Adolescent schoolgirls' experiences of menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya: a qualitative study
Murat Sahin | Linda Mason | Kayla Laserson | Kelvin Oruko | Elizabeth Nyothach | Kelly Alexander | Frank Odhiambo | Alie Eleveld | Emily Isiye | Isaac Ngere | Jackton Omoto | Aisha Mohammed | John Vulule | Penelope Phillips-Howard
Poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM) among schoolgirls in low income countries affects girls' dignity, self-esteem, and schooling. Hygienic, effective, and sustainable menstrual products are required. A randomized controlled feasibility study was conducted among 14-16-year-old girls, in 30 primary schools in rural western Kenya, to examine acceptability, use, and safety of menstrual cups or sanitary pads. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to evaluate girls' perceptions and experiences six months after product introduction. Narratives from 10 girls' and 6 parents’ FGDs were analysed thematically. Comparison, fear, and confidence were emergent themes. Initial use of cups was slow. Once comfortable, girls using cups or pads reported being free of embarrassing leakage, odour, and dislodged items compared with girls using traditional materials. School absenteeism and impaired concentration were only reported by girls using traditional materials. Girls using cups preferred them to pads. Advantages of cups and pads over traditional items provide optimism for MHM programmesAlexander, K., Oduor, C., Nyothach, E., Laserson, K.F., Amek, N., Eleveld, A., Mason, L., Rheingans, R., Beynon, C., Mohammed, A., Ombok, M., Obor, D., Odhiambo, F.O., Quick, R., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2014) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in Kenyan rural schools: are schools meeting the needs of menstruating girls?’ Water 6: 1453-66 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w6051453≯.
Boyatzis, R.E. (1998) Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development, London: SAGE Publications.
Fram, S.M. (2013) ‘The constant comparative analysis method outside of grounded theory’, The Qualitative Report 18: 1-25.
Howard, C., Rose, C.L., Trouton, K., Stamm, H., Marentette, D., Kirkpatrick, N., Karalic, S., Fernandez, R., and Paget, J. (2011) ‘FLOW (finding lasting options for women): multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups’, Canadian Family Physician 57: e208-15.
Mason, L., Nyothach, E., Alexander, K., Odhiambo, F.O., Eleveld, A., Vulule, J., Rheingans, R., Laserson, K.F., Mohammed, A., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2013) ‘“We keep it secret so no one should know”: a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural Western Kenya’, PLoS One 8: e79132 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079132≯.
McMahon, S.A., Winch, P.J., Caruso, B.A., Obure, A.F., Ogutu, E.A., Ochari, I.A., and Rheingans, R.D. (2011) ‘“The girl with her period is the one to hang her head”: reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya’, BMC International Health and Human Rights 11: 7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-11-7≯.
Montgomery, P., Ryus, C.R., Dolan, C.S., Dopson, S. and Scott, L.M. (2012) ‘Sanitary pad interventions for girls’ education in Ghana: a pilot study’, PLoS One 7: e48274 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048274≯.
Odhiambo, F.O., Laserson, K.F., Sewe, M., Hamel, M.J., Feikin, D.R., Adazu, K., Ogwang, S., Obor, D., Amek, N., Bayoh, N., Ombok, M., Lindblade, K., Desai, M., Ter Kuile, F.O., Phillips- Howard, P.A., van Eijk, A.M., Rosen, D., Hightower, A., Ofware, P., Muttai, H., Nahlen, B., De Cock, K.M., Slutsker, L., Breiman, R.F., and Vulule, J.M. (2012) ‘Profile: the KEMRI/CDC Health and Demographic Surveillance System - Western Kenya’, International Journal of Epidemiology 41: 977-87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys108≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2011) ‘Menstruation, sanitary products and school attendance: evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3: 91-100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14853≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2012) ‘Determinants of technology adoption: peer effects in menstrual cup up-take’, Journal of the European Economic Association 10: 1263-93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01090.x≯.
Sommer, M. and Sahin, M. (2013) ‘Overcoming the taboo: advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls’, American Journal of Public Health 103: 1556-9 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374≯.
Stewart, K., Greer, R. and Powell, M. (2010) ‘Women's experience of using the Mooncup’, Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 30: 285-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443610903572117≯.
Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2013) ‘A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management’, PLoS One 8: e62004 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004≯.
