Changes in world food supplies over the last 30 years are having a profound effect on small-scale processors in developing countries, marginalizing some and providing new opportunities for others. This paper examines the trends that are taking place, opportunities for small-scale food processors and the constraints that restrict their development. The paper recommends improvements to support provided by educational and research institutes in developing countries and the establishment of a new supply service to overcome constraints in the supply of specialist equipment, packaging materials and ingredients.

Action Aid (2005) Power Hungry: Six Reasons to Regulate Global Food Corporations [online], Action Aid, 19 May, plus other trade-related publications, available from: www.actionaid.org.uk/100227/trade_research.html [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.actionaid.org.uk/100227/trade_research.html

Agromisa (2011) Agromisa publications [online], available from: www.agromisa.org/index.php?PageId=139 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.agromisa.org/index.php?PageId=139

Ausick, P. (2010) ‘Wal-Mart Takes Its Chances in South Africa’ [online], available from: http://247wallst.com/2010/11/29/wal-mart-takes-its-chancesin-south-africa-wmt/ [accessed January 2011]. http://247wallst.com/2010/11/29/wal-mart-takes-its-chancesin-south-africa-wmt/

Baden Pusat Statistik Indonesia [online], available from: http://www.bps.go.id [accessed 17 March 2011]. Reported in World Development Report 2008 [online], World Bank, available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/2795087-1192112387976/WDR08_09_ch05.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://www.bps.go.id http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/2795087-1192112387976/WDR08_09_ch05.pdf

Christian Aid (2005) For Richer or Poorer: Transforming Economic Partnership Agreements between Europe and Africa [online], Christian Aid, April, plus other related publications available from: www.christianaid.org.uk/resources/corporate_reports/corporate_reports.aspx [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.christianaid.org.uk/resources/corporate_reports/corporate_reports.aspx

Competitiveness Support Fund (2007) Policy Analysis on the Competitive Advantage of the Food Processing Sector in Pakistan [online], p. 31, USAID/Pakistan Ministry of Finance, available from: www.competitiveness.org.pk/downloads/FoodIndustryStudyMay18,2007FINALVERSION.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.competitiveness.org.pk/downloads/FoodIndustryStudyMay18,2007FINALVERSION.pdf

CTA (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation) (2011) CTA publications [online], available from: http://cta.esmarthosting.net/cgi-bin/pubs.pl?section=45&action=list [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://cta.esmarthosting.net/cgi-bin/pubs.pl?section=45&action=list

Dietz, H.M., Matee, S. and Ssali, W. (2000) Assessment of the Small-scale Food Processing Subsector in Tanzania and Uganda [online], CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands, available from: http://dlio.ctafotogallery.webfactional.com/static/eng/files/2hash/64/64d7bd8a7e32e0cc60810d123bcf599c07811327/Assessment_of_the_Small-scale_Food_Processing_Subsector_in%20Tanzania_and_Uganda_-_Study_Report.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://dlio.ctafotogallery.webfactional.com/static/eng/files/2hash/64/64d7bd8a7e32e0cc60810d123bcf599c07811327/Assessment_of_the_Small-scale_Food_Processing_Subsector_in%20Tanzania_and_Uganda_-_Study_Report.pdf

Dirven, M. (1999) Local Industry Survival Difficulties in a Globalising World: Illustrated Examples from the Chilean Milk Industry, ECLA, Santiago de Chile.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN) (2004) United Nations data presented in The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2004 [online], FAO, available from: www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e05.htm [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e05.htm

FAO (2011) FAO publications [online], available from: www.fao.org/publications/en/ [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.fao.org/publications/en/

Filippaios, F., Papanastassiou, M., Pearce, R. and Rama, R. (2009) ‘New forms of organisation and R&D internationalisation among the world's 100 largest food and beverages multinationals’, Research Policy 38(6), pp. 1032-43.

Fisher, E. and Reuber, B. (2002) ‘Industrial clusters and BDS for SMEs’, in G. Wignaraja (ed.), Competitiveness Strategy and Industrial Performance: A Manual for Policy Analysis, pp. 131-65, Routledge, London.

Fitter, R. and Kaplinsky, R. 2002 Can Agricultural ‘Commodity’ be De-commodified, and If So Who Is To Gain? IDS, Brighton, UK.

