Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) relates to how girls and women manage their monthly period, and require access to information about menstruation, clean and safe menstrual absorbents, and amenities and facilities such as toilets and water, and waste management to maintain hygiene. In general MHM is poor in India, with low levels of knowledge and many misconceptions, varied use of menstrual absorbents, and unhygienic practices among adolescent girls. With almost 50 per cent of school age girls enrolled in schools, creating a conducive environment in schools to promote MHM is imperative. This policy scoping exercise examines how select policy initiatives implemented by the Government of India address MHM, especially in the context of schools. This document review found that adolescent girls are a focus of most policy initiatives addressing MHM, with a focus primarily on the hardware (i.e. infrastructure, sanitary napkins) or software (i.e. health education) components. Most programmes are implemented at the school level, though guidelines for implementation are not always explicit. Programmes suggest convergence with other government programmes, yet operationalization of convergence mechanisms is lacking.

Birdthistle, I., Dickson, K., Freeman, M., and Javidi, L. (2011) What Impact Does the Provision of Separate Toilets for Girls at Schools Have on their Primary and Secondary School Enrolment, Attendance and Completion? A Systematic Review of the Evidence [online], London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London ≯http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766≯ [accessed 14 February 2014]. http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766

Collins, T. (2005) ‘Health policy analysis: a simple tool for policy makers’, Public Health 119: 192–6 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.03.006≯.

Dasgupta, A. and Sarkar, M. (2008) ‘Menstrual hygiene: how hygienic is the adolescent girl?’ Indian Journal of Community Medicine 33: 77 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.40872≯.

Deo, D.S. and Ghattargi, C.H. (2005) ‘Perceptions and practices regarding menstruation: a comparative study in urban and rural adolescent girls’, Indian Journal of Community Medicine 30: 33–34.

Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16–25 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(01)90004-7≯.

Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene (2012) Meeting Report of Joint Monitoring Program Post-2015 Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene, Washington, DC [pdf] ≯www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf≯ [accessed 8 February 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf

Jasper, C., Le, T.-T. and Bartram, J. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation in schools: a systematic review of the health and educational outcomes’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9: 2772–87 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9082772≯.

Jogdand, K. and Yerpude, P. (2011) ‘A community-based study on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls – India’, Indian Journal on Maternal and Child Health 13(3).

Kamath, R., Ghosh, D., Lena, A., and Chandrasekaran, V. (2013) ‘A study on knowledge and practices regarding menstrual hygiene among rural and urban adolescent girls in Udupi Taluk, Manipal, India’, Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health 2: 1–4.

Khanna, A., Goyal, R.S., and Bhawsar, R. (2005) ‘Menstrual practices and reproductive problems a study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan’, Journal of Health Management 7: 91–107 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340400700103≯.

Kumar, A. and Srivastava, K. (2011) ‘Cultural and social practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls’, Social Work in Public Health 26: 594–604 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2010.525144≯.

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2012) Guidelines Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan [pdf] ≯www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2013) Modification in Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) Guidelines including activities related to Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) as a permissible activity [pdf] ≯www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdf/Modified_NBA_Guidelines_on_10_Dec_13_0.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdf/Modified_NBA_Guidelines_on_10_Dec_13_0.pdf

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2010) National Rural Health Mission – Operational Guidelines: Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls (10–19 Year) in Rural Areas [pdf] ≯http://indiasanitationportal.org/sites/default/files/Menstrual%20Hygiene_Operational%20Guideline_Eng_25-08-10.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. http://indiasanitationportal.org/sites/default/files/Menstrual%20Hygiene_Operational%20Guideline_Eng_25-08-10.pdf

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2014) Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram Strategy Handbook [online] ≯www.nhp.gov.in/health-programmes/national-health-programmes/rashtriya-kishor-swasthya-karyakram-rksk≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.nhp.gov.in/health-programmes/national-health-programmes/rashtriya-kishor-swasthya-karyakram-rksk

Ministry of Human Resource Development (2011) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Framework for Implementation, Based on the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act [pdf] ≯http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SSA-Frame-work.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SSA-Frame-work.pdf

Ministry of Women and Child Development (2010) Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG): SABLA Implementation Guidelines [pdf] ≯http://wcd.nic.in/schemes/SABLA-guidelines141210.pdf≯ [accessed 6 February 2014]. http://wcd.nic.in/schemes/SABLA-guidelines141210.pdf

Narayan, K.A., Srinivasa, D.K., Pelto, P.J., and Veerammal, S. (2001) ‘Puberty rituals, reproductive knowledge and health of adolescent schoolgirls in south India’, Asia-Pacific Population Journal 16: 225–38.

