Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia
Paul Boyce | Sarah Brown | Sue Cavill | Sonalee Chaukekar | Beatrice Chisenga | Mamata Dash | Rohit K Dasgupta | Noemie De La Brosse | Pawan Dhall | Julie Fisher | Marli Gutierrez-Patterson | Oinam Hemabati | Andrés Hueso | Salma Khan | Santa Khurai | Archana Patkar | Priya Nath | Marielle Snel | Kopila Thapa
This paper provides insights from initiatives to include transgender people in sanitation programming in South Asia. Three case studies of recent actions to make sanitation inclusive for transgender people (in India and Nepal) are presented, accompanied by reflections and recommendations to guide future practice. Practitioners are recommended to: engage with transgender people as partners at all stages of an initiative; recognize that the language of gender identity is not fixed, varying across cultures and between generations; and acknowledge that transgender people are not a single homogeneous group but rather have diverse identities, histories, and priorities. The case studies aim to raise awareness of the diversity of transgender identities, exploring the needs and aspirations of transgender women, transgender men, and third gender people in South Asia.APTN (2014) Agenda in Transition: Advancing Actions to Secure the Health and Rights of Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific [pdf], Regional Consultation, 19–20 February 2014, Bangkok, Thailand <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/54e6e130e4b09706d49d02a2/1424417072050/150218_UNDP_Agenda_Web_singlepage_.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Benjamin, C. and Hueso, A. (2017) ‘LGBTI and sanitation: what we know and what the gaps are’, 40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2017 <https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/40/Benjamin-2649.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Boyce, P. and Dasgupta, R.K. (2017) ‘Utopia or elsewhere: queer modernities in small town West Bengal’, in T. Kuldova and M. Varghese (eds), Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curry, C. (2016) ‘For trans women in India, toilets present another level of problems’, Global Citizen [online] <www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/for-trans-women-in-india-toilets-present-another-l/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
de Albuquerque, C. (2012) ‘Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation’, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [pdf], A/HRC/21/42 <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-42_en.pdf> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Dhall, P. and Boyce, P. (2015) Livelihood, Exclusion and Opportunity: Socioeconomic Welfare among Gender and Sexuality Non-normative People in India, IDS Evidence Report 106, Brighton: IDS.
Dutta, A. (2014) ‘Contradictory tendencies: the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement on transgender recognition and rights’, Journal of Indian Law and Society 5 (Monsoon): 225–36.
Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J. and Brown, T.N.T. (2016) How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States [pdf], Los Angeles, CA: the Williams Institute <https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (2017) ‘Guidelines on gender issues in sanitation’ [pdf], New Delhi <www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20on%20Gender%20issues%20in%20Sanitation.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Health Policy Project, Asia Pacific Transgender Network, United Nations Development Programme (2015) Blueprint for the Provision of Comprehensive Care for Trans People and Trans Communities [pdf], Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/57d92eb037c5812a4b8957a4/1473851143850/APTB+FINAL_corrected_December2015.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Hossain, A. (2016) ‘The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh’, Journal of Culture, Health and Sexuality 19: 1418–31 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831>.
ILGA (2016) ‘International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’, in Z. Chiam, S. Duffy, and M. González Gil (eds), Trans Legal Mapping Report 2016: Recognition before the Law, Geneva: ILGA.
India Census (2011) ‘Transgender in India’ [online] <www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kapitan, A. (2017) ‘The radical copyeditor’s style guide for writing about transgender people’ [online] <https://radicalcopyeditor.com/2017/08/31/transgender-style-guide/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kara, S. (2017) Gender is Not an Illness: How pathologizing trans people violates international human rights law [pdf], GATE <https://transactivists.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Gender-is-not-an-illness-GATE-.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Khurai, S. and Dhall, P. (2015) ‘Trans-ing the college roll call’, Varta Blog <http://varta2013.blogspot.in/2015/09/trans-ing-college-roll-call.html> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Knight, K. (2012) ‘Nepal flushes out genderism’, The Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/nepal-flushes-out-genderism_b_1464279.html> [accessed 21 February 2017].