Gereffi, G., Korzeniewicz, M. and Korzeniewiez, R.P. (1994) ‘Introduction: Global commodity chains’, pp. 1-14, in G. Gereffi and M. Korzeniewiez (eds), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Praeger, Westport, CT.

GRET (2011) GRET publications [online], available from: www.gret.org/publications_uk/index.asp [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.gret.org/publications_uk/index.asp

Hilary, J. (1999) Globalisation and Employment, Panos Briefing Paper No 33, May, Panos Institute, London. Humphrey, J. and Memedovic, O. (2006) Global Value Chains in the Agrifood Sector [online], UNIDO, Vienna, available from: www.unido.org/doc/60033 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/doc/60033

Humphrey, J. and Schmitz, H. (2008) ‘Inter-firm relationship in global value chains: Trends in chain governance and their policy implications’, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1: 258-82.

IDRC (International Development Research Centre) (2011) IDRC publications [online], available from: http://publicwebsite.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/default.aspx [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://publicwebsite.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/default.aspx

Jales, M. (2004) ‘The impact of export competition policies: Export subsidies and export credits’, presentation at an Informal Expert Consultation on Export Competition: Equivalence of Alternative Policies and Mechanisms, FAO, Rome, 25-26 November 2004.

Kaditi, E. and Swinnen, J.F.M. (2003) Multinational Investment, International Trade and Contracts in Transitional Economies: A Case Study for Food Industries, Department of Economics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.

Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Mastruzzi, M. (2006) Governance Matters V: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2005, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Khor, M. (1996) Human Development Report 1997, OECD predictions cited in ‘Free trade - for whom?’, Orbit 60, first quarter.

Kolodner, E. (1994) Transnational Corporations: Impediments or Catalysts of Social Development? UNRISD, Geneva.

Louw, A., Madevu, H., Jordaan, D. and Vermeulen, H. (2004) Regoverning Markets: Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-food Systems [online], RSA Country Report, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, available from: www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/filemanager/active?fid=42 www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/filemanager/active?fid=42

Mchomvu, H. and Gedi, L. (2000) ‘Experiences with support strategies for women entrepreneurs in food processing in Tanzania’, Workshop on Strategies for Strengthening Small-Scale Food Processing Enterprises in Eastern and Southern Africa, Entebbe, Uganda, November 1998, Integrated Training Programme for Women Entrepreneurship Development in Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam; Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO), Austria; and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

Memedovic, O. (2008) ‘Special issue on global value chains and innovation networks: Prospects for industrial upgrading in developing countries’, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1: 228.

Memedovic, O. and Shepherd, A. (2008) Agri-food Value Chains and Poverty Reduction: Overview of Main Issues, Trends and Experiences [online], UNIDO Working Paper 12/2008, available from: www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Agrifood_value_chains_and_poverty_reduction.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Agrifood_value_chains_and_poverty_reduction.pdf

Page, S. (2004) ‘The evolution of special and differential treatment in the multilateral trading system’, prepared for International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Workshop, 6 December, Geneva [online], Overseas Development Institute paper available from: www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3573.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3573.pdf

Practical Action (2011) Practical Action Publications and NRI publications [online], available from: www.practicalaction.org/?id=publishing [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.practicalaction.org/?id=publishing

Reardon, T. and Timmer, C.P. (2005) ‘Transformation of markets for agricultural output in developing countries since 1950: How has thinking changed?’ in R.E. Evenson, P. Pingali and T.P. Schultz (eds), Handbook of Agricultural Economics: Agricultural Development, Vol. 3, Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Reardon, T., Timmer, C.P., Barrett, C.B. and Berdegue, J. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, December, 85 (5): 1140-6.

Ribbink, G., Nyabuntu, P. and Kumar, S. (2005) Successful Supply Chains in Uganda: A Study of Three Successful Chains in the Coffee, Dried Fruit and Fresh Vegetable Sectors, Research Report, Business Services Market Development, Department for International Development, UK.

Shafaeddin, M. (2009) The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Industrialization of Least Developed Countries [online], MPRA, available from: http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/18788/1/MPRA_paper_18788.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/18788/1/MPRA_paper_18788.pdf

SIDO (Small Industries Development Organization) (2011) ‘Background’ [online], available from: www.sido.go.tz/UI/WedProgramme.aspx www.sido.go.tz/UI/WedProgramme.aspx

te Velde, D.W. (2002) Promoting TNC-SME Linkages: The Case for a Global Business Linkage Fund, Overseas Development Institute, London.