Nemade, D., Anjenaya, S., and Gujar, R. (2009) ‘Impact of health education on knowledge and practices about menstruation among adolescent school girls of Kalamboli, Navi-Mumbai’, Health and Population: Perspectives and Issues 32: 167–75.

Omidvar, S. and Begum, K. (2010) ‘Factors influencing hygienic practices during menses among girls from south India: a cross-sectional study’, International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health 2: 411–23.

Pratham (2014) Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013 [pdf] ≯http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf≯ [accessed 10 May 2013]. http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf

Sinha, K. (2011) ‘70% can't afford sanitary napkins, reveals study’, Times of India [online] ≯http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-cant-afford-sanitary-napkins-reveals-study/articleshow/7344998.cms≯ [accessed 18 February 2014]. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-cant-afford-sanitary-napkins-reveals-study/articleshow/7344998.cms

Sommer, M., Kjellén, M., and Pensulo, C. (2013) ‘Girls’ and women's unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): the interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries’, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3: 283 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.101≯.

Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2013) ‘A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management’, PloS One 8: 4 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004≯.

Water Aid India, Centre for World Solidarity (2012) ‘Study on status of school sanitation in Andhra Pradesh’, unpublished report.

Birdthistle, I., Dickson, K., Freeman, M., and Javidi, L. (2011) What Impact Does the Provision of Separate Toilets for Girls at Schools Have on their Primary and Secondary School Enrolment, Attendance and Completion? A Systematic Review of the Evidence [online], London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London ≯http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766≯ [accessed 14 February 2014]. http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766

Collins, T. (2005) ‘Health policy analysis: a simple tool for policy makers’, Public Health 119: 192–6 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.03.006≯.

Dasgupta, A. and Sarkar, M. (2008) ‘Menstrual hygiene: how hygienic is the adolescent girl?’ Indian Journal of Community Medicine 33: 77 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.40872≯.

Deo, D.S. and Ghattargi, C.H. (2005) ‘Perceptions and practices regarding menstruation: a comparative study in urban and rural adolescent girls’, Indian Journal of Community Medicine 30: 33–34.

Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16–25 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(01)90004-7≯.

Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene (2012) Meeting Report of Joint Monitoring Program Post-2015 Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene, Washington, DC [pdf] ≯www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf≯ [accessed 8 February 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf

Jasper, C., Le, T.-T. and Bartram, J. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation in schools: a systematic review of the health and educational outcomes’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9: 2772–87 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9082772≯.

Jogdand, K. and Yerpude, P. (2011) ‘A community-based study on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls – India’, Indian Journal on Maternal and Child Health 13(3).

Kamath, R., Ghosh, D., Lena, A., and Chandrasekaran, V. (2013) ‘A study on knowledge and practices regarding menstrual hygiene among rural and urban adolescent girls in Udupi Taluk, Manipal, India’, Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health 2: 1–4.

Khanna, A., Goyal, R.S., and Bhawsar, R. (2005) ‘Menstrual practices and reproductive problems a study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan’, Journal of Health Management 7: 91–107 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340400700103≯.

Kumar, A. and Srivastava, K. (2011) ‘Cultural and social practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls’, Social Work in Public Health 26: 594–604 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2010.525144≯.

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2012) Guidelines Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan [pdf] ≯www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2013) Modification in Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) Guidelines including activities related to Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) as a permissible activity [pdf] ≯www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdf/Modified_NBA_Guidelines_on_10_Dec_13_0.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdf/Modified_NBA_Guidelines_on_10_Dec_13_0.pdf

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2010) National Rural Health Mission – Operational Guidelines: Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls (10–19 Year) in Rural Areas [pdf] ≯http://indiasanitationportal.org/sites/default/files/Menstrual%20Hygiene_Operational%20Guideline_Eng_25-08-10.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. http://indiasanitationportal.org/sites/default/files/Menstrual%20Hygiene_Operational%20Guideline_Eng_25-08-10.pdf

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2014) Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram Strategy Handbook [online] ≯www.nhp.gov.in/health-programmes/national-health-programmes/rashtriya-kishor-swasthya-karyakram-rksk≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.nhp.gov.in/health-programmes/national-health-programmes/rashtriya-kishor-swasthya-karyakram-rksk

Ministry of Human Resource Development (2011) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Framework for Implementation, Based on the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act [pdf] ≯http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SSA-Frame-work.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SSA-Frame-work.pdf

Ministry of Women and Child Development (2010) Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG): SABLA Implementation Guidelines [pdf] ≯http://wcd.nic.in/schemes/SABLA-guidelines141210.pdf≯ [accessed 6 February 2014]. http://wcd.nic.in/schemes/SABLA-guidelines141210.pdf

Narayan, K.A., Srinivasa, D.K., Pelto, P.J., and Veerammal, S. (2001) ‘Puberty rituals, reproductive knowledge and health of adolescent schoolgirls in south India’, Asia-Pacific Population Journal 16: 225–38.