Majeedullah, A. (2016) Living on the Periphery, the Khawaja Siras of Pakistan [online], Evidence Report No. 165, IDS <https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8015/ER165_LivingonthePeripheryTheKhawajaSirasofPakistan.pdf;jsessionid=F01F58873A449876B441C1AA31F7EBC8?sequence=1> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Mallikarjunan, P. (2016) ‘For Almost 5 Lakh Indians, Using A Public Toilet Means Abuse And Harassment’, Youth Ki Awaaz [online] <www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/11/no-public-toilets-for-transgender-people/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014) <http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Judgement_Nalsa_Transgenderrights.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) <www.icj.org/sogicasebook/sunil-babu-pant-and-others-v-nepal-government-and-others-supreme-court-of-nepal-21-december-2007/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Rainbow Manipur (no date) ‘Queues and toilets scare me!’ [online] <https://rainbowmanipur.wordpress.com/2017/05/22/queues-and-toilets-scare-me/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
RCH (2017) Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines: for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents [pdf], Melbourne: The Royal Children’s Hospital <https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/adolescent-medicine/australian-standards-of-care-and-treatment-guidelines-for-trans-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Reddy, G. (2005) With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
UN (2015) ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at the High Level LGBT Core Group Event “Leaving No-One Behind: Equality & Inclusion in the Post-2015 Development Agenda”’ [online] <www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-09-29/secretary-generals-remarks-high-level-lgbt-core-group-event-leaving> [accessed 19 February 2018].
UNDP, USAID (2014) Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report, Bangkok: UNDP.
WHO (2012) Regional assessment of HIV, STI and other health needs of transgender people in Asia and the Pacific.
Wilson, B. (2016) ‘Who will clean Swachh Bharat toilets, asks Wilson’, The Hindu [online] <www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Who-will-clean-Swachh-Bharat-toilets-asks-Wilson/article14586879.ece> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Wilson, E., Pant, S.B., Comfort, M. and Ekstrand, M. (2011) ‘Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal’, Culture, Health & Sexuality 13(3): 253–66 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247>.
Winter, S. (2012) Lost in Transition: Transgender People, Rights and HIV Vulnerability in the Asia-Pacific Region [pdf], Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/UNDP_HIV_Transgender_report_Lost_in_Transition_May_2012.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
WSSCC (2016) Changing Hearts and Minds to Leave No One Behind: Sanitation Action Summit - Reflections [online], WSSCC <http://wsscc.org/resources-feed/sanitation-action-summit-2016-reflections/> [accessed 21 February 2017].
WSSCC and FANSA (2015a) Leave No one Behind, Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [online], India Country Report <www.freshwateraction.net/content/leave-no-one-behind-fansa-india-country-report> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA, (2015b) Leave No one Behind. Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [pdf], Bangladesh Country Report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Leave-No-One-Behind-Bangladesh-Country-report.pdf> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA (2016) Leave No One Behind: Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workers [pdf], South Asia report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Leave-No-One-Behind-Report-by-WSSCC-and-FANSA-2016.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
APTN (2014) Agenda in Transition: Advancing Actions to Secure the Health and Rights of Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific [pdf], Regional Consultation, 19–20 February 2014, Bangkok, Thailand <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/54e6e130e4b09706d49d02a2/1424417072050/150218_UNDP_Agenda_Web_singlepage_.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Benjamin, C. and Hueso, A. (2017) ‘LGBTI and sanitation: what we know and what the gaps are’, 40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2017 <https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/40/Benjamin-2649.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Boyce, P. and Dasgupta, R.K. (2017) ‘Utopia or elsewhere: queer modernities in small town West Bengal’, in T. Kuldova and M. Varghese (eds), Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curry, C. (2016) ‘For trans women in India, toilets present another level of problems’, Global Citizen [online] <www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/for-trans-women-in-india-toilets-present-another-l/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
de Albuquerque, C. (2012) ‘Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation’, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [pdf], A/HRC/21/42 <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-42_en.pdf> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Dhall, P. and Boyce, P. (2015) Livelihood, Exclusion and Opportunity: Socioeconomic Welfare among Gender and Sexuality Non-normative People in India, IDS Evidence Report 106, Brighton: IDS.
