Carcass characteristics are measures of relative proportions of meat and bone, among others, of an animal’s carcass and dictate the acceptability by processors and consumers. Carcass characteristics of two strains of broiler chickens fed diets containing varying levels of cassava grits (CG) were determined using 120 (four-week-old) broiler chickens for each of Arbor Acre Plus (AAP) and Marshall (MS) Strains. The birds were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments of CG as replacement for maize (0, 20, 40, and 60 per cent) at finisher phase. Each treatment had three replicates. At the end of the feeding trial which lasted 28 days, four birds with weights close to the group average were selected per replicate, fasted for 24 hours, weighed, and sacrificed for carcass analysis. Data were collected on carcass characteristics and cut parts and analysed using ANOVA. Results showed that strain had no significant (p > 0.05) influence on carcass characteristics and cut parts parameters except (p < 0.05) relative plucked weight. Broilers fed 0 per cent CG inclusion recorded highest (p < 0.05) live weight (2103.75 g). CG levels had no significant (p > 0.05) influence on dressed weight and choice cuts (breast, thigh, and drumstick) of chickens. The study concluded that CG could be used to replace up to 60 per cent of maize in finishing diets for broiler chickens without negative effects on dressed weight and choice cuts.

Abu, O.A., Olaleru, I.F. and Omojola, A.B. (2015) ‘Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers fed cassava peel and leaf meals as replacements for maize and soyabean meal’, IOSR-JAVS 8(3): 41–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-08324146>.

Abubakar, A. and Ohiaege, P.E. (2011) ‘Replacement value of cassava peels for maize in the diets of broiler finisher chickens’, Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science 9(2): 16–9.

Adeyemo, A.I., Sani, A., Aderibigbe, T.A., Abdurrasheed, M.O. and Agbolade, J.O. (2014) ‘A study of Aspergillus niger-hydrolysed cassava peel meal as a carbohydrate source on the histology of broiler chickens’, SpringerPlus 3: 31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-31>.

Afolayan, S.B., Dafwang, I.I., Tegbe, T.S.B. and Sekoni, A. (2012) ‘Response of broiler chickens fed on maize based diets substituted with graded levels of sweet potato meal’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 6: 15–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.15.22>.

Cunningham, D. (2008) ‘Feather loss in chickens’, The Poultry Site [online], <www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/973/feather-loss-in-chickens> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Dahouda, M., Toleba, S.S., Youssao, A.K.I., Ali, A.A.M. and Ahounou, S. (2009) ‘Use of chips and cassava leaves in finishing Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris): animal performance, costs of production, aspect of the carcass and meat quality’, Annales de Médecine Vétèrinaire 153(2): 82–7.

Dairo, F.A.S. (2011) ‘Utilization of ensiled metabolizable mixture of cassava peel and caged layers’ manure as energy source in broiler diets’, African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutrition Development 11(5): 5110–24.

Devendra, C. and Fuller, M.F. (1979) Pig Production in the Tropics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eggum, B.O. (1989) ‘Biochemical and methodological principles’, in A.D. Block, B.O. Eggum, A.G. Low, O. Simon, and T. Zebrowske (eds.), Protein Metabolism in Farm Animals, Evaluation, Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism, pp. 1–52, London: Oxford Science Publications.

Elagib, H.A.A. and Ahmed, A.D.A. (2011) ‘Comparative study on haematological values of blood of indigenous chickens in Sudan’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 5: 41–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsa.2011.41.45>.

Eruvbetine, D., Tajudeen, I.D., Adeosun, A.T. and Olojede, A.A. (2003) ‘Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens’, Bioresource Technology 86(3): 277–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00136-0>.

Ezeh, N.O.A. and Arene, O.B. (1994) ‘Economics of using cassava root meal as substitute for maize in poultry feeds’, in Proceedings of the 10th Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 23–29 October 1994.

Fernandes, J.I.M., Bortoluzzi, C., Triques, G.E., Neto, A.F.G. and Peiter, D.C. (2013) ‘Effect of strain, sex and age on carcass parameters of broilers’, Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences 35(1): 99–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i1.13354>.

Fowler, J. (2017) ‘Feeding issues for broiler breeder feather cover’, Poultry Times [online] <www.poultrytimes.com/poultry_today/article_ef1410b6-6582-11e7-8dd8-c710eb7f354d.html> [accessed 1 August 2018].

George, O.S. and Sese, B.T. (2012) ‘The effects of whole cassava meal on broiler carcass weight and the optimal inclusion rate of whole cassava meal in broiler production’, Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research 2(6): 184–9 <www.researchgate.net/publication/265804829>.

Griffin, H.D. (1996) Understanding Genetic Variation in Fatness in Chickens, Annual Report, Edinburgh: Roslin Institute.

Hossain, M.A., Amin, J.R. and Hossain, M.E. (2013) ‘Feasibility study of cassava meal in broiler diets by partial replacing energy source (corn) in regard to response and carcass traits’, International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology 3(2): 59–65 <www.ijarit.webs.com>.

Kana, J.R., Defang, F.H., Mafouo, G.H., Ngouana, R., Moube, N.M. and Ninjo, J. (2012) ‘Effect of cassava meal supplemented with a combination of palm oil and cocoa husk as alternative energy source on broiler growth’, Archiva Zootechnica 15(4): 17–25.

Kana, J.R., Engwali, F.D., Defang, F.H., Teguia, A., Ngouana, T.R. and Mube, K.H. (2014) ‘Economics of broiler production fed on various dietary levels of cassava flour and cassava fiber supplemented with and without palm oil’, Journal of Animal Production Advances 4(7): 455–62.

