Promoting holistic food systems to stimulate local food economies in marginalized communities
Holistic strategies can provide economic and social benefits to disadvan taged communities, through local food movements such as food sovereignty. This paper examines concrete methods to increase economic opportunities for farmers and to better livelihoods for producers that also increase food security for the community at large. The focus is on recent trends that support food sheds, target marginalized populations, and stimulate the local economy through participatory community efforts in the promotion of local food sources. Case studies draw upon new developments in the rural USA, particularly in the poorest communities of New Mexico. They demonstrate how economic betterment for farmers, positive development of value chains and infrastructure improvements that increase local trade also have the potential to foster healthier communities. Findings that are applicable to developing economies highlight the value of pursuing strategies for community-based, small-scale, integrated food systems.Bage, L. (2008) ‘Supporting smallholders is crucial to food security’, G8 Summit report in the Financial Times, IFAD [online], available from: http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm
Barham, J. (2010) Getting to Scale with Regional Food Hubs. USDA blog [online], available from: http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/
CARE (2006) ‘White Paper on Food Aid Policy’, Care USA [online], available from: http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf
CARE (2008) ‘Economic Development Unit Project Profile Brief: VegPRO’, CARE Kenya [online], available from: http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf
Chrisman, S. (2006) Reports from the Field: Taos County Economic Development Corporation, Taos, New Mexico [online], available from: www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html
Dreaming New Mexico (2009) ‘An Age Of Local Foodsheds and a Fair Trade State’, Dreaming New Mexico [online], available at http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/
Fisher, K.G. (2008) ‘Reclaiming Querencia: The quest for culturally appropriate, environmentally sustainable economic development in northern New Mexico’, Natural Resources Journal 48: 479-531.
Hammond, A., Kramer, W.J., Tran, J., Katz, R. and Walker, C. (2007) ‘The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid’, WRI [online], available from: www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion
Meinzen-Dick, R.S., Devaux, A. and Antezana, I. (2009) ‘Underground assets: Potato biodiversity to improve the livelihoods of the poor’, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7: 235-48.
Menezes, F. (2001) ‘Food Sovereignty: A vital requirement for food security in the context of globalization’, Development 44: 29-33.
New Mexico Governor's Green Jobs Cabinet and the Sustainable Agriculture Development Working Group (2010) Sustainable Agriculture Development Report, http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf
Schumacher, E.F. (1973) Small is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered, Blond and Briggs, London.
Sierra Club (2010) ‘La Montanita Coop and Los Poblanos Organics: A promising future in sustainable, carbon-neutral local and regional food supply ‘food-shed’, Sierra Club [online], available from: http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds
Taos County Economic Development Corporation (2011) ‘Taos Food Center’, TCEDC [online], available from: www.tcedc.org/TFC.html [accessed 3 February 2011]. www.tcedc.org/TFC.html
Tormo, M. (2010) ‘Holistic Food System’, Auroville Green Practices [online], available from: www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system [accessed 8 February 2011]. www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system
US Department of Agriculture (2007) 2007 Census of Agriculture: Farmers by Age, available from: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf
Wellborn, C. (2001) ‘Business Incubation in New Mexico’, Report for the New Mexico Economic Development Department [online], available from: http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf
YES! Magazine (2006) ‘The Local Multiplier Effect’, Yes Magazine [online], available from: http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect
Bage, L. (2008) ‘Supporting smallholders is crucial to food security’, G8 Summit report in the Financial Times, IFAD [online], available from: http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm
Barham, J. (2010) Getting to Scale with Regional Food Hubs. USDA blog [online], available from: http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/
CARE (2006) ‘White Paper on Food Aid Policy’, Care USA [online], available from: http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf
CARE (2008) ‘Economic Development Unit Project Profile Brief: VegPRO’, CARE Kenya [online], available from: http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf
Chrisman, S. (2006) Reports from the Field: Taos County Economic Development Corporation, Taos, New Mexico [online], available from: www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html
Dreaming New Mexico (2009) ‘An Age Of Local Foodsheds and a Fair Trade State’, Dreaming New Mexico [online], available at http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/
Fisher, K.G. (2008) ‘Reclaiming Querencia: The quest for culturally appropriate, environmentally sustainable economic development in northern New Mexico’, Natural Resources Journal 48: 479-531.