Dutta, A. (2014) ‘Contradictory tendencies: the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement on transgender recognition and rights’, Journal of Indian Law and Society 5 (Monsoon): 225–36.
Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J. and Brown, T.N.T. (2016) How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States [pdf], Los Angeles, CA: the Williams Institute <https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (2017) ‘Guidelines on gender issues in sanitation’ [pdf], New Delhi <www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20on%20Gender%20issues%20in%20Sanitation.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Health Policy Project, Asia Pacific Transgender Network, United Nations Development Programme (2015) Blueprint for the Provision of Comprehensive Care for Trans People and Trans Communities [pdf], Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/57d92eb037c5812a4b8957a4/1473851143850/APTB+FINAL_corrected_December2015.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Hossain, A. (2016) ‘The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh’, Journal of Culture, Health and Sexuality 19: 1418–31 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831>.
ILGA (2016) ‘International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’, in Z. Chiam, S. Duffy, and M. González Gil (eds), Trans Legal Mapping Report 2016: Recognition before the Law, Geneva: ILGA.
India Census (2011) ‘Transgender in India’ [online] <www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kapitan, A. (2017) ‘The radical copyeditor’s style guide for writing about transgender people’ [online] <https://radicalcopyeditor.com/2017/08/31/transgender-style-guide/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kara, S. (2017) Gender is Not an Illness: How pathologizing trans people violates international human rights law [pdf], GATE <https://transactivists.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Gender-is-not-an-illness-GATE-.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Khurai, S. and Dhall, P. (2015) ‘Trans-ing the college roll call’, Varta Blog <http://varta2013.blogspot.in/2015/09/trans-ing-college-roll-call.html> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Knight, K. (2012) ‘Nepal flushes out genderism’, The Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/nepal-flushes-out-genderism_b_1464279.html> [accessed 21 February 2017].
Majeedullah, A. (2016) Living on the Periphery, the Khawaja Siras of Pakistan [online], Evidence Report No. 165, IDS <https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8015/ER165_LivingonthePeripheryTheKhawajaSirasofPakistan.pdf;jsessionid=F01F58873A449876B441C1AA31F7EBC8?sequence=1> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Mallikarjunan, P. (2016) ‘For Almost 5 Lakh Indians, Using A Public Toilet Means Abuse And Harassment’, Youth Ki Awaaz [online] <www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/11/no-public-toilets-for-transgender-people/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014) <http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Judgement_Nalsa_Transgenderrights.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) <www.icj.org/sogicasebook/sunil-babu-pant-and-others-v-nepal-government-and-others-supreme-court-of-nepal-21-december-2007/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Rainbow Manipur (no date) ‘Queues and toilets scare me!’ [online] <https://rainbowmanipur.wordpress.com/2017/05/22/queues-and-toilets-scare-me/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
RCH (2017) Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines: for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents [pdf], Melbourne: The Royal Children’s Hospital <https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/adolescent-medicine/australian-standards-of-care-and-treatment-guidelines-for-trans-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Reddy, G. (2005) With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
UN (2015) ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at the High Level LGBT Core Group Event “Leaving No-One Behind: Equality & Inclusion in the Post-2015 Development Agenda”’ [online] <www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-09-29/secretary-generals-remarks-high-level-lgbt-core-group-event-leaving> [accessed 19 February 2018].
UNDP, USAID (2014) Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report, Bangkok: UNDP.
WHO (2012) Regional assessment of HIV, STI and other health needs of transgender people in Asia and the Pacific.
Wilson, B. (2016) ‘Who will clean Swachh Bharat toilets, asks Wilson’, The Hindu [online] <www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Who-will-clean-Swachh-Bharat-toilets-asks-Wilson/article14586879.ece> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Wilson, E., Pant, S.B., Comfort, M. and Ekstrand, M. (2011) ‘Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal’, Culture, Health & Sexuality 13(3): 253–66 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247>.