Kubena, L.F., Lott, B.D., Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N. and May, J.D. (1972) ‘Body composition of chicks as influenced by environmental temperature and selected dietary factors’, Poultry Science 51(2): 517–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps0510517>.

Le Bihan-Duval, E., Berri, C., Baeza, E., Millet, N. and Beaumont, C. (2001) ‘Estimation of the genetic parameters of meat characteristics and of their genetic correlations with growth and body composition in an experimental broiler line’, Poultry Science 80: 839–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.7.839>.

Leeson, S. and Walsh, T. (2004) ‘Feathering in commercial poultry II: Factors influencing feather growth and feather loss’, World’s Poultry Science Journal 60(1): 52–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/WPS20040005>.

Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.G.O. and Adebowale, A.A. (2007) ‘Targeting different end uses of cassava: genotype variations for cyanogenic potentials and pasting properties’, International Journal of Food Science and Technology 42: 969–76.

Montilla, J.J. (1997) ‘Cassava in nutrition of broilers’, in B. Mestel and M. Graham (eds.), Cassava as Animal Feed, pp. 43–50, Ottawa: IDRC 09 5e International Development Research Centre.

Moreira, J., Mendes, A.A., Garcia, E.A., Oliveira, R.P., Garcia, R.G. and Almeida, I.C.L. (2003) ‘Avaliacao de desmpenho, rendimento de carcaca e qualidade da carne do peito de frangos de linhagens de conformacao versus convencionais’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(6): 1663–73.

Morgan, N.K. and Choct, M. (2016) ‘Cassava: nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets’, Animal Nutrition 2: 253–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.010>.

Ochetim, S. (1991) ‘The use of cassava in broiler feeding in the South Pacific’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 4(3): 241–4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1993.597>.

Ogunniyi, L. (2011) ‘Household consumption of cassava products in Oyo State’, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 11(6): 39–44.

Ojedapo, L.O., Akinokun, O., Adedeji, T.A., Olayeni, T.B., Ameen, S.A. and Amao, S.R. (2008) ‘Effect of strain and sex on carcass characteristics of three commercial broilers reared in deep litter system in the derived savannah area of Nigeria’, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(4): 487–91.

Okpanachi, U., Musa, A.A., Adewoye, A.T. and Adejoh, O.C. (2014) ‘Effects of replacing maize with graded levels of cassava tuber meal, brewer’s dried grain and palm oil mixture on the serum and biochemistry and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens’, IOSR JAVS 7(4): 27–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-07412731>.

Oluwole, O.B., Olatunji, O.O. and Odunfa, S.F. (2004) ‘A processing technique for conversion of dried cassava chips into garri’, Nigerian Food Journal 22: 65–73.

Onifade, A.A., Obiyan, R.I., Onipede, E., Adejumo, D.O., Abu, O.A. and Babatunde, G.M. (1999) ‘Assessment of effects of supplementing rabbits diets with a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 7: 25–32.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Okeke, T.I. (2005) ‘Carcass, organ and pathological characteristics of grower pigs fed cassava peal meal’, Agro-science Journal 4(1): 1–4.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Onukwufor, J.O. (2003) ‘Effect of toasted Bambara waste on performance of growing pullets’, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production (NSAP), 16–20 March 2003, pp. 237–239.

Oso, A.O., Akapo, O., Sanwo, K.A. and Bamgbose, A.M. (2014) ‘Utilization of unpeeled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens’, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98: 431–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12088>.

Patra, B.N., Bais, R.K.S., Prasad, R.B. and Singh, B.P. (2002) ‘Performance of naked neck versus normally feathered coloured broilers for growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical parameters in tropical climate’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 15: 1776–83.

Phillips, T.P., Taylor, D.S., Sanni, L. and Akoroda, M.O. (2004) A Cassava Industrial Revolution in Nigeria: The Potential for a New Industrial Crop, Rome: IITA, IFAD and FAO.

Poultry World (2017) ‘Carcass quality affected by nutrition and managemet’ [online], 26 June 2017 <www.poultryworld.net/Nutrition/Articles/2017/6/Carcass-quality-affected-by-nutrition-and-management-149538E> [accessed 6 October 2017].

Sahle, M., Coleou, K. and Hass, C. (1992) ‘Nutritional value of cassava meal in diets for geese’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 36(1): 29–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(92)90083-I>.

SAS (2009) Statistical Analysis System, Users’ Guide, Statistics, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schweihofer, J.P. (2011) ‘Carcass dressing percentage and cooler shrink vary among species and type of animals’, Michigan State University Extension <http://www.canr.msu.edu/news/carcass_dressing_percentage_and_cooler_shrink>.

Souza, P.A., Souza, H.B.A., Campus, F.P. and Brognoni, F. (1994) ‘Desempenho e caracteristicas de carcaca de diferntes linhagens comerciais de frango de corte’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 23(5): 782–91.

Stevens, R.W.C. and George, J.R. (1966) ‘A technique for bleeding chickens from the jugular vein’, Poultry Science 45(1): 204–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0450204>.

Stringhini, J.H., Laboissiere, M., Muramatsu, K., Leandro, N.S.M. and Cafe, M.B. (2003) ‘Avaliacao do dedsempemho e rendimento de carcaca de quarto linhagens de frangos de corte criadas em Goias’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(1): 183–90.

Sturkie, P.D. (1976) ‘Blood physical characteristics formed elements, haemoglobin and coagulation’, in P.D. Sturkie (ed.), Avian Physiology, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Taiwo, A. (1981) Replacement of Maize (Zea mays) by Cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Rations of Different Classes of Chicken, PhD thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Tewe, O.O. (2004) Cassava for Livestock Feed in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Global Cassava Development Strategy, Rome: FAO and IFAD.