Alexander, K., Oduor, C., Nyothach, E., Laserson, K.F., Amek, N., Eleveld, A., Mason, L., Rheingans, R., Beynon, C., Mohammed, A., Ombok, M., Obor, D., Odhiambo, F.O., Quick, R., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2014) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in Kenyan rural schools: are schools meeting the needs of menstruating girls?’ Water 6: 1453-66 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w6051453≯.
Boyatzis, R.E. (1998) Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development, London: SAGE Publications.
Fram, S.M. (2013) ‘The constant comparative analysis method outside of grounded theory’, The Qualitative Report 18: 1-25.
Howard, C., Rose, C.L., Trouton, K., Stamm, H., Marentette, D., Kirkpatrick, N., Karalic, S., Fernandez, R., and Paget, J. (2011) ‘FLOW (finding lasting options for women): multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups’, Canadian Family Physician 57: e208-15.
Mason, L., Nyothach, E., Alexander, K., Odhiambo, F.O., Eleveld, A., Vulule, J., Rheingans, R., Laserson, K.F., Mohammed, A., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2013) ‘“We keep it secret so no one should know”: a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural Western Kenya’, PLoS One 8: e79132 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079132≯.
McMahon, S.A., Winch, P.J., Caruso, B.A., Obure, A.F., Ogutu, E.A., Ochari, I.A., and Rheingans, R.D. (2011) ‘“The girl with her period is the one to hang her head”: reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya’, BMC International Health and Human Rights 11: 7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-11-7≯.
Montgomery, P., Ryus, C.R., Dolan, C.S., Dopson, S. and Scott, L.M. (2012) ‘Sanitary pad interventions for girls’ education in Ghana: a pilot study’, PLoS One 7: e48274 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048274≯.
Odhiambo, F.O., Laserson, K.F., Sewe, M., Hamel, M.J., Feikin, D.R., Adazu, K., Ogwang, S., Obor, D., Amek, N., Bayoh, N., Ombok, M., Lindblade, K., Desai, M., Ter Kuile, F.O., Phillips- Howard, P.A., van Eijk, A.M., Rosen, D., Hightower, A., Ofware, P., Muttai, H., Nahlen, B., De Cock, K.M., Slutsker, L., Breiman, R.F., and Vulule, J.M. (2012) ‘Profile: the KEMRI/CDC Health and Demographic Surveillance System - Western Kenya’, International Journal of Epidemiology 41: 977-87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys108≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2011) ‘Menstruation, sanitary products and school attendance: evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3: 91-100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14853≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2012) ‘Determinants of technology adoption: peer effects in menstrual cup up-take’, Journal of the European Economic Association 10: 1263-93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01090.x≯.
Sommer, M. and Sahin, M. (2013) ‘Overcoming the taboo: advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls’, American Journal of Public Health 103: 1556-9 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374≯.
Stewart, K., Greer, R. and Powell, M. (2010) ‘Women's experience of using the Mooncup’, Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 30: 285-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443610903572117≯.
Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2013) ‘A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management’, PLoS One 8: e62004 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004≯.
Alexander, K., Oduor, C., Nyothach, E., Laserson, K.F., Amek, N., Eleveld, A., Mason, L., Rheingans, R., Beynon, C., Mohammed, A., Ombok, M., Obor, D., Odhiambo, F.O., Quick, R., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2014) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in Kenyan rural schools: are schools meeting the needs of menstruating girls?’ Water 6: 1453-66 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w6051453≯.
Boyatzis, R.E. (1998) Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development, London: SAGE Publications.
Fram, S.M. (2013) ‘The constant comparative analysis method outside of grounded theory’, The Qualitative Report 18: 1-25.
Howard, C., Rose, C.L., Trouton, K., Stamm, H., Marentette, D., Kirkpatrick, N., Karalic, S., Fernandez, R., and Paget, J. (2011) ‘FLOW (finding lasting options for women): multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups’, Canadian Family Physician 57: e208-15.
Mason, L., Nyothach, E., Alexander, K., Odhiambo, F.O., Eleveld, A., Vulule, J., Rheingans, R., Laserson, K.F., Mohammed, A., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2013) ‘“We keep it secret so no one should know”: a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural Western Kenya’, PLoS One 8: e79132 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079132≯.
McMahon, S.A., Winch, P.J., Caruso, B.A., Obure, A.F., Ogutu, E.A., Ochari, I.A., and Rheingans, R.D. (2011) ‘“The girl with her period is the one to hang her head”: reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya’, BMC International Health and Human Rights 11: 7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-11-7≯.
