hopkins, R. (2006) ‘The supermarket revolution in developing countries: policies to address emerging tensions among supermarkets, suppliers and traditional retailers’, The European Journal of Development Research, 18, 522-545.

Timmer, C. P. (2008) ‘Food policy in the era of supermarkets: what's different?’ in McCullough et al. (2008)

Tschirley, D. (2009) ‘Selected thoughts on retail modernization in Africa: With special reference Zambia’, MSU Food Security Group: Seminar University of Pretoria. Pretoria, South Africa.

Tschirley, D. L., Ayieko, M. and Mathenge, M. (2004) ‘Where do consumers in Nairobi purchase their food and why does this matter? The need for investment to improve Kenya's “traditional” food marketing system’, Policy Brief, Number 3. Nairobi, Tegemeo Institute for Agricultural Policy and Development.

Weatherspoon, D. D. and Reardon, T. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review, 21, 333-355.

Abrahams, C. (2007) ‘Globally useful conceptions of alternative food networks in the developing south: the case of Johannesburg's urban food supply system’, in Maye, D., Holloway, L. and Kneafsey, M. (Eds.) Alternative Food Geographies: Representation and Practise, Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Abrahams, C. (2010) ‘Transforming the region: Supermarkets and the local food economy’. African Affairs, 109, 115-134.

Abrahams, C. (forthcoming) ‘Walmarting its way in to Southern Africa’ Development Policy Review.

Bair, J. (2004) ‘From commodity chains to value chains and back again?’ Sociology Conference Papers: Yale University.

Bair, J. (2009) Analysing global economic organization: embedded networks and global chains compared Economy and Society, 37, 339-64.

Bates, R. H. (1981) States and Markets in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policy, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1987) ‘A century of food supply in Dar es Salaam: From sumptuous suppers for the Sultan to maize meal for a million’, in Guyer, J. (ed.) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History. Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Bryceson, D. F. (1993) Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade: The Public and Private Faces of Urban Marketing Policy, 1939-88, Oxford, James Currey.

Dicken, P. (2003) Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century, London, Sage Publications.

Faiguenbaum, S., Berdegué, J. A., and Reardon, T. (2002) ‘The rapid rise of supermarkets in Chile: Effects on dairy, vegetable and beef chains’, Development Policy Review, 20, 459-471.

Farina, E. (2002) ‘Consolidation, multinationalisation and competition in Brazil: Impacts on horticulture and dairy production systems’ Development PolicyReview, 20, 441-457.

Gereffi, G. (1996) ‘Global Commodity Chains: New Forms of Coordination and Control among Nations and Firms in International Industries’, Competition and Change, 1, 427-439.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2005) Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2008) ‘Global value chains: from governance to governmentality?’ Economy and Society, 37, 365-392.

Guyer, J. I. (Ed.) (1987) Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History, Manchester, Manchester Univeristy Press.

Haantuba, H. and De Graaf, J. (2008) Linkages between smallholder farmers and supermarkets: lessons from Zambia. IN MCCULLOUGH, E. B., PINGALI, P. and STAMOULIS, K. G. (Eds.) Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers. UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Harper, M. (2010) Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Co.

Hichaambwa, M., Haantuba, H. and Madevu, H. (2007) Zambia: Trends in Growth Modern Retail and Wholesale Chains and Related Agribusiness. IN PROCTOR, F. (Ed.) Regoverning Markets: Securing Small Producers in Modern Agrifood Markets. Funded by SIDA.

Hichaambwa, M. and Tschirley, D. (2006) Understanding Zambia's domestic value chians for fresh fruits and vegetables. Policy Synthesis: Food Security Research Project - Zambia. Michigan, Michigan State University, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Market Access and Trade Enabling Policies (MATEP).

Jayne, T. (2008) ‘Forces of change affecting African food markets: implications for public policy’, in McCullough et al., (2008)

Louw, A. and Emongor, R. A. (2004) ‘Regoverning markets: Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-food Systems, Report 1: Overview. Final’. Prepared for International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) London. Pretoria, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria.

Louw, A., Vermeulen, H., Kirsten, J. and Madevu, H. (2007) ‘Securing small farmer participation in supermarket supply chains in South Africa’, Development Southern Africa, 24, 539-551.

McCullough, E. B., Pingali, P. and Stamoulis, K. G. (Eds.) (2008) The Transformation of Agriculture-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, UK, Earthscan and FAO.

Ngugi, I. K., Gitau, R. and Nyoro, J. K. (2006) Access to high value markets by smallholder farmers of African indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Regoverning Markets Innovative Practice series. London International Institute for Environment and Development.

Ponte, S. (2009) ‘Governing through quality: Conventions and supply relations in the value chain for South African wine’, Sociologia Ruralis, 49, 236-257.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and Potts, D. (2007) ‘Market institutions and urban food upply in West and Southern Africa: a review’, Progress in Development Studies, 7, 115-134.

Porter, G., Lyon, F. and The Nigerian Marketing Network (2005) ‘Investigations on building a food marketing policy evidence base in Nigeria’. Briefing Report: CNTR 04 5785. UK Department for International Development DfiD

Porter, G., Lyon, F., Potts, D. and Bowyer-Bower, T. (2004) ‘Improving market institutions and urban food supplies for the urban poor: a comparative study of Nigeria and Zambia: scoping phase’, UK Department for International Development DfID.

Pritchard, B. and Burch, D. (2003) Agri-food Globalization in Perspective: International Restructuring in the Processing Tomato Industry, Aldershot, Ashgate.

Reardon, T. and Gulati, A. (2008) ‘The rise of supermarkets and their development implications: International experience relevant for India’, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00752. New Delhi, India, IFPRI.

Reardon, T. and Hopkins, R. (2006) ‘The supermarket revolution in developing countries: policies to address emerging tensions among supermarkets, suppliers and traditional retailers’, The European Journal of Development Research, 18, 522-545.

Timmer, C. P. (2008) ‘Food policy in the era of supermarkets: what's different?’ in McCullough et al. (2008)

Tschirley, D. (2009) ‘Selected thoughts on retail modernization in Africa: With special reference Zambia’, MSU Food Security Group: Seminar University of Pretoria. Pretoria, South Africa.

Tschirley, D. L., Ayieko, M. and Mathenge, M. (2004) ‘Where do consumers in Nairobi purchase their food and why does this matter? The need for investment to improve Kenya's “traditional” food marketing system’, Policy Brief, Number 3. Nairobi, Tegemeo Institute for Agricultural Policy and Development.

Weatherspoon, D. D. and Reardon, T. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review, 21, 333-355.