Vieira, S.L. and Moran Jr, E.T. (1998) ‘Broiler yields using chicks from egg weight extremes and diverse strains’, Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7(4): 339–46.

Wats, G. and Kennet, C. (1995) ‘The broiler industry’, Poultry Tribune, 7 September 1995: 6–18.

Young, L.L., Northcutt, J.K., Buhr, R.J., Lyon, C.E. and Wane, G.O. (2001) ‘Effects of age, sex and duration of post-mortem aging on percentages yield of parts from broiler chicken carcasses’, Poultry Science 80: 376–9.

Zanu, H.K. and Dei, H.K. (2011) ‘Evaluation of processed cassava flour and blood (PCB) in feed for broiler chickens’, African Journal of Food Science and Technology 1(5): 98–101 <www.interesjournals.org/AJFST>.

Abu, O.A., Olaleru, I.F. and Omojola, A.B. (2015) ‘Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers fed cassava peel and leaf meals as replacements for maize and soyabean meal’, IOSR-JAVS 8(3): 41–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-08324146>.

Abubakar, A. and Ohiaege, P.E. (2011) ‘Replacement value of cassava peels for maize in the diets of broiler finisher chickens’, Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science 9(2): 16–9.

Adeyemo, A.I., Sani, A., Aderibigbe, T.A., Abdurrasheed, M.O. and Agbolade, J.O. (2014) ‘A study of Aspergillus niger-hydrolysed cassava peel meal as a carbohydrate source on the histology of broiler chickens’, SpringerPlus 3: 31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-31>.

Afolayan, S.B., Dafwang, I.I., Tegbe, T.S.B. and Sekoni, A. (2012) ‘Response of broiler chickens fed on maize based diets substituted with graded levels of sweet potato meal’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 6: 15–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.15.22>.

Cunningham, D. (2008) ‘Feather loss in chickens’, The Poultry Site [online], <www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/973/feather-loss-in-chickens> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Dahouda, M., Toleba, S.S., Youssao, A.K.I., Ali, A.A.M. and Ahounou, S. (2009) ‘Use of chips and cassava leaves in finishing Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris): animal performance, costs of production, aspect of the carcass and meat quality’, Annales de Médecine Vétèrinaire 153(2): 82–7.

Dairo, F.A.S. (2011) ‘Utilization of ensiled metabolizable mixture of cassava peel and caged layers’ manure as energy source in broiler diets’, African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutrition Development 11(5): 5110–24.

Devendra, C. and Fuller, M.F. (1979) Pig Production in the Tropics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eggum, B.O. (1989) ‘Biochemical and methodological principles’, in A.D. Block, B.O. Eggum, A.G. Low, O. Simon, and T. Zebrowske (eds.), Protein Metabolism in Farm Animals, Evaluation, Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism, pp. 1–52, London: Oxford Science Publications.

Elagib, H.A.A. and Ahmed, A.D.A. (2011) ‘Comparative study on haematological values of blood of indigenous chickens in Sudan’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 5: 41–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsa.2011.41.45>.

Eruvbetine, D., Tajudeen, I.D., Adeosun, A.T. and Olojede, A.A. (2003) ‘Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens’, Bioresource Technology 86(3): 277–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00136-0>.

Ezeh, N.O.A. and Arene, O.B. (1994) ‘Economics of using cassava root meal as substitute for maize in poultry feeds’, in Proceedings of the 10th Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 23–29 October 1994.

Fernandes, J.I.M., Bortoluzzi, C., Triques, G.E., Neto, A.F.G. and Peiter, D.C. (2013) ‘Effect of strain, sex and age on carcass parameters of broilers’, Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences 35(1): 99–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i1.13354>.

Fowler, J. (2017) ‘Feeding issues for broiler breeder feather cover’, Poultry Times [online] <www.poultrytimes.com/poultry_today/article_ef1410b6-6582-11e7-8dd8-c710eb7f354d.html> [accessed 1 August 2018].

George, O.S. and Sese, B.T. (2012) ‘The effects of whole cassava meal on broiler carcass weight and the optimal inclusion rate of whole cassava meal in broiler production’, Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research 2(6): 184–9 <www.researchgate.net/publication/265804829>.

Griffin, H.D. (1996) Understanding Genetic Variation in Fatness in Chickens, Annual Report, Edinburgh: Roslin Institute.

Hossain, M.A., Amin, J.R. and Hossain, M.E. (2013) ‘Feasibility study of cassava meal in broiler diets by partial replacing energy source (corn) in regard to response and carcass traits’, International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology 3(2): 59–65 <www.ijarit.webs.com>.

Kana, J.R., Defang, F.H., Mafouo, G.H., Ngouana, R., Moube, N.M. and Ninjo, J. (2012) ‘Effect of cassava meal supplemented with a combination of palm oil and cocoa husk as alternative energy source on broiler growth’, Archiva Zootechnica 15(4): 17–25.

Kana, J.R., Engwali, F.D., Defang, F.H., Teguia, A., Ngouana, T.R. and Mube, K.H. (2014) ‘Economics of broiler production fed on various dietary levels of cassava flour and cassava fiber supplemented with and without palm oil’, Journal of Animal Production Advances 4(7): 455–62.

Kubena, L.F., Lott, B.D., Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N. and May, J.D. (1972) ‘Body composition of chicks as influenced by environmental temperature and selected dietary factors’, Poultry Science 51(2): 517–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps0510517>.