UNCTAD (2001) World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages, UNCTAD, Geneva.

UNCTAD (2008a) World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations, and the Infrastructure Challenge (Table 1.2), UNCTAD, Geneva.

UNCTAD (2008b) Handbook of Statistics (Table 1.4), United Nations, New York and Geneva.

UNIDO (UN Industrial Development Organization) (2011a) UNIDO publications [online], available from: www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3615 and www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3670 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3615 and www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3670

UNIDO (2011b) Information from UNIDO [online], available from: www.unido.org/doc/4390 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/doc/4390

Vorley, B. (2003) ‘Food, Inc.: corporate concentration from farm to consumer’, London, UK Food Group, available at http://www.ukfg.org.uk/docs/UKFGFoodinc-Nov03.pdf [accessed 27 March 2011] http://www.ukfg.org.uk/docs/UKFGFoodinc-Nov03.pdf

Weatherspoon, D.D. and Reardon, T. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review 21: 1-17.

Wilkinson, J. (2004) ‘The food processing industry, globalization and developing countries’, Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics 1: 184-201 [online], Agricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA) FAO, available from: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/11999/1/01020184.pdf [accessed 27 March 2011] http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/11999/1/01020184.pdf

Wilkinson, J. (2008) ‘Global value chains and networks in dialogue with consumption and social movements’, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1: 536-50.

World Population Bureau (2010) 2010 World Population Datasheet [online], available from: www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf [accessed January 2011]. www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf

Action Aid (2005) Power Hungry: Six Reasons to Regulate Global Food Corporations [online], Action Aid, 19 May, plus other trade-related publications, available from: www.actionaid.org.uk/100227/trade_research.html [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.actionaid.org.uk/100227/trade_research.html

Agromisa (2011) Agromisa publications [online], available from: www.agromisa.org/index.php?PageId=139 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.agromisa.org/index.php?PageId=139

Ausick, P. (2010) ‘Wal-Mart Takes Its Chances in South Africa’ [online], available from: http://247wallst.com/2010/11/29/wal-mart-takes-its-chancesin-south-africa-wmt/ [accessed January 2011]. http://247wallst.com/2010/11/29/wal-mart-takes-its-chancesin-south-africa-wmt/

Baden Pusat Statistik Indonesia [online], available from: http://www.bps.go.id [accessed 17 March 2011]. Reported in World Development Report 2008 [online], World Bank, available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/2795087-1192112387976/WDR08_09_ch05.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://www.bps.go.id http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/2795087-1192112387976/WDR08_09_ch05.pdf

Christian Aid (2005) For Richer or Poorer: Transforming Economic Partnership Agreements between Europe and Africa [online], Christian Aid, April, plus other related publications available from: www.christianaid.org.uk/resources/corporate_reports/corporate_reports.aspx [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.christianaid.org.uk/resources/corporate_reports/corporate_reports.aspx

Competitiveness Support Fund (2007) Policy Analysis on the Competitive Advantage of the Food Processing Sector in Pakistan [online], p. 31, USAID/Pakistan Ministry of Finance, available from: www.competitiveness.org.pk/downloads/FoodIndustryStudyMay18,2007FINALVERSION.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.competitiveness.org.pk/downloads/FoodIndustryStudyMay18,2007FINALVERSION.pdf

CTA (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation) (2011) CTA publications [online], available from: http://cta.esmarthosting.net/cgi-bin/pubs.pl?section=45&action=list [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://cta.esmarthosting.net/cgi-bin/pubs.pl?section=45&action=list

Dietz, H.M., Matee, S. and Ssali, W. (2000) Assessment of the Small-scale Food Processing Subsector in Tanzania and Uganda [online], CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands, available from: http://dlio.ctafotogallery.webfactional.com/static/eng/files/2hash/64/64d7bd8a7e32e0cc60810d123bcf599c07811327/Assessment_of_the_Small-scale_Food_Processing_Subsector_in%20Tanzania_and_Uganda_-_Study_Report.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://dlio.ctafotogallery.webfactional.com/static/eng/files/2hash/64/64d7bd8a7e32e0cc60810d123bcf599c07811327/Assessment_of_the_Small-scale_Food_Processing_Subsector_in%20Tanzania_and_Uganda_-_Study_Report.pdf

Dirven, M. (1999) Local Industry Survival Difficulties in a Globalising World: Illustrated Examples from the Chilean Milk Industry, ECLA, Santiago de Chile.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN) (2004) United Nations data presented in The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2004 [online], FAO, available from: www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e05.htm [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e05.htm

FAO (2011) FAO publications [online], available from: www.fao.org/publications/en/ [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.fao.org/publications/en/

Filippaios, F., Papanastassiou, M., Pearce, R. and Rama, R. (2009) ‘New forms of organisation and R&D internationalisation among the world's 100 largest food and beverages multinationals’, Research Policy 38(6), pp. 1032-43.