Winter, S. (2012) Lost in Transition: Transgender People, Rights and HIV Vulnerability in the Asia-Pacific Region [pdf], Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/UNDP_HIV_Transgender_report_Lost_in_Transition_May_2012.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
WSSCC (2016) Changing Hearts and Minds to Leave No One Behind: Sanitation Action Summit - Reflections [online], WSSCC <http://wsscc.org/resources-feed/sanitation-action-summit-2016-reflections/> [accessed 21 February 2017].
WSSCC and FANSA (2015a) Leave No one Behind, Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [online], India Country Report <www.freshwateraction.net/content/leave-no-one-behind-fansa-india-country-report> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA, (2015b) Leave No one Behind. Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [pdf], Bangladesh Country Report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Leave-No-One-Behind-Bangladesh-Country-report.pdf> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA (2016) Leave No One Behind: Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workers [pdf], South Asia report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Leave-No-One-Behind-Report-by-WSSCC-and-FANSA-2016.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
APTN (2014) Agenda in Transition: Advancing Actions to Secure the Health and Rights of Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific [pdf], Regional Consultation, 19–20 February 2014, Bangkok, Thailand <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/54e6e130e4b09706d49d02a2/1424417072050/150218_UNDP_Agenda_Web_singlepage_.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Benjamin, C. and Hueso, A. (2017) ‘LGBTI and sanitation: what we know and what the gaps are’, 40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2017 <https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/40/Benjamin-2649.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Boyce, P. and Dasgupta, R.K. (2017) ‘Utopia or elsewhere: queer modernities in small town West Bengal’, in T. Kuldova and M. Varghese (eds), Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curry, C. (2016) ‘For trans women in India, toilets present another level of problems’, Global Citizen [online] <www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/for-trans-women-in-india-toilets-present-another-l/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
de Albuquerque, C. (2012) ‘Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation’, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [pdf], A/HRC/21/42 <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-42_en.pdf> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Dhall, P. and Boyce, P. (2015) Livelihood, Exclusion and Opportunity: Socioeconomic Welfare among Gender and Sexuality Non-normative People in India, IDS Evidence Report 106, Brighton: IDS.
Dutta, A. (2014) ‘Contradictory tendencies: the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement on transgender recognition and rights’, Journal of Indian Law and Society 5 (Monsoon): 225–36.
Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J. and Brown, T.N.T. (2016) How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States [pdf], Los Angeles, CA: the Williams Institute <https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (2017) ‘Guidelines on gender issues in sanitation’ [pdf], New Delhi <www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20on%20Gender%20issues%20in%20Sanitation.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Health Policy Project, Asia Pacific Transgender Network, United Nations Development Programme (2015) Blueprint for the Provision of Comprehensive Care for Trans People and Trans Communities [pdf], Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/57d92eb037c5812a4b8957a4/1473851143850/APTB+FINAL_corrected_December2015.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Hossain, A. (2016) ‘The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh’, Journal of Culture, Health and Sexuality 19: 1418–31 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831>.
ILGA (2016) ‘International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’, in Z. Chiam, S. Duffy, and M. González Gil (eds), Trans Legal Mapping Report 2016: Recognition before the Law, Geneva: ILGA.
India Census (2011) ‘Transgender in India’ [online] <www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kapitan, A. (2017) ‘The radical copyeditor’s style guide for writing about transgender people’ [online] <https://radicalcopyeditor.com/2017/08/31/transgender-style-guide/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kara, S. (2017) Gender is Not an Illness: How pathologizing trans people violates international human rights law [pdf], GATE <https://transactivists.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Gender-is-not-an-illness-GATE-.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Khurai, S. and Dhall, P. (2015) ‘Trans-ing the college roll call’, Varta Blog <http://varta2013.blogspot.in/2015/09/trans-ing-college-roll-call.html> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Knight, K. (2012) ‘Nepal flushes out genderism’, The Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/nepal-flushes-out-genderism_b_1464279.html> [accessed 21 February 2017].