Nemade, D., Anjenaya, S., and Gujar, R. (2009) ‘Impact of health education on knowledge and practices about menstruation among adolescent school girls of Kalamboli, Navi-Mumbai’, Health and Population: Perspectives and Issues 32: 167–75.

Omidvar, S. and Begum, K. (2010) ‘Factors influencing hygienic practices during menses among girls from south India: a cross-sectional study’, International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health 2: 411–23.

Pratham (2014) Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013 [pdf] ≯http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf≯ [accessed 10 May 2013]. http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf

Sinha, K. (2011) ‘70% can't afford sanitary napkins, reveals study’, Times of India [online] ≯http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-cant-afford-sanitary-napkins-reveals-study/articleshow/7344998.cms≯ [accessed 18 February 2014]. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-cant-afford-sanitary-napkins-reveals-study/articleshow/7344998.cms

Sommer, M., Kjellén, M., and Pensulo, C. (2013) ‘Girls’ and women's unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): the interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries’, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3: 283 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.101≯.

Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2013) ‘A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management’, PloS One 8: 4 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004≯.

Water Aid India, Centre for World Solidarity (2012) ‘Study on status of school sanitation in Andhra Pradesh’, unpublished report.

Birdthistle, I., Dickson, K., Freeman, M., and Javidi, L. (2011) What Impact Does the Provision of Separate Toilets for Girls at Schools Have on their Primary and Secondary School Enrolment, Attendance and Completion? A Systematic Review of the Evidence [online], London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London ≯http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766≯ [accessed 14 February 2014]. http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766

Collins, T. (2005) ‘Health policy analysis: a simple tool for policy makers’, Public Health 119: 192–6 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.03.006≯.

Dasgupta, A. and Sarkar, M. (2008) ‘Menstrual hygiene: how hygienic is the adolescent girl?’ Indian Journal of Community Medicine 33: 77 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.40872≯.

Deo, D.S. and Ghattargi, C.H. (2005) ‘Perceptions and practices regarding menstruation: a comparative study in urban and rural adolescent girls’, Indian Journal of Community Medicine 30: 33–34.

Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16–25 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(01)90004-7≯.

Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene (2012) Meeting Report of Joint Monitoring Program Post-2015 Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene, Washington, DC [pdf] ≯www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf≯ [accessed 8 February 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf

Jasper, C., Le, T.-T. and Bartram, J. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation in schools: a systematic review of the health and educational outcomes’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9: 2772–87 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9082772≯.

Jogdand, K. and Yerpude, P. (2011) ‘A community-based study on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls – India’, Indian Journal on Maternal and Child Health 13(3).

Kamath, R., Ghosh, D., Lena, A., and Chandrasekaran, V. (2013) ‘A study on knowledge and practices regarding menstrual hygiene among rural and urban adolescent girls in Udupi Taluk, Manipal, India’, Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health 2: 1–4.

Khanna, A., Goyal, R.S., and Bhawsar, R. (2005) ‘Menstrual practices and reproductive problems a study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan’, Journal of Health Management 7: 91–107 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340400700103≯.

Kumar, A. and Srivastava, K. (2011) ‘Cultural and social practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls’, Social Work in Public Health 26: 594–604 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2010.525144≯.

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2012) Guidelines Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan [pdf] ≯www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2013) Modification in Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) Guidelines including activities related to Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) as a permissible activity [pdf] ≯www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdf/Modified_NBA_Guidelines_on_10_Dec_13_0.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdf/Modified_NBA_Guidelines_on_10_Dec_13_0.pdf

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2010) National Rural Health Mission – Operational Guidelines: Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls (10–19 Year) in Rural Areas [pdf] ≯http://indiasanitationportal.org/sites/default/files/Menstrual%20Hygiene_Operational%20Guideline_Eng_25-08-10.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. http://indiasanitationportal.org/sites/default/files/Menstrual%20Hygiene_Operational%20Guideline_Eng_25-08-10.pdf