Le Bihan-Duval, E., Berri, C., Baeza, E., Millet, N. and Beaumont, C. (2001) ‘Estimation of the genetic parameters of meat characteristics and of their genetic correlations with growth and body composition in an experimental broiler line’, Poultry Science 80: 839–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.7.839>.

Leeson, S. and Walsh, T. (2004) ‘Feathering in commercial poultry II: Factors influencing feather growth and feather loss’, World’s Poultry Science Journal 60(1): 52–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/WPS20040005>.

Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.G.O. and Adebowale, A.A. (2007) ‘Targeting different end uses of cassava: genotype variations for cyanogenic potentials and pasting properties’, International Journal of Food Science and Technology 42: 969–76.

Montilla, J.J. (1997) ‘Cassava in nutrition of broilers’, in B. Mestel and M. Graham (eds.), Cassava as Animal Feed, pp. 43–50, Ottawa: IDRC 09 5e International Development Research Centre.

Moreira, J., Mendes, A.A., Garcia, E.A., Oliveira, R.P., Garcia, R.G. and Almeida, I.C.L. (2003) ‘Avaliacao de desmpenho, rendimento de carcaca e qualidade da carne do peito de frangos de linhagens de conformacao versus convencionais’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(6): 1663–73.

Morgan, N.K. and Choct, M. (2016) ‘Cassava: nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets’, Animal Nutrition 2: 253–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.010>.

Ochetim, S. (1991) ‘The use of cassava in broiler feeding in the South Pacific’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 4(3): 241–4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1993.597>.

Ogunniyi, L. (2011) ‘Household consumption of cassava products in Oyo State’, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 11(6): 39–44.

Ojedapo, L.O., Akinokun, O., Adedeji, T.A., Olayeni, T.B., Ameen, S.A. and Amao, S.R. (2008) ‘Effect of strain and sex on carcass characteristics of three commercial broilers reared in deep litter system in the derived savannah area of Nigeria’, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(4): 487–91.

Okpanachi, U., Musa, A.A., Adewoye, A.T. and Adejoh, O.C. (2014) ‘Effects of replacing maize with graded levels of cassava tuber meal, brewer’s dried grain and palm oil mixture on the serum and biochemistry and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens’, IOSR JAVS 7(4): 27–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-07412731>.

Oluwole, O.B., Olatunji, O.O. and Odunfa, S.F. (2004) ‘A processing technique for conversion of dried cassava chips into garri’, Nigerian Food Journal 22: 65–73.

Onifade, A.A., Obiyan, R.I., Onipede, E., Adejumo, D.O., Abu, O.A. and Babatunde, G.M. (1999) ‘Assessment of effects of supplementing rabbits diets with a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 7: 25–32.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Okeke, T.I. (2005) ‘Carcass, organ and pathological characteristics of grower pigs fed cassava peal meal’, Agro-science Journal 4(1): 1–4.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Onukwufor, J.O. (2003) ‘Effect of toasted Bambara waste on performance of growing pullets’, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production (NSAP), 16–20 March 2003, pp. 237–239.

Oso, A.O., Akapo, O., Sanwo, K.A. and Bamgbose, A.M. (2014) ‘Utilization of unpeeled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens’, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98: 431–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12088>.

Patra, B.N., Bais, R.K.S., Prasad, R.B. and Singh, B.P. (2002) ‘Performance of naked neck versus normally feathered coloured broilers for growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical parameters in tropical climate’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 15: 1776–83.

Phillips, T.P., Taylor, D.S., Sanni, L. and Akoroda, M.O. (2004) A Cassava Industrial Revolution in Nigeria: The Potential for a New Industrial Crop, Rome: IITA, IFAD and FAO.

Poultry World (2017) ‘Carcass quality affected by nutrition and managemet’ [online], 26 June 2017 <www.poultryworld.net/Nutrition/Articles/2017/6/Carcass-quality-affected-by-nutrition-and-management-149538E> [accessed 6 October 2017].

Sahle, M., Coleou, K. and Hass, C. (1992) ‘Nutritional value of cassava meal in diets for geese’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 36(1): 29–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(92)90083-I>.

SAS (2009) Statistical Analysis System, Users’ Guide, Statistics, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schweihofer, J.P. (2011) ‘Carcass dressing percentage and cooler shrink vary among species and type of animals’, Michigan State University Extension <http://www.canr.msu.edu/news/carcass_dressing_percentage_and_cooler_shrink>.

Souza, P.A., Souza, H.B.A., Campus, F.P. and Brognoni, F. (1994) ‘Desempenho e caracteristicas de carcaca de diferntes linhagens comerciais de frango de corte’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 23(5): 782–91.

Stevens, R.W.C. and George, J.R. (1966) ‘A technique for bleeding chickens from the jugular vein’, Poultry Science 45(1): 204–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0450204>.

Stringhini, J.H., Laboissiere, M., Muramatsu, K., Leandro, N.S.M. and Cafe, M.B. (2003) ‘Avaliacao do dedsempemho e rendimento de carcaca de quarto linhagens de frangos de corte criadas em Goias’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(1): 183–90.

Sturkie, P.D. (1976) ‘Blood physical characteristics formed elements, haemoglobin and coagulation’, in P.D. Sturkie (ed.), Avian Physiology, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Taiwo, A. (1981) Replacement of Maize (Zea mays) by Cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Rations of Different Classes of Chicken, PhD thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Tewe, O.O. (2004) Cassava for Livestock Feed in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Global Cassava Development Strategy, Rome: FAO and IFAD.

Vieira, S.L. and Moran Jr, E.T. (1998) ‘Broiler yields using chicks from egg weight extremes and diverse strains’, Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7(4): 339–46.