Majeedullah, A. (2016) Living on the Periphery, the Khawaja Siras of Pakistan [online], Evidence Report No. 165, IDS <https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8015/ER165_LivingonthePeripheryTheKhawajaSirasofPakistan.pdf;jsessionid=F01F58873A449876B441C1AA31F7EBC8?sequence=1> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Mallikarjunan, P. (2016) ‘For Almost 5 Lakh Indians, Using A Public Toilet Means Abuse And Harassment’, Youth Ki Awaaz [online] <www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/11/no-public-toilets-for-transgender-people/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014) <http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Judgement_Nalsa_Transgenderrights.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) <www.icj.org/sogicasebook/sunil-babu-pant-and-others-v-nepal-government-and-others-supreme-court-of-nepal-21-december-2007/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Rainbow Manipur (no date) ‘Queues and toilets scare me!’ [online] <https://rainbowmanipur.wordpress.com/2017/05/22/queues-and-toilets-scare-me/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
RCH (2017) Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines: for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents [pdf], Melbourne: The Royal Children’s Hospital <https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/adolescent-medicine/australian-standards-of-care-and-treatment-guidelines-for-trans-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Reddy, G. (2005) With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
UN (2015) ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at the High Level LGBT Core Group Event “Leaving No-One Behind: Equality & Inclusion in the Post-2015 Development Agenda”’ [online] <www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-09-29/secretary-generals-remarks-high-level-lgbt-core-group-event-leaving> [accessed 19 February 2018].
UNDP, USAID (2014) Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report, Bangkok: UNDP.
WHO (2012) Regional assessment of HIV, STI and other health needs of transgender people in Asia and the Pacific.
Wilson, B. (2016) ‘Who will clean Swachh Bharat toilets, asks Wilson’, The Hindu [online] <www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Who-will-clean-Swachh-Bharat-toilets-asks-Wilson/article14586879.ece> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Wilson, E., Pant, S.B., Comfort, M. and Ekstrand, M. (2011) ‘Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal’, Culture, Health & Sexuality 13(3): 253–66 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247>.
Winter, S. (2012) Lost in Transition: Transgender People, Rights and HIV Vulnerability in the Asia-Pacific Region [pdf], Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/UNDP_HIV_Transgender_report_Lost_in_Transition_May_2012.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
WSSCC (2016) Changing Hearts and Minds to Leave No One Behind: Sanitation Action Summit - Reflections [online], WSSCC <http://wsscc.org/resources-feed/sanitation-action-summit-2016-reflections/> [accessed 21 February 2017].
WSSCC and FANSA (2015a) Leave No one Behind, Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [online], India Country Report <www.freshwateraction.net/content/leave-no-one-behind-fansa-india-country-report> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA, (2015b) Leave No one Behind. Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [pdf], Bangladesh Country Report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Leave-No-One-Behind-Bangladesh-Country-report.pdf> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA (2016) Leave No One Behind: Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workers [pdf], South Asia report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Leave-No-One-Behind-Report-by-WSSCC-and-FANSA-2016.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
APTN (2014) Agenda in Transition: Advancing Actions to Secure the Health and Rights of Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific [pdf], Regional Consultation, 19–20 February 2014, Bangkok, Thailand <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/54e6e130e4b09706d49d02a2/1424417072050/150218_UNDP_Agenda_Web_singlepage_.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Benjamin, C. and Hueso, A. (2017) ‘LGBTI and sanitation: what we know and what the gaps are’, 40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2017 <https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/40/Benjamin-2649.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Boyce, P. and Dasgupta, R.K. (2017) ‘Utopia or elsewhere: queer modernities in small town West Bengal’, in T. Kuldova and M. Varghese (eds), Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curry, C. (2016) ‘For trans women in India, toilets present another level of problems’, Global Citizen [online] <www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/for-trans-women-in-india-toilets-present-another-l/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
de Albuquerque, C. (2012) ‘Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation’, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [pdf], A/HRC/21/42 <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-42_en.pdf> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Dhall, P. and Boyce, P. (2015) Livelihood, Exclusion and Opportunity: Socioeconomic Welfare among Gender and Sexuality Non-normative People in India, IDS Evidence Report 106, Brighton: IDS.
Dutta, A. (2014) ‘Contradictory tendencies: the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement on transgender recognition and rights’, Journal of Indian Law and Society 5 (Monsoon): 225–36.
Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J. and Brown, T.N.T. (2016) How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States [pdf], Los Angeles, CA: the Williams Institute <https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (2017) ‘Guidelines on gender issues in sanitation’ [pdf], New Delhi <www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20on%20Gender%20issues%20in%20Sanitation.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Health Policy Project, Asia Pacific Transgender Network, United Nations Development Programme (2015) Blueprint for the Provision of Comprehensive Care for Trans People and Trans Communities [pdf], Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/57d92eb037c5812a4b8957a4/1473851143850/APTB+FINAL_corrected_December2015.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Hossain, A. (2016) ‘The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh’, Journal of Culture, Health and Sexuality 19: 1418–31 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831>.
ILGA (2016) ‘International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’, in Z. Chiam, S. Duffy, and M. González Gil (eds), Trans Legal Mapping Report 2016: Recognition before the Law, Geneva: ILGA.
India Census (2011) ‘Transgender in India’ [online] <www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kapitan, A. (2017) ‘The radical copyeditor’s style guide for writing about transgender people’ [online] <https://radicalcopyeditor.com/2017/08/31/transgender-style-guide/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kara, S. (2017) Gender is Not an Illness: How pathologizing trans people violates international human rights law [pdf], GATE <https://transactivists.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Gender-is-not-an-illness-GATE-.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Khurai, S. and Dhall, P. (2015) ‘Trans-ing the college roll call’, Varta Blog <http://varta2013.blogspot.in/2015/09/trans-ing-college-roll-call.html> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Knight, K. (2012) ‘Nepal flushes out genderism’, The Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/nepal-flushes-out-genderism_b_1464279.html> [accessed 21 February 2017].
Majeedullah, A. (2016) Living on the Periphery, the Khawaja Siras of Pakistan [online], Evidence Report No. 165, IDS <https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8015/ER165_LivingonthePeripheryTheKhawajaSirasofPakistan.pdf;jsessionid=F01F58873A449876B441C1AA31F7EBC8?sequence=1> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Mallikarjunan, P. (2016) ‘For Almost 5 Lakh Indians, Using A Public Toilet Means Abuse And Harassment’, Youth Ki Awaaz [online] <www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/11/no-public-toilets-for-transgender-people/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014) <http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Judgement_Nalsa_Transgenderrights.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) <www.icj.org/sogicasebook/sunil-babu-pant-and-others-v-nepal-government-and-others-supreme-court-of-nepal-21-december-2007/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Rainbow Manipur (no date) ‘Queues and toilets scare me!’ [online] <https://rainbowmanipur.wordpress.com/2017/05/22/queues-and-toilets-scare-me/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
RCH (2017) Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines: for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents [pdf], Melbourne: The Royal Children’s Hospital <https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/adolescent-medicine/australian-standards-of-care-and-treatment-guidelines-for-trans-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Reddy, G. (2005) With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
UN (2015) ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at the High Level LGBT Core Group Event “Leaving No-One Behind: Equality & Inclusion in the Post-2015 Development Agenda”’ [online] <www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-09-29/secretary-generals-remarks-high-level-lgbt-core-group-event-leaving> [accessed 19 February 2018].
UNDP, USAID (2014) Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report, Bangkok: UNDP.
WHO (2012) Regional assessment of HIV, STI and other health needs of transgender people in Asia and the Pacific.
Wilson, B. (2016) ‘Who will clean Swachh Bharat toilets, asks Wilson’, The Hindu [online] <www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Who-will-clean-Swachh-Bharat-toilets-asks-Wilson/article14586879.ece> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Wilson, E., Pant, S.B., Comfort, M. and Ekstrand, M. (2011) ‘Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal’, Culture, Health & Sexuality 13(3): 253–66 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247>.
Winter, S. (2012) Lost in Transition: Transgender People, Rights and HIV Vulnerability in the Asia-Pacific Region [pdf], Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/UNDP_HIV_Transgender_report_Lost_in_Transition_May_2012.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
WSSCC (2016) Changing Hearts and Minds to Leave No One Behind: Sanitation Action Summit - Reflections [online], WSSCC <http://wsscc.org/resources-feed/sanitation-action-summit-2016-reflections/> [accessed 21 February 2017].