Montgomery, P., Ryus, C.R., Dolan, C.S., Dopson, S. and Scott, L.M. (2012) ‘Sanitary pad interventions for girls’ education in Ghana: a pilot study’, PLoS One 7: e48274 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048274≯.
Odhiambo, F.O., Laserson, K.F., Sewe, M., Hamel, M.J., Feikin, D.R., Adazu, K., Ogwang, S., Obor, D., Amek, N., Bayoh, N., Ombok, M., Lindblade, K., Desai, M., Ter Kuile, F.O., Phillips- Howard, P.A., van Eijk, A.M., Rosen, D., Hightower, A., Ofware, P., Muttai, H., Nahlen, B., De Cock, K.M., Slutsker, L., Breiman, R.F., and Vulule, J.M. (2012) ‘Profile: the KEMRI/CDC Health and Demographic Surveillance System - Western Kenya’, International Journal of Epidemiology 41: 977-87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys108≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2011) ‘Menstruation, sanitary products and school attendance: evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3: 91-100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14853≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2012) ‘Determinants of technology adoption: peer effects in menstrual cup up-take’, Journal of the European Economic Association 10: 1263-93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01090.x≯.
Sommer, M. and Sahin, M. (2013) ‘Overcoming the taboo: advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls’, American Journal of Public Health 103: 1556-9 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374≯.
Stewart, K., Greer, R. and Powell, M. (2010) ‘Women's experience of using the Mooncup’, Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 30: 285-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443610903572117≯.
Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2013) ‘A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management’, PLoS One 8: e62004 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004≯.
Alexander, K., Oduor, C., Nyothach, E., Laserson, K.F., Amek, N., Eleveld, A., Mason, L., Rheingans, R., Beynon, C., Mohammed, A., Ombok, M., Obor, D., Odhiambo, F.O., Quick, R., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2014) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in Kenyan rural schools: are schools meeting the needs of menstruating girls?’ Water 6: 1453-66 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w6051453≯.
Boyatzis, R.E. (1998) Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development, London: SAGE Publications.
Fram, S.M. (2013) ‘The constant comparative analysis method outside of grounded theory’, The Qualitative Report 18: 1-25.
Howard, C., Rose, C.L., Trouton, K., Stamm, H., Marentette, D., Kirkpatrick, N., Karalic, S., Fernandez, R., and Paget, J. (2011) ‘FLOW (finding lasting options for women): multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups’, Canadian Family Physician 57: e208-15.
Mason, L., Nyothach, E., Alexander, K., Odhiambo, F.O., Eleveld, A., Vulule, J., Rheingans, R., Laserson, K.F., Mohammed, A., and Phillips-Howard, P.A. (2013) ‘“We keep it secret so no one should know”: a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural Western Kenya’, PLoS One 8: e79132 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079132≯.
McMahon, S.A., Winch, P.J., Caruso, B.A., Obure, A.F., Ogutu, E.A., Ochari, I.A., and Rheingans, R.D. (2011) ‘“The girl with her period is the one to hang her head”: reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya’, BMC International Health and Human Rights 11: 7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-11-7≯.
Montgomery, P., Ryus, C.R., Dolan, C.S., Dopson, S. and Scott, L.M. (2012) ‘Sanitary pad interventions for girls’ education in Ghana: a pilot study’, PLoS One 7: e48274 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048274≯.
Odhiambo, F.O., Laserson, K.F., Sewe, M., Hamel, M.J., Feikin, D.R., Adazu, K., Ogwang, S., Obor, D., Amek, N., Bayoh, N., Ombok, M., Lindblade, K., Desai, M., Ter Kuile, F.O., Phillips- Howard, P.A., van Eijk, A.M., Rosen, D., Hightower, A., Ofware, P., Muttai, H., Nahlen, B., De Cock, K.M., Slutsker, L., Breiman, R.F., and Vulule, J.M. (2012) ‘Profile: the KEMRI/CDC Health and Demographic Surveillance System - Western Kenya’, International Journal of Epidemiology 41: 977-87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys108≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2011) ‘Menstruation, sanitary products and school attendance: evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3: 91-100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14853≯.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2012) ‘Determinants of technology adoption: peer effects in menstrual cup up-take’, Journal of the European Economic Association 10: 1263-93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01090.x≯.
Sommer, M. and Sahin, M. (2013) ‘Overcoming the taboo: advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls’, American Journal of Public Health 103: 1556-9 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374≯.