Wats, G. and Kennet, C. (1995) ‘The broiler industry’, Poultry Tribune, 7 September 1995: 6–18.

Young, L.L., Northcutt, J.K., Buhr, R.J., Lyon, C.E. and Wane, G.O. (2001) ‘Effects of age, sex and duration of post-mortem aging on percentages yield of parts from broiler chicken carcasses’, Poultry Science 80: 376–9.

Zanu, H.K. and Dei, H.K. (2011) ‘Evaluation of processed cassava flour and blood (PCB) in feed for broiler chickens’, African Journal of Food Science and Technology 1(5): 98–101 <www.interesjournals.org/AJFST>.

Abu, O.A., Olaleru, I.F. and Omojola, A.B. (2015) ‘Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers fed cassava peel and leaf meals as replacements for maize and soyabean meal’, IOSR-JAVS 8(3): 41–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-08324146>.

Abubakar, A. and Ohiaege, P.E. (2011) ‘Replacement value of cassava peels for maize in the diets of broiler finisher chickens’, Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science 9(2): 16–9.

Adeyemo, A.I., Sani, A., Aderibigbe, T.A., Abdurrasheed, M.O. and Agbolade, J.O. (2014) ‘A study of Aspergillus niger-hydrolysed cassava peel meal as a carbohydrate source on the histology of broiler chickens’, SpringerPlus 3: 31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-31>.

Afolayan, S.B., Dafwang, I.I., Tegbe, T.S.B. and Sekoni, A. (2012) ‘Response of broiler chickens fed on maize based diets substituted with graded levels of sweet potato meal’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 6: 15–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.15.22>.

Cunningham, D. (2008) ‘Feather loss in chickens’, The Poultry Site [online], <www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/973/feather-loss-in-chickens> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Dahouda, M., Toleba, S.S., Youssao, A.K.I., Ali, A.A.M. and Ahounou, S. (2009) ‘Use of chips and cassava leaves in finishing Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris): animal performance, costs of production, aspect of the carcass and meat quality’, Annales de Médecine Vétèrinaire 153(2): 82–7.

Dairo, F.A.S. (2011) ‘Utilization of ensiled metabolizable mixture of cassava peel and caged layers’ manure as energy source in broiler diets’, African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutrition Development 11(5): 5110–24.

Devendra, C. and Fuller, M.F. (1979) Pig Production in the Tropics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eggum, B.O. (1989) ‘Biochemical and methodological principles’, in A.D. Block, B.O. Eggum, A.G. Low, O. Simon, and T. Zebrowske (eds.), Protein Metabolism in Farm Animals, Evaluation, Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism, pp. 1–52, London: Oxford Science Publications.

Elagib, H.A.A. and Ahmed, A.D.A. (2011) ‘Comparative study on haematological values of blood of indigenous chickens in Sudan’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 5: 41–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsa.2011.41.45>.

Eruvbetine, D., Tajudeen, I.D., Adeosun, A.T. and Olojede, A.A. (2003) ‘Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens’, Bioresource Technology 86(3): 277–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00136-0>.

Ezeh, N.O.A. and Arene, O.B. (1994) ‘Economics of using cassava root meal as substitute for maize in poultry feeds’, in Proceedings of the 10th Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 23–29 October 1994.

Fernandes, J.I.M., Bortoluzzi, C., Triques, G.E., Neto, A.F.G. and Peiter, D.C. (2013) ‘Effect of strain, sex and age on carcass parameters of broilers’, Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences 35(1): 99–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i1.13354>.

Fowler, J. (2017) ‘Feeding issues for broiler breeder feather cover’, Poultry Times [online] <www.poultrytimes.com/poultry_today/article_ef1410b6-6582-11e7-8dd8-c710eb7f354d.html> [accessed 1 August 2018].

George, O.S. and Sese, B.T. (2012) ‘The effects of whole cassava meal on broiler carcass weight and the optimal inclusion rate of whole cassava meal in broiler production’, Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research 2(6): 184–9 <www.researchgate.net/publication/265804829>.

Griffin, H.D. (1996) Understanding Genetic Variation in Fatness in Chickens, Annual Report, Edinburgh: Roslin Institute.

Hossain, M.A., Amin, J.R. and Hossain, M.E. (2013) ‘Feasibility study of cassava meal in broiler diets by partial replacing energy source (corn) in regard to response and carcass traits’, International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology 3(2): 59–65 <www.ijarit.webs.com>.

Kana, J.R., Defang, F.H., Mafouo, G.H., Ngouana, R., Moube, N.M. and Ninjo, J. (2012) ‘Effect of cassava meal supplemented with a combination of palm oil and cocoa husk as alternative energy source on broiler growth’, Archiva Zootechnica 15(4): 17–25.

Kana, J.R., Engwali, F.D., Defang, F.H., Teguia, A., Ngouana, T.R. and Mube, K.H. (2014) ‘Economics of broiler production fed on various dietary levels of cassava flour and cassava fiber supplemented with and without palm oil’, Journal of Animal Production Advances 4(7): 455–62.

Kubena, L.F., Lott, B.D., Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N. and May, J.D. (1972) ‘Body composition of chicks as influenced by environmental temperature and selected dietary factors’, Poultry Science 51(2): 517–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps0510517>.

Le Bihan-Duval, E., Berri, C., Baeza, E., Millet, N. and Beaumont, C. (2001) ‘Estimation of the genetic parameters of meat characteristics and of their genetic correlations with growth and body composition in an experimental broiler line’, Poultry Science 80: 839–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.7.839>.

Leeson, S. and Walsh, T. (2004) ‘Feathering in commercial poultry II: Factors influencing feather growth and feather loss’, World’s Poultry Science Journal 60(1): 52–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/WPS20040005>.

Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.G.O. and Adebowale, A.A. (2007) ‘Targeting different end uses of cassava: genotype variations for cyanogenic potentials and pasting properties’, International Journal of Food Science and Technology 42: 969–76.

Montilla, J.J. (1997) ‘Cassava in nutrition of broilers’, in B. Mestel and M. Graham (eds.), Cassava as Animal Feed, pp. 43–50, Ottawa: IDRC 09 5e International Development Research Centre.

Moreira, J., Mendes, A.A., Garcia, E.A., Oliveira, R.P., Garcia, R.G. and Almeida, I.C.L. (2003) ‘Avaliacao de desmpenho, rendimento de carcaca e qualidade da carne do peito de frangos de linhagens de conformacao versus convencionais’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(6): 1663–73.

Morgan, N.K. and Choct, M. (2016) ‘Cassava: nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets’, Animal Nutrition 2: 253–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.010>.

Ochetim, S. (1991) ‘The use of cassava in broiler feeding in the South Pacific’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 4(3): 241–4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1993.597>.

Ogunniyi, L. (2011) ‘Household consumption of cassava products in Oyo State’, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 11(6): 39–44.

Ojedapo, L.O., Akinokun, O., Adedeji, T.A., Olayeni, T.B., Ameen, S.A. and Amao, S.R. (2008) ‘Effect of strain and sex on carcass characteristics of three commercial broilers reared in deep litter system in the derived savannah area of Nigeria’, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(4): 487–91.

Okpanachi, U., Musa, A.A., Adewoye, A.T. and Adejoh, O.C. (2014) ‘Effects of replacing maize with graded levels of cassava tuber meal, brewer’s dried grain and palm oil mixture on the serum and biochemistry and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens’, IOSR JAVS 7(4): 27–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-07412731>.

Oluwole, O.B., Olatunji, O.O. and Odunfa, S.F. (2004) ‘A processing technique for conversion of dried cassava chips into garri’, Nigerian Food Journal 22: 65–73.

Onifade, A.A., Obiyan, R.I., Onipede, E., Adejumo, D.O., Abu, O.A. and Babatunde, G.M. (1999) ‘Assessment of effects of supplementing rabbits diets with a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 7: 25–32.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Okeke, T.I. (2005) ‘Carcass, organ and pathological characteristics of grower pigs fed cassava peal meal’, Agro-science Journal 4(1): 1–4.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Onukwufor, J.O. (2003) ‘Effect of toasted Bambara waste on performance of growing pullets’, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production (NSAP), 16–20 March 2003, pp. 237–239.

Oso, A.O., Akapo, O., Sanwo, K.A. and Bamgbose, A.M. (2014) ‘Utilization of unpeeled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens’, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98: 431–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12088>.

Patra, B.N., Bais, R.K.S., Prasad, R.B. and Singh, B.P. (2002) ‘Performance of naked neck versus normally feathered coloured broilers for growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical parameters in tropical climate’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 15: 1776–83.

Phillips, T.P., Taylor, D.S., Sanni, L. and Akoroda, M.O. (2004) A Cassava Industrial Revolution in Nigeria: The Potential for a New Industrial Crop, Rome: IITA, IFAD and FAO.

Poultry World (2017) ‘Carcass quality affected by nutrition and managemet’ [online], 26 June 2017 <www.poultryworld.net/Nutrition/Articles/2017/6/Carcass-quality-affected-by-nutrition-and-management-149538E> [accessed 6 October 2017].

Sahle, M., Coleou, K. and Hass, C. (1992) ‘Nutritional value of cassava meal in diets for geese’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 36(1): 29–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(92)90083-I>.

SAS (2009) Statistical Analysis System, Users’ Guide, Statistics, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schweihofer, J.P. (2011) ‘Carcass dressing percentage and cooler shrink vary among species and type of animals’, Michigan State University Extension <http://www.canr.msu.edu/news/carcass_dressing_percentage_and_cooler_shrink>.

Souza, P.A., Souza, H.B.A., Campus, F.P. and Brognoni, F. (1994) ‘Desempenho e caracteristicas de carcaca de diferntes linhagens comerciais de frango de corte’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 23(5): 782–91.

Stevens, R.W.C. and George, J.R. (1966) ‘A technique for bleeding chickens from the jugular vein’, Poultry Science 45(1): 204–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0450204>.

Stringhini, J.H., Laboissiere, M., Muramatsu, K., Leandro, N.S.M. and Cafe, M.B. (2003) ‘Avaliacao do dedsempemho e rendimento de carcaca de quarto linhagens de frangos de corte criadas em Goias’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(1): 183–90.

Sturkie, P.D. (1976) ‘Blood physical characteristics formed elements, haemoglobin and coagulation’, in P.D. Sturkie (ed.), Avian Physiology, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Taiwo, A. (1981) Replacement of Maize (Zea mays) by Cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Rations of Different Classes of Chicken, PhD thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Tewe, O.O. (2004) Cassava for Livestock Feed in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Global Cassava Development Strategy, Rome: FAO and IFAD.

Vieira, S.L. and Moran Jr, E.T. (1998) ‘Broiler yields using chicks from egg weight extremes and diverse strains’, Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7(4): 339–46.

Wats, G. and Kennet, C. (1995) ‘The broiler industry’, Poultry Tribune, 7 September 1995: 6–18.

Young, L.L., Northcutt, J.K., Buhr, R.J., Lyon, C.E. and Wane, G.O. (2001) ‘Effects of age, sex and duration of post-mortem aging on percentages yield of parts from broiler chicken carcasses’, Poultry Science 80: 376–9.