Hammond, A., Kramer, W.J., Tran, J., Katz, R. and Walker, C. (2007) ‘The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid’, WRI [online], available from: www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion
Meinzen-Dick, R.S., Devaux, A. and Antezana, I. (2009) ‘Underground assets: Potato biodiversity to improve the livelihoods of the poor’, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7: 235-48.
Menezes, F. (2001) ‘Food Sovereignty: A vital requirement for food security in the context of globalization’, Development 44: 29-33.
New Mexico Governor's Green Jobs Cabinet and the Sustainable Agriculture Development Working Group (2010) Sustainable Agriculture Development Report, http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf
Schumacher, E.F. (1973) Small is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered, Blond and Briggs, London.
Sierra Club (2010) ‘La Montanita Coop and Los Poblanos Organics: A promising future in sustainable, carbon-neutral local and regional food supply ‘food-shed’, Sierra Club [online], available from: http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds
Taos County Economic Development Corporation (2011) ‘Taos Food Center’, TCEDC [online], available from: www.tcedc.org/TFC.html [accessed 3 February 2011]. www.tcedc.org/TFC.html
Tormo, M. (2010) ‘Holistic Food System’, Auroville Green Practices [online], available from: www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system [accessed 8 February 2011]. www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system
US Department of Agriculture (2007) 2007 Census of Agriculture: Farmers by Age, available from: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf
Wellborn, C. (2001) ‘Business Incubation in New Mexico’, Report for the New Mexico Economic Development Department [online], available from: http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf
YES! Magazine (2006) ‘The Local Multiplier Effect’, Yes Magazine [online], available from: http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect
Bage, L. (2008) ‘Supporting smallholders is crucial to food security’, G8 Summit report in the Financial Times, IFAD [online], available from: http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm
Barham, J. (2010) Getting to Scale with Regional Food Hubs. USDA blog [online], available from: http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/
CARE (2006) ‘White Paper on Food Aid Policy’, Care USA [online], available from: http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf
CARE (2008) ‘Economic Development Unit Project Profile Brief: VegPRO’, CARE Kenya [online], available from: http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf
Chrisman, S. (2006) Reports from the Field: Taos County Economic Development Corporation, Taos, New Mexico [online], available from: www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html
Dreaming New Mexico (2009) ‘An Age Of Local Foodsheds and a Fair Trade State’, Dreaming New Mexico [online], available at http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/
Fisher, K.G. (2008) ‘Reclaiming Querencia: The quest for culturally appropriate, environmentally sustainable economic development in northern New Mexico’, Natural Resources Journal 48: 479-531.
Hammond, A., Kramer, W.J., Tran, J., Katz, R. and Walker, C. (2007) ‘The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid’, WRI [online], available from: www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion
Meinzen-Dick, R.S., Devaux, A. and Antezana, I. (2009) ‘Underground assets: Potato biodiversity to improve the livelihoods of the poor’, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7: 235-48.
Menezes, F. (2001) ‘Food Sovereignty: A vital requirement for food security in the context of globalization’, Development 44: 29-33.
New Mexico Governor's Green Jobs Cabinet and the Sustainable Agriculture Development Working Group (2010) Sustainable Agriculture Development Report, http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf
Schumacher, E.F. (1973) Small is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered, Blond and Briggs, London.