Fisher, E. and Reuber, B. (2002) ‘Industrial clusters and BDS for SMEs’, in G. Wignaraja (ed.), Competitiveness Strategy and Industrial Performance: A Manual for Policy Analysis, pp. 131-65, Routledge, London.

Fitter, R. and Kaplinsky, R. 2002 Can Agricultural ‘Commodity’ be De-commodified, and If So Who Is To Gain? IDS, Brighton, UK.

Gereffi, G., Korzeniewicz, M. and Korzeniewiez, R.P. (1994) ‘Introduction: Global commodity chains’, pp. 1-14, in G. Gereffi and M. Korzeniewiez (eds), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Praeger, Westport, CT.

GRET (2011) GRET publications [online], available from: www.gret.org/publications_uk/index.asp [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.gret.org/publications_uk/index.asp

Hilary, J. (1999) Globalisation and Employment, Panos Briefing Paper No 33, May, Panos Institute, London. Humphrey, J. and Memedovic, O. (2006) Global Value Chains in the Agrifood Sector [online], UNIDO, Vienna, available from: www.unido.org/doc/60033 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/doc/60033

Humphrey, J. and Schmitz, H. (2008) ‘Inter-firm relationship in global value chains: Trends in chain governance and their policy implications’, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1: 258-82.

IDRC (International Development Research Centre) (2011) IDRC publications [online], available from: http://publicwebsite.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/default.aspx [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://publicwebsite.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/default.aspx

Jales, M. (2004) ‘The impact of export competition policies: Export subsidies and export credits’, presentation at an Informal Expert Consultation on Export Competition: Equivalence of Alternative Policies and Mechanisms, FAO, Rome, 25-26 November 2004.

Kaditi, E. and Swinnen, J.F.M. (2003) Multinational Investment, International Trade and Contracts in Transitional Economies: A Case Study for Food Industries, Department of Economics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.

Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Mastruzzi, M. (2006) Governance Matters V: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2005, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Khor, M. (1996) Human Development Report 1997, OECD predictions cited in ‘Free trade - for whom?’, Orbit 60, first quarter.

Kolodner, E. (1994) Transnational Corporations: Impediments or Catalysts of Social Development? UNRISD, Geneva.

Louw, A., Madevu, H., Jordaan, D. and Vermeulen, H. (2004) Regoverning Markets: Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-food Systems [online], RSA Country Report, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, available from: www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/filemanager/active?fid=42 www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/filemanager/active?fid=42

Mchomvu, H. and Gedi, L. (2000) ‘Experiences with support strategies for women entrepreneurs in food processing in Tanzania’, Workshop on Strategies for Strengthening Small-Scale Food Processing Enterprises in Eastern and Southern Africa, Entebbe, Uganda, November 1998, Integrated Training Programme for Women Entrepreneurship Development in Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam; Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO), Austria; and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

Memedovic, O. (2008) ‘Special issue on global value chains and innovation networks: Prospects for industrial upgrading in developing countries’, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1: 228.

Memedovic, O. and Shepherd, A. (2008) Agri-food Value Chains and Poverty Reduction: Overview of Main Issues, Trends and Experiences [online], UNIDO Working Paper 12/2008, available from: www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Agrifood_value_chains_and_poverty_reduction.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Agrifood_value_chains_and_poverty_reduction.pdf

Page, S. (2004) ‘The evolution of special and differential treatment in the multilateral trading system’, prepared for International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Workshop, 6 December, Geneva [online], Overseas Development Institute paper available from: www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3573.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3573.pdf

Practical Action (2011) Practical Action Publications and NRI publications [online], available from: www.practicalaction.org/?id=publishing [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.practicalaction.org/?id=publishing

Reardon, T. and Timmer, C.P. (2005) ‘Transformation of markets for agricultural output in developing countries since 1950: How has thinking changed?’ in R.E. Evenson, P. Pingali and T.P. Schultz (eds), Handbook of Agricultural Economics: Agricultural Development, Vol. 3, Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Reardon, T., Timmer, C.P., Barrett, C.B. and Berdegue, J. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, December, 85 (5): 1140-6.