Zanu, H.K. and Dei, H.K. (2011) ‘Evaluation of processed cassava flour and blood (PCB) in feed for broiler chickens’, African Journal of Food Science and Technology 1(5): 98–101 <www.interesjournals.org/AJFST>.

Abu, O.A., Olaleru, I.F. and Omojola, A.B. (2015) ‘Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers fed cassava peel and leaf meals as replacements for maize and soyabean meal’, IOSR-JAVS 8(3): 41–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-08324146>.

Abubakar, A. and Ohiaege, P.E. (2011) ‘Replacement value of cassava peels for maize in the diets of broiler finisher chickens’, Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science 9(2): 16–9.

Adeyemo, A.I., Sani, A., Aderibigbe, T.A., Abdurrasheed, M.O. and Agbolade, J.O. (2014) ‘A study of Aspergillus niger-hydrolysed cassava peel meal as a carbohydrate source on the histology of broiler chickens’, SpringerPlus 3: 31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-31>.

Afolayan, S.B., Dafwang, I.I., Tegbe, T.S.B. and Sekoni, A. (2012) ‘Response of broiler chickens fed on maize based diets substituted with graded levels of sweet potato meal’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 6: 15–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.15.22>.

Cunningham, D. (2008) ‘Feather loss in chickens’, The Poultry Site [online], <www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/973/feather-loss-in-chickens> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Dahouda, M., Toleba, S.S., Youssao, A.K.I., Ali, A.A.M. and Ahounou, S. (2009) ‘Use of chips and cassava leaves in finishing Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris): animal performance, costs of production, aspect of the carcass and meat quality’, Annales de Médecine Vétèrinaire 153(2): 82–7.

Dairo, F.A.S. (2011) ‘Utilization of ensiled metabolizable mixture of cassava peel and caged layers’ manure as energy source in broiler diets’, African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutrition Development 11(5): 5110–24.

Devendra, C. and Fuller, M.F. (1979) Pig Production in the Tropics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eggum, B.O. (1989) ‘Biochemical and methodological principles’, in A.D. Block, B.O. Eggum, A.G. Low, O. Simon, and T. Zebrowske (eds.), Protein Metabolism in Farm Animals, Evaluation, Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism, pp. 1–52, London: Oxford Science Publications.

Elagib, H.A.A. and Ahmed, A.D.A. (2011) ‘Comparative study on haematological values of blood of indigenous chickens in Sudan’, Asian Journal of Poultry Science 5: 41–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsa.2011.41.45>.

Eruvbetine, D., Tajudeen, I.D., Adeosun, A.T. and Olojede, A.A. (2003) ‘Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens’, Bioresource Technology 86(3): 277–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00136-0>.

Ezeh, N.O.A. and Arene, O.B. (1994) ‘Economics of using cassava root meal as substitute for maize in poultry feeds’, in Proceedings of the 10th Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 23–29 October 1994.

Fernandes, J.I.M., Bortoluzzi, C., Triques, G.E., Neto, A.F.G. and Peiter, D.C. (2013) ‘Effect of strain, sex and age on carcass parameters of broilers’, Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences 35(1): 99–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i1.13354>.

Fowler, J. (2017) ‘Feeding issues for broiler breeder feather cover’, Poultry Times [online] <www.poultrytimes.com/poultry_today/article_ef1410b6-6582-11e7-8dd8-c710eb7f354d.html> [accessed 1 August 2018].

George, O.S. and Sese, B.T. (2012) ‘The effects of whole cassava meal on broiler carcass weight and the optimal inclusion rate of whole cassava meal in broiler production’, Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research 2(6): 184–9 <www.researchgate.net/publication/265804829>.

Griffin, H.D. (1996) Understanding Genetic Variation in Fatness in Chickens, Annual Report, Edinburgh: Roslin Institute.

Hossain, M.A., Amin, J.R. and Hossain, M.E. (2013) ‘Feasibility study of cassava meal in broiler diets by partial replacing energy source (corn) in regard to response and carcass traits’, International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology 3(2): 59–65 <www.ijarit.webs.com>.

Kana, J.R., Defang, F.H., Mafouo, G.H., Ngouana, R., Moube, N.M. and Ninjo, J. (2012) ‘Effect of cassava meal supplemented with a combination of palm oil and cocoa husk as alternative energy source on broiler growth’, Archiva Zootechnica 15(4): 17–25.

Kana, J.R., Engwali, F.D., Defang, F.H., Teguia, A., Ngouana, T.R. and Mube, K.H. (2014) ‘Economics of broiler production fed on various dietary levels of cassava flour and cassava fiber supplemented with and without palm oil’, Journal of Animal Production Advances 4(7): 455–62.

Kubena, L.F., Lott, B.D., Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N. and May, J.D. (1972) ‘Body composition of chicks as influenced by environmental temperature and selected dietary factors’, Poultry Science 51(2): 517–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps0510517>.

Le Bihan-Duval, E., Berri, C., Baeza, E., Millet, N. and Beaumont, C. (2001) ‘Estimation of the genetic parameters of meat characteristics and of their genetic correlations with growth and body composition in an experimental broiler line’, Poultry Science 80: 839–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.7.839>.

Leeson, S. and Walsh, T. (2004) ‘Feathering in commercial poultry II: Factors influencing feather growth and feather loss’, World’s Poultry Science Journal 60(1): 52–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/WPS20040005>.

Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.G.O. and Adebowale, A.A. (2007) ‘Targeting different end uses of cassava: genotype variations for cyanogenic potentials and pasting properties’, International Journal of Food Science and Technology 42: 969–76.