WSSCC and FANSA (2015a) Leave No one Behind, Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [online], India Country Report <www.freshwateraction.net/content/leave-no-one-behind-fansa-india-country-report> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA, (2015b) Leave No one Behind. Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [pdf], Bangladesh Country Report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Leave-No-One-Behind-Bangladesh-Country-report.pdf> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA (2016) Leave No One Behind: Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workers [pdf], South Asia report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Leave-No-One-Behind-Report-by-WSSCC-and-FANSA-2016.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gender identities, water insecurity, and risk: Re‐theorizing the connections for a gender‐inclusive toolkit for water insecurity research
Brewis, Alexandra
DuBois, L. Zachary
Wutich, Amber
Adams, Ellis Adjei
Dickin, Sarah
Elliott, Susan J.
Empinotti, Vanessa Lucena
Harris, Leila M.
Ilboudo Nébié, Elisabeth
Korzenevica, Marina
WIREs Water, Vol. 11 (2024), Iss. 2
https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1685 [Citations: 1]WASH and Gender: a critical review of the literature and implications for gender-transformative WASH research
MacArthur, Jess
Carrard, Naomi
Willetts, Juliet
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol. 10 (2020), Iss. 4 P.818
https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.232 [Citations: 33]A transdisciplinary and collaborative urban water security framework: Developed through an interdisciplinary study in Kolkata, India
Mukherjee, Subham
Sundberg, Trude
World Water Policy, Vol. 9 (2023), Iss. 3 P.519
https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12125 [Citations: 1]A call to action: organizational, professional, and personal change for gender transformative WASH programming
Sue Cavill, Sue Cavill
Naomi Francis, Naomi Francis
Melita Grant, Melita Grant
Chelsea Huggett, Chelsea Huggett
Caitlin Leahy, Caitlin Leahy
Lee Leong, Lee Leong
Elaine Mercer, Elaine Mercer
Jamie Myers, Jamie Myers
Mascha Singeling, Mascha Singeling
Tom Rankin, Tom Rankin
Waterlines, Vol. 39 (2020), Iss. 2 P.219
https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.20-00004 [Citations: 4]Gender equality approaches in water, sanitation, and hygiene programs: Towards gender-transformative practice
MacArthur, Jess
Carrard, Naomi
Mott, Jose
Raetz, Stuart
Siscawati, Mia
Willetts, Juliet
Frontiers in Water, Vol. 5 (2023), Iss.
https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2023.1090002 [Citations: 10]An Integrated Quantitative Assessment of Urban Water Security of a Megacity in the Global South
Mukherjee, Subham
Sundberg, Trude
Sikdar, Pradip Kumar
Schütt, Brigitta
Frontiers in Water, Vol. 4 (2022), Iss.
https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.834239 [Citations: 7]A Gender Lens into Sanitation Technology Innovation
Elledge, Myles
Parker, Alison
Toolaram, Anju
Stoner, Brian
Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 36 (2020), Iss. 4
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000775 [Citations: 5]The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies
Policy and Practice Pathways to Addressing Menstrual Stigma and Discrimination
Patkar, Archana
2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_38 [Citations: 16]Exploring gendered change: concepts and trends in gender equality assessments
MacArthur, Jess
Carrard, Naomi
Willetts, Juliet
Third World Quarterly, Vol. 42 (2021), Iss. 9 P.2189
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1911636 [Citations: 7]PROTOCOL: What is the impact of complex WASH interventions on gender and social equality outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries? A mixed‐method systematic review protocol
Macura, Biljana
Del Duca, Laura
Soto, Adriana
Carrard, Naomi
Gosling, Louisa
Hannes, Karin
Thomas, James
Sara, Lewnida
Sommer, Marni
Waddington, Hugh S.