Ribbink, G., Nyabuntu, P. and Kumar, S. (2005) Successful Supply Chains in Uganda: A Study of Three Successful Chains in the Coffee, Dried Fruit and Fresh Vegetable Sectors, Research Report, Business Services Market Development, Department for International Development, UK.

Shafaeddin, M. (2009) The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Industrialization of Least Developed Countries [online], MPRA, available from: http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/18788/1/MPRA_paper_18788.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/18788/1/MPRA_paper_18788.pdf

SIDO (Small Industries Development Organization) (2011) ‘Background’ [online], available from: www.sido.go.tz/UI/WedProgramme.aspx www.sido.go.tz/UI/WedProgramme.aspx

te Velde, D.W. (2002) Promoting TNC-SME Linkages: The Case for a Global Business Linkage Fund, Overseas Development Institute, London.

UNCTAD (2001) World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages, UNCTAD, Geneva.

UNCTAD (2008a) World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations, and the Infrastructure Challenge (Table 1.2), UNCTAD, Geneva.

UNCTAD (2008b) Handbook of Statistics (Table 1.4), United Nations, New York and Geneva.

UNIDO (UN Industrial Development Organization) (2011a) UNIDO publications [online], available from: www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3615 and www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3670 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3615 and www.unido.org/index.php?id=o3670

UNIDO (2011b) Information from UNIDO [online], available from: www.unido.org/doc/4390 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/doc/4390

Vorley, B. (2003) ‘Food, Inc.: corporate concentration from farm to consumer’, London, UK Food Group, available at http://www.ukfg.org.uk/docs/UKFGFoodinc-Nov03.pdf [accessed 27 March 2011] http://www.ukfg.org.uk/docs/UKFGFoodinc-Nov03.pdf

Weatherspoon, D.D. and Reardon, T. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review 21: 1-17.

Wilkinson, J. (2004) ‘The food processing industry, globalization and developing countries’, Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics 1: 184-201 [online], Agricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA) FAO, available from: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/11999/1/01020184.pdf [accessed 27 March 2011] http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/11999/1/01020184.pdf

Wilkinson, J. (2008) ‘Global value chains and networks in dialogue with consumption and social movements’, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1: 536-50.

World Population Bureau (2010) 2010 World Population Datasheet [online], available from: www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf [accessed January 2011]. www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf

Action Aid (2005) Power Hungry: Six Reasons to Regulate Global Food Corporations [online], Action Aid, 19 May, plus other trade-related publications, available from: www.actionaid.org.uk/100227/trade_research.html [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.actionaid.org.uk/100227/trade_research.html

Agromisa (2011) Agromisa publications [online], available from: www.agromisa.org/index.php?PageId=139 [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.agromisa.org/index.php?PageId=139

Ausick, P. (2010) ‘Wal-Mart Takes Its Chances in South Africa’ [online], available from: http://247wallst.com/2010/11/29/wal-mart-takes-its-chancesin-south-africa-wmt/ [accessed January 2011]. http://247wallst.com/2010/11/29/wal-mart-takes-its-chancesin-south-africa-wmt/

Baden Pusat Statistik Indonesia [online], available from: http://www.bps.go.id [accessed 17 March 2011]. Reported in World Development Report 2008 [online], World Bank, available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/2795087-1192112387976/WDR08_09_ch05.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://www.bps.go.id http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/2795087-1192112387976/WDR08_09_ch05.pdf

Christian Aid (2005) For Richer or Poorer: Transforming Economic Partnership Agreements between Europe and Africa [online], Christian Aid, April, plus other related publications available from: www.christianaid.org.uk/resources/corporate_reports/corporate_reports.aspx [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.christianaid.org.uk/resources/corporate_reports/corporate_reports.aspx

Competitiveness Support Fund (2007) Policy Analysis on the Competitive Advantage of the Food Processing Sector in Pakistan [online], p. 31, USAID/Pakistan Ministry of Finance, available from: www.competitiveness.org.pk/downloads/FoodIndustryStudyMay18,2007FINALVERSION.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.competitiveness.org.pk/downloads/FoodIndustryStudyMay18,2007FINALVERSION.pdf