Montilla, J.J. (1997) ‘Cassava in nutrition of broilers’, in B. Mestel and M. Graham (eds.), Cassava as Animal Feed, pp. 43–50, Ottawa: IDRC 09 5e International Development Research Centre.

Moreira, J., Mendes, A.A., Garcia, E.A., Oliveira, R.P., Garcia, R.G. and Almeida, I.C.L. (2003) ‘Avaliacao de desmpenho, rendimento de carcaca e qualidade da carne do peito de frangos de linhagens de conformacao versus convencionais’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(6): 1663–73.

Morgan, N.K. and Choct, M. (2016) ‘Cassava: nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets’, Animal Nutrition 2: 253–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.010>.

Ochetim, S. (1991) ‘The use of cassava in broiler feeding in the South Pacific’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 4(3): 241–4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1993.597>.

Ogunniyi, L. (2011) ‘Household consumption of cassava products in Oyo State’, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 11(6): 39–44.

Ojedapo, L.O., Akinokun, O., Adedeji, T.A., Olayeni, T.B., Ameen, S.A. and Amao, S.R. (2008) ‘Effect of strain and sex on carcass characteristics of three commercial broilers reared in deep litter system in the derived savannah area of Nigeria’, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(4): 487–91.

Okpanachi, U., Musa, A.A., Adewoye, A.T. and Adejoh, O.C. (2014) ‘Effects of replacing maize with graded levels of cassava tuber meal, brewer’s dried grain and palm oil mixture on the serum and biochemistry and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens’, IOSR JAVS 7(4): 27–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-07412731>.

Oluwole, O.B., Olatunji, O.O. and Odunfa, S.F. (2004) ‘A processing technique for conversion of dried cassava chips into garri’, Nigerian Food Journal 22: 65–73.

Onifade, A.A., Obiyan, R.I., Onipede, E., Adejumo, D.O., Abu, O.A. and Babatunde, G.M. (1999) ‘Assessment of effects of supplementing rabbits diets with a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 7: 25–32.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Okeke, T.I. (2005) ‘Carcass, organ and pathological characteristics of grower pigs fed cassava peal meal’, Agro-science Journal 4(1): 1–4.

Onyimonyi, A.E. and Onukwufor, J.O. (2003) ‘Effect of toasted Bambara waste on performance of growing pullets’, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production (NSAP), 16–20 March 2003, pp. 237–239.

Oso, A.O., Akapo, O., Sanwo, K.A. and Bamgbose, A.M. (2014) ‘Utilization of unpeeled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens’, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98: 431–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12088>.

Patra, B.N., Bais, R.K.S., Prasad, R.B. and Singh, B.P. (2002) ‘Performance of naked neck versus normally feathered coloured broilers for growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical parameters in tropical climate’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 15: 1776–83.

Phillips, T.P., Taylor, D.S., Sanni, L. and Akoroda, M.O. (2004) A Cassava Industrial Revolution in Nigeria: The Potential for a New Industrial Crop, Rome: IITA, IFAD and FAO.

Poultry World (2017) ‘Carcass quality affected by nutrition and managemet’ [online], 26 June 2017 <www.poultryworld.net/Nutrition/Articles/2017/6/Carcass-quality-affected-by-nutrition-and-management-149538E> [accessed 6 October 2017].

Sahle, M., Coleou, K. and Hass, C. (1992) ‘Nutritional value of cassava meal in diets for geese’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 36(1): 29–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(92)90083-I>.

SAS (2009) Statistical Analysis System, Users’ Guide, Statistics, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schweihofer, J.P. (2011) ‘Carcass dressing percentage and cooler shrink vary among species and type of animals’, Michigan State University Extension <http://www.canr.msu.edu/news/carcass_dressing_percentage_and_cooler_shrink>.

Souza, P.A., Souza, H.B.A., Campus, F.P. and Brognoni, F. (1994) ‘Desempenho e caracteristicas de carcaca de diferntes linhagens comerciais de frango de corte’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 23(5): 782–91.

Stevens, R.W.C. and George, J.R. (1966) ‘A technique for bleeding chickens from the jugular vein’, Poultry Science 45(1): 204–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0450204>.

Stringhini, J.H., Laboissiere, M., Muramatsu, K., Leandro, N.S.M. and Cafe, M.B. (2003) ‘Avaliacao do dedsempemho e rendimento de carcaca de quarto linhagens de frangos de corte criadas em Goias’, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(1): 183–90.

Sturkie, P.D. (1976) ‘Blood physical characteristics formed elements, haemoglobin and coagulation’, in P.D. Sturkie (ed.), Avian Physiology, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Taiwo, A. (1981) Replacement of Maize (Zea mays) by Cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Rations of Different Classes of Chicken, PhD thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Tewe, O.O. (2004) Cassava for Livestock Feed in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Global Cassava Development Strategy, Rome: FAO and IFAD.

Vieira, S.L. and Moran Jr, E.T. (1998) ‘Broiler yields using chicks from egg weight extremes and diverse strains’, Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7(4): 339–46.

Wats, G. and Kennet, C. (1995) ‘The broiler industry’, Poultry Tribune, 7 September 1995: 6–18.

Young, L.L., Northcutt, J.K., Buhr, R.J., Lyon, C.E. and Wane, G.O. (2001) ‘Effects of age, sex and duration of post-mortem aging on percentages yield of parts from broiler chicken carcasses’, Poultry Science 80: 376–9.

Zanu, H.K. and Dei, H.K. (2011) ‘Evaluation of processed cassava flour and blood (PCB) in feed for broiler chickens’, African Journal of Food Science and Technology 1(5): 98–101 <www.interesjournals.org/AJFST>.