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2014) Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram Strategy Handbook [online] ≯www.nhp.gov.in/health-programmes/national-health-programmes/rashtriya-kishor-swasthya-karyakram-rksk≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.nhp.gov.in/health-programmes/national-health-programmes/rashtriya-kishor-swasthya-karyakram-rksk

Ministry of Human Resource Development (2011) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Framework for Implementation, Based on the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act [pdf] ≯http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SSA-Frame-work.pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SSA-Frame-work.pdf

Ministry of Women and Child Development (2010) Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG): SABLA Implementation Guidelines [pdf] ≯http://wcd.nic.in/schemes/SABLA-guidelines141210.pdf≯ [accessed 6 February 2014]. http://wcd.nic.in/schemes/SABLA-guidelines141210.pdf

Narayan, K.A., Srinivasa, D.K., Pelto, P.J., and Veerammal, S. (2001) ‘Puberty rituals, reproductive knowledge and health of adolescent schoolgirls in south India’, Asia-Pacific Population Journal 16: 225–38.

Nemade, D., Anjenaya, S., and Gujar, R. (2009) ‘Impact of health education on knowledge and practices about menstruation among adolescent school girls of Kalamboli, Navi-Mumbai’, Health and Population: Perspectives and Issues 32: 167–75.

Omidvar, S. and Begum, K. (2010) ‘Factors influencing hygienic practices during menses among girls from south India: a cross-sectional study’, International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health 2: 411–23.

Pratham (2014) Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013 [pdf] ≯http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf≯ [accessed 10 May 2013]. http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf

Sinha, K. (2011) ‘70% can't afford sanitary napkins, reveals study’, Times of India [online] ≯http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-cant-afford-sanitary-napkins-reveals-study/articleshow/7344998.cms≯ [accessed 18 February 2014]. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-cant-afford-sanitary-napkins-reveals-study/articleshow/7344998.cms

Sommer, M., Kjellén, M., and Pensulo, C. (2013) ‘Girls’ and women's unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): the interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries’, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3: 283 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.101≯.

Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2013) ‘A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management’, PloS One 8: 4 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004≯.

Water Aid India, Centre for World Solidarity (2012) ‘Study on status of school sanitation in Andhra Pradesh’, unpublished report.

Birdthistle, I., Dickson, K., Freeman, M., and Javidi, L. (2011) What Impact Does the Provision of Separate Toilets for Girls at Schools Have on their Primary and Secondary School Enrolment, Attendance and Completion? A Systematic Review of the Evidence [online], London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London ≯http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766≯ [accessed 14 February 2014]. http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aX5WKT1UsKo%3d&tabid=3098&mid=5766

Collins, T. (2005) ‘Health policy analysis: a simple tool for policy makers’, Public Health 119: 192–6 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.03.006≯.

Dasgupta, A. and Sarkar, M. (2008) ‘Menstrual hygiene: how hygienic is the adolescent girl?’ Indian Journal of Community Medicine 33: 77 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.40872≯.

Deo, D.S. and Ghattargi, C.H. (2005) ‘Perceptions and practices regarding menstruation: a comparative study in urban and rural adolescent girls’, Indian Journal of Community Medicine 30: 33–34.

Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16–25 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(01)90004-7≯.

Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene (2012) Meeting Report of Joint Monitoring Program Post-2015 Global Monitoring Working Group on Hygiene, Washington, DC [pdf] ≯www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf≯ [accessed 8 February 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Meeting-Report-of-the-JMP-Post-2015-Hygiene- Working-Group-May-2012.pdf

Jasper, C., Le, T.-T. and Bartram, J. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation in schools: a systematic review of the health and educational outcomes’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9: 2772–87 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9082772≯.

Jogdand, K. and Yerpude, P. (2011) ‘A community-based study on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls – India’, Indian Journal on Maternal and Child Health 13(3).

Kamath, R., Ghosh, D., Lena, A., and Chandrasekaran, V. (2013) ‘A study on knowledge and practices regarding menstrual hygiene among rural and urban adolescent girls in Udupi Taluk, Manipal, India’, Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health 2: 1–4.

Khanna, A., Goyal, R.S., and Bhawsar, R. (2005) ‘Menstrual practices and reproductive problems a study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan’, Journal of Health Management 7: 91–107 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340400700103≯.

Kumar, A. and Srivastava, K. (2011) ‘Cultural and social practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls’, Social Work in Public Health 26: 594–604 ≯http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2010.525144≯.

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2012) Guidelines Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan [pdf] ≯www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf≯ [accessed 2 February 2014]. www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Final%20Guidelines%20(English).pdf

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