CTA (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation) (2011) CTA publications [online], available from: http://cta.esmarthosting.net/cgi-bin/pubs.pl?section=45&action=list [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://cta.esmarthosting.net/cgi-bin/pubs.pl?section=45&action=list

Dietz, H.M., Matee, S. and Ssali, W. (2000) Assessment of the Small-scale Food Processing Subsector in Tanzania and Uganda [online], CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands, available from: http://dlio.ctafotogallery.webfactional.com/static/eng/files/2hash/64/64d7bd8a7e32e0cc60810d123bcf599c07811327/Assessment_of_the_Small-scale_Food_Processing_Subsector_in%20Tanzania_and_Uganda_-_Study_Report.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://dlio.ctafotogallery.webfactional.com/static/eng/files/2hash/64/64d7bd8a7e32e0cc60810d123bcf599c07811327/Assessment_of_the_Small-scale_Food_Processing_Subsector_in%20Tanzania_and_Uganda_-_Study_Report.pdf

Dirven, M. (1999) Local Industry Survival Difficulties in a Globalising World: Illustrated Examples from the Chilean Milk Industry, ECLA, Santiago de Chile.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN) (2004) United Nations data presented in The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2004 [online], FAO, available from: www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e05.htm [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e05.htm

FAO (2011) FAO publications [online], available from: www.fao.org/publications/en/ [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.fao.org/publications/en/

Filippaios, F., Papanastassiou, M., Pearce, R. and Rama, R. (2009) ‘New forms of organisation and R&D internationalisation among the world's 100 largest food and beverages multinationals’, Research Policy 38(6), pp. 1032-43.

Fisher, E. and Reuber, B. (2002) ‘Industrial clusters and BDS for SMEs’, in G. Wignaraja (ed.), Competitiveness Strategy and Industrial Performance: A Manual for Policy Analysis, pp. 131-65, Routledge, London.

Fitter, R. and Kaplinsky, R. 2002 Can Agricultural ‘Commodity’ be De-commodified, and If So Who Is To Gain? IDS, Brighton, UK.

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Louw, A., Madevu, H., Jordaan, D. and Vermeulen, H. (2004) Regoverning Markets: Securing Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-food Systems [online], RSA Country Report, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, available from: www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/filemanager/active?fid=42 www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/filemanager/active?fid=42

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Memedovic, O. and Shepherd, A. (2008) Agri-food Value Chains and Poverty Reduction: Overview of Main Issues, Trends and Experiences [online], UNIDO Working Paper 12/2008, available from: www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Agrifood_value_chains_and_poverty_reduction.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Agrifood_value_chains_and_poverty_reduction.pdf

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Reardon, T., Timmer, C.P., Barrett, C.B. and Berdegue, J. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, December, 85 (5): 1140-6.

Ribbink, G., Nyabuntu, P. and Kumar, S. (2005) Successful Supply Chains in Uganda: A Study of Three Successful Chains in the Coffee, Dried Fruit and Fresh Vegetable Sectors, Research Report, Business Services Market Development, Department for International Development, UK.

Shafaeddin, M. (2009) The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Industrialization of Least Developed Countries [online], MPRA, available from: http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/18788/1/MPRA_paper_18788.pdf [accessed 17 March 2011]. http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/18788/1/MPRA_paper_18788.pdf

SIDO (Small Industries Development Organization) (2011) ‘Background’ [online], available from: www.sido.go.tz/UI/WedProgramme.aspx www.sido.go.tz/UI/WedProgramme.aspx

te Velde, D.W. (2002) Promoting TNC-SME Linkages: The Case for a Global Business Linkage Fund, Overseas Development Institute, London.

UNCTAD (2001) World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages, UNCTAD, Geneva.

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Weatherspoon, D.D. and Reardon, T. (2003) ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review 21: 1-17.

Wilkinson, J. (2004) ‘The food processing industry, globalization and developing countries’, Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics 1: 184-201 [online], Agricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA) FAO, available from: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/11999/1/01020184.pdf [accessed 27 March 2011] http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/11999/1/01020184.pdf

Wilkinson, J. (2008) ‘Global value chains and networks in dialogue with consumption and social movements’, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1: 536-50.

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