Dickin, Sarah
Campbell Systematic Reviews, Vol. 17 (2021), Iss. 2
https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1164 [Citations: 3]Child-centred methods for school-based WASH interventions: co-creating sanitation research and interventions for and with children
Rowan Ellis, Rowan Ellis
Anu Karippal, Anu Karippal
Waterlines, Vol. 41 (2022), Iss. 3 P.1
https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.21-00072 [Citations: 0]‘ People don’t like the ultra-poor like me ’: an intersectional approach to gender and participation in urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) projects in Dhaka’s bostis
Cawood, Sally
Rabby, Md. Fazle
International Development Planning Review, Vol. 44 (2022), Iss. 2 P.147
https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2021.7 [Citations: 3]Intimate geographies of precarity: Water infrastructure and the normalisation of militarism in humanitarian intervention
Alexander, Bronte
Political Geography, Vol. 112 (2024), Iss. P.103130
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103130 [Citations: 0]Shared sanitation in informal settlements: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, preferences, and quality
Sprouse, Lauren
Lebu, Sarah
Nguyen, Jackqueline
Muoghalu, Chimdi
Uwase, Andromede
Guo, Jiahui
Baldwin-SoRelle, Carrie
Anthonj, Carmen
Simiyu, Sheillah N.
Akudago, John Apambilla
Manga, Musa
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Vol. 260 (2024), Iss. P.114392
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114392 [Citations: 2]Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene of Nepal: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities
Shrestha, Aman
Bhattarai, Tek Narayan
Acharya, Garima
Timalsina, Haribansha
Marks, Sara J.
Uprety, Sital
Paudel, Shukra Raj
ACS ES&T Water, Vol. 3 (2023), Iss. 6 P.1429
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00303 [Citations: 13]Assessment of Water Security in Socially Excluded Areas in Kolkata, India: An Approach Focusing on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Mukherjee, Subham
Sundberg, Trude
Schütt, Brigitta
Water, Vol. 12 (2020), Iss. 3 P.746
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030746 [Citations: 17]Clean Water and Sanitation
Gendered Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Equality: Challenges and Opportunities
Donkor, Felix Kwabena
2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95846-0_192 [Citations: 0]Sanitation for Low-Income Regions: A Cross-Disciplinary Review
Hyun, Christopher
Burt, Zachary
Crider, Yoshika
Nelson, Kara L.
Prasad, C.S. Sharada
Rayasam, Swati D.G.
Tarpeh, William
Ray, Isha
Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 44 (2019), Iss. 1 P.287
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033327 [Citations: 22]Os Direitos Humanos à Água e ao Saneamento
Heller, Léo
2022
https://doi.org/10.7476/9786557081693 [Citations: 2]Clean Water and Sanitation
Gendered Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Equality: Challenges and Opportunities
Donkor, Felix Kwabena
2021
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_192-1 [Citations: 0]Leadership for SDG 6.2: Is Diversity Missing?
Worsham, Kimberly
Sylvester, Ruth
Hales, Georgia
McWilliams, Kelsey
Luseka, Euphresia
Environmental Health Insights, Vol. 15 (2021), Iss.
https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302211031846 [Citations: 19]Associations between water insecurity and mental health outcomes among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer persons in Bangkok, Thailand and Mumbai, India: Cross-sectional survey findings
Logie, Carmen H.
Newman, Peter A.
Admassu, Zerihun
MacKenzie, Frannie
Chakrapani, Venkatesan
Tepjan, Suchon
Shunmugam, Murali
Akkakanjanasupar, Pakorn
Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, Vol. 11 (2024), Iss.
https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2024.27 [Citations: 1]Sanitation work: Realizing equity and inclusion in WASH
Bhakta, Amita
Cawood, Sally
Zaqout, Mariam
Evans, Barbara
Frontiers in Water, Vol. 4 (2022), Iss.
https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.1022581 [Citations: 3]The need of the hour: Providing water in shared toilet facilities for menstrual hygiene management in urban India
Bhakta, Amita
Mansuri, Aasim
Jaiswal, Jigisha
Iyer, Mona
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol. 14 (2024), Iss. 2 P.113
https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.265 [Citations: 3]
- A call to action: organizational, professional, and personal change for gender transformative WASH programming
- Providing municipal faecal sludge management services: lessons from Bangladesh
- Menstrual hygiene management: education and empowerment for girls?
- Webwatch
- WASH challenges to girls’ menstrual hygiene management in Metro Manila, Masbate, and South Central Mindanao, Philippines
Browse our other journals