Stewart, K., Greer, R. and Powell, M. (2010) ‘Women's experience of using the Mooncup’, Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 30: 285-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443610903572117≯.
Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2013) ‘A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management’, PLoS One 8: e62004 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004≯.
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Mapping the Knowledge and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene and Menstrual Health Among Adolescent Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
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The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, Vol. 26 (2021), Iss. 1 P.11
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Culture, Health & Sexuality, Vol. 23 (2021), Iss. 5 P.624
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Cliff Oduor, Cliff Oduor
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Kelvin Oruko, Kelvin Oruko
Frank O. Odhiambo, Frank O. Odhiambo
John Vulule, John Vulule
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Waterlines, Vol. 34 (2015), Iss. 4 P.279
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Mason, Linda
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Madziyire, Mugove G.
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Women's Reproductive Health, Vol. 5 (2018), Iss. 1 P.59
https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2018.1429371 [Citations: 15]Menstrual hygiene management in disasters: the concerns, needs, and preferences of women and girls in Vanuatu
Sandra G. Downing, Sandra G. Downing
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Lisa Natoli, Lisa Natoli
Veronica Bell, Veronica Bell
Waterlines, Vol. 40 (2021), Iss. 3 P.144
https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.21-00002 [Citations: 6]'It’s like a burden on the head': Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India
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PLOS ONE, Vol. 14 (2019), Iss. 8 P.e0220114
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Jabbar, Abdul
Jalil, Tasfiyah
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Kaiser, Adrita
Akter, Sabina
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Reproductive Health, Vol. 15 (2018), Iss. 1
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-024-01977-7 [Citations: 0]Drivers and challenges to use of menstrual cups among schoolgirls in rural Uganda: a qualitative study
Maria Hyttel, Maria Hyttel
Camilla Faldt Thomsen, Camilla Faldt Thomsen
Bianca Luff, Bianca Luff
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Measuring Menstruation-Related Absenteeism Among Adolescents in Low-Income Countries
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Bauman, Ashley
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Phillips-Howard, Penelope A
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MacLean, Kiera
Hearle, Christopher
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Ottosson, Hans J.
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Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 142 (2020), Iss. 5
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044323 [Citations: 10]Earning pocket money and girls’ menstrual hygiene management in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sahiledengle, Biniyam
Atlaw, Daniel
Kumie, Abera
Beressa, Girma
Tekalegn, Yohannes
Zenbaba, Demisu
Woldeyohannes, Demelash
Desta, Fikreab
Assefa, Tesfaye
Bogale, Daniel
Nugusu, Fikadu
Agho, Kingsley Emwinyore
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Chaudhary, A
Khadka, A
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van Eijk, Anna Maria
Zulaika, Garazi
Lenchner, Madeline
Mason, Linda
Sivakami, Muthusamy
Nyothach, Elizabeth
Unger, Holger
Laserson, Kayla
Phillips-Howard, Penelope A
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Zulaika, Garazi
Schmitt, Margaret L
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Neudorf, Kristin
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James, Ciril
Binu, Diya Mary
Regy, Minitta Maria
Fathima, Farah Naaz
Johnson, Avita Rose
Varghese, Jilshy
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Hennegan, Julie
Dolan, Catherine
Wu, Maryalice
Scott, Linda
Montgomery, Paul
Reproductive Health, Vol. 13 (2016), Iss. 1
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Phillips-Howard, Penelope A.
Caruso, Bethany
Torondel, Belen
Zulaika, Garazi
Sahin, Murat
Sommer, Marni
Global Health Action, Vol. 9 (2016), Iss. 1 P.33032
https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.33032 [Citations: 124]Examining the safety of menstrual cups among rural primary school girls in western Kenya: observational studies nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study
Juma, Jane
Nyothach, Elizabeth
Laserson, Kayla F
Oduor, Clifford
Arita, Lilian
Ouma, Caroline
Oruko, Kelvin
Omoto, Jackton
Mason, Linda
Alexander, Kelly T
Fields, Barry
Onyango, Clayton
Phillips-Howard, Penelope A
BMJ Open, Vol. 7 (2017), Iss. 4 P.e015429
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015429 [Citations: 28]Study of Adaptability and Efficacy of Menstrual Cups in Managing Menstrual Health and Hygiene: A Descriptive Longitudinal Study
Singh, Ritu
Agarwal, Mukta
Sinha, Sudwita
Chaudhary, Neha
Sinha, Hemali H
Anant, Monika
(2022)
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