Sierra Club (2010) ‘La Montanita Coop and Los Poblanos Organics: A promising future in sustainable, carbon-neutral local and regional food supply ‘food-shed’, Sierra Club [online], available from: http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds
Taos County Economic Development Corporation (2011) ‘Taos Food Center’, TCEDC [online], available from: www.tcedc.org/TFC.html [accessed 3 February 2011]. www.tcedc.org/TFC.html
Tormo, M. (2010) ‘Holistic Food System’, Auroville Green Practices [online], available from: www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system [accessed 8 February 2011]. www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system
US Department of Agriculture (2007) 2007 Census of Agriculture: Farmers by Age, available from: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf
Wellborn, C. (2001) ‘Business Incubation in New Mexico’, Report for the New Mexico Economic Development Department [online], available from: http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf
YES! Magazine (2006) ‘The Local Multiplier Effect’, Yes Magazine [online], available from: http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect
Bage, L. (2008) ‘Supporting smallholders is crucial to food security’, G8 Summit report in the Financial Times, IFAD [online], available from: http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.ifad.org/events/op/2008/g8.htm
Barham, J. (2010) Getting to Scale with Regional Food Hubs. USDA blog [online], available from: http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/
CARE (2006) ‘White Paper on Food Aid Policy’, Care USA [online], available from: http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/whitepapers/food_aid_whitepaper.pdf
CARE (2008) ‘Economic Development Unit Project Profile Brief: VegPRO’, CARE Kenya [online], available from: http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/VegCARE-%20Program%20Profile%20Brief.pdf
Chrisman, S. (2006) Reports from the Field: Taos County Economic Development Corporation, Taos, New Mexico [online], available from: www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.whyhunger.org/programs/fslc/tools-resources/reports-from-the-field/738-taos-countyeconomic-development-corporation-taos-new-mexico.html
Dreaming New Mexico (2009) ‘An Age Of Local Foodsheds and a Fair Trade State’, Dreaming New Mexico [online], available at http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/ [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/
Fisher, K.G. (2008) ‘Reclaiming Querencia: The quest for culturally appropriate, environmentally sustainable economic development in northern New Mexico’, Natural Resources Journal 48: 479-531.
Hammond, A., Kramer, W.J., Tran, J., Katz, R. and Walker, C. (2007) ‘The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid’, WRI [online], available from: www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion [accessed 1 April 2011]. www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion
Meinzen-Dick, R.S., Devaux, A. and Antezana, I. (2009) ‘Underground assets: Potato biodiversity to improve the livelihoods of the poor’, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7: 235-48.
Menezes, F. (2001) ‘Food Sovereignty: A vital requirement for food security in the context of globalization’, Development 44: 29-33.
New Mexico Governor's Green Jobs Cabinet and the Sustainable Agriculture Development Working Group (2010) Sustainable Agriculture Development Report, http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/events-and-publications-folder/clean%20energy%20action%20doc.pdf
Schumacher, E.F. (1973) Small is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered, Blond and Briggs, London.
Sierra Club (2010) ‘La Montanita Coop and Los Poblanos Organics: A promising future in sustainable, carbon-neutral local and regional food supply ‘food-shed’, Sierra Club [online], available from: http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://nmsierraclub.org/localregional-food-supply-food-sheds
Taos County Economic Development Corporation (2011) ‘Taos Food Center’, TCEDC [online], available from: www.tcedc.org/TFC.html [accessed 3 February 2011]. www.tcedc.org/TFC.html
Tormo, M. (2010) ‘Holistic Food System’, Auroville Green Practices [online], available from: www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system [accessed 8 February 2011]. www.green.aurovilleportal.org/allcontent/14-presentations/84-holistic-food-system
US Department of Agriculture (2007) 2007 Census of Agriculture: Farmers by Age, available from: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/farmer_age.pdf
Wellborn, C. (2001) ‘Business Incubation in New Mexico’, Report for the New Mexico Economic Development Department [online], available from: http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/incubator/incub_wellborn.pdf
YES! Magazine (2006) ‘The Local Multiplier Effect’, Yes Magazine [online], available from: http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect [accessed 1 April 2011]. http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/go-local/the-local-multiplier-effect
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