Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia
Paul Boyce | Sarah Brown | Sue Cavill | Sonalee Chaukekar | Beatrice Chisenga | Mamata Dash | Rohit K Dasgupta | Noemie De La Brosse | Pawan Dhall | Julie Fisher | Marli Gutierrez-Patterson | Oinam Hemabati | Andrés Hueso | Salma Khan | Santa Khurai | Archana Patkar | Priya Nath | Marielle Snel | Kopila Thapa
This paper provides insights from initiatives to include transgender people in sanitation programming in South Asia. Three case studies of recent actions to make sanitation inclusive for transgender people (in India and Nepal) are presented, accompanied by reflections and recommendations to guide future practice. Practitioners are recommended to: engage with transgender people as partners at all stages of an initiative; recognize that the language of gender identity is not fixed, varying across cultures and between generations; and acknowledge that transgender people are not a single homogeneous group but rather have diverse identities, histories, and priorities. The case studies aim to raise awareness of the diversity of transgender identities, exploring the needs and aspirations of transgender women, transgender men, and third gender people in South Asia.APTN (2014) Agenda in Transition: Advancing Actions to Secure the Health and Rights of Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific [pdf], Regional Consultation, 19–20 February 2014, Bangkok, Thailand <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/54e6e130e4b09706d49d02a2/1424417072050/150218_UNDP_Agenda_Web_singlepage_.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Benjamin, C. and Hueso, A. (2017) ‘LGBTI and sanitation: what we know and what the gaps are’, 40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2017 <https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/40/Benjamin-2649.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Boyce, P. and Dasgupta, R.K. (2017) ‘Utopia or elsewhere: queer modernities in small town West Bengal’, in T. Kuldova and M. Varghese (eds), Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curry, C. (2016) ‘For trans women in India, toilets present another level of problems’, Global Citizen [online] <www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/for-trans-women-in-india-toilets-present-another-l/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
de Albuquerque, C. (2012) ‘Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation’, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [pdf], A/HRC/21/42 <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-42_en.pdf> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Dhall, P. and Boyce, P. (2015) Livelihood, Exclusion and Opportunity: Socioeconomic Welfare among Gender and Sexuality Non-normative People in India, IDS Evidence Report 106, Brighton: IDS.
Dutta, A. (2014) ‘Contradictory tendencies: the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement on transgender recognition and rights’, Journal of Indian Law and Society 5 (Monsoon): 225–36.
Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J. and Brown, T.N.T. (2016) How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States [pdf], Los Angeles, CA: the Williams Institute <https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (2017) ‘Guidelines on gender issues in sanitation’ [pdf], New Delhi <www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20on%20Gender%20issues%20in%20Sanitation.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Health Policy Project, Asia Pacific Transgender Network, United Nations Development Programme (2015) Blueprint for the Provision of Comprehensive Care for Trans People and Trans Communities [pdf], Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/57d92eb037c5812a4b8957a4/1473851143850/APTB+FINAL_corrected_December2015.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Hossain, A. (2016) ‘The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh’, Journal of Culture, Health and Sexuality 19: 1418–31 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831>.
ILGA (2016) ‘International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’, in Z. Chiam, S. Duffy, and M. González Gil (eds), Trans Legal Mapping Report 2016: Recognition before the Law, Geneva: ILGA.
India Census (2011) ‘Transgender in India’ [online] <www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kapitan, A. (2017) ‘The radical copyeditor’s style guide for writing about transgender people’ [online] <https://radicalcopyeditor.com/2017/08/31/transgender-style-guide/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kara, S. (2017) Gender is Not an Illness: How pathologizing trans people violates international human rights law [pdf], GATE <https://transactivists.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Gender-is-not-an-illness-GATE-.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Khurai, S. and Dhall, P. (2015) ‘Trans-ing the college roll call’, Varta Blog <http://varta2013.blogspot.in/2015/09/trans-ing-college-roll-call.html> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Knight, K. (2012) ‘Nepal flushes out genderism’, The Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/nepal-flushes-out-genderism_b_1464279.html> [accessed 21 February 2017].
Majeedullah, A. (2016) Living on the Periphery, the Khawaja Siras of Pakistan [online], Evidence Report No. 165, IDS <https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8015/ER165_LivingonthePeripheryTheKhawajaSirasofPakistan.pdf;jsessionid=F01F58873A449876B441C1AA31F7EBC8?sequence=1> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Mallikarjunan, P. (2016) ‘For Almost 5 Lakh Indians, Using A Public Toilet Means Abuse And Harassment’, Youth Ki Awaaz [online] <www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/11/no-public-toilets-for-transgender-people/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014) <http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Judgement_Nalsa_Transgenderrights.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) <www.icj.org/sogicasebook/sunil-babu-pant-and-others-v-nepal-government-and-others-supreme-court-of-nepal-21-december-2007/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Rainbow Manipur (no date) ‘Queues and toilets scare me!’ [online] <https://rainbowmanipur.wordpress.com/2017/05/22/queues-and-toilets-scare-me/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
RCH (2017) Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines: for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents [pdf], Melbourne: The Royal Children’s Hospital <https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/adolescent-medicine/australian-standards-of-care-and-treatment-guidelines-for-trans-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Reddy, G. (2005) With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
UN (2015) ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at the High Level LGBT Core Group Event “Leaving No-One Behind: Equality & Inclusion in the Post-2015 Development Agenda”’ [online] <www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-09-29/secretary-generals-remarks-high-level-lgbt-core-group-event-leaving> [accessed 19 February 2018].
UNDP, USAID (2014) Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report, Bangkok: UNDP.
WHO (2012) Regional assessment of HIV, STI and other health needs of transgender people in Asia and the Pacific.
Wilson, B. (2016) ‘Who will clean Swachh Bharat toilets, asks Wilson’, The Hindu [online] <www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Who-will-clean-Swachh-Bharat-toilets-asks-Wilson/article14586879.ece> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Wilson, E., Pant, S.B., Comfort, M. and Ekstrand, M. (2011) ‘Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal’, Culture, Health & Sexuality 13(3): 253–66 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247>.
Winter, S. (2012) Lost in Transition: Transgender People, Rights and HIV Vulnerability in the Asia-Pacific Region [pdf], Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/UNDP_HIV_Transgender_report_Lost_in_Transition_May_2012.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
WSSCC (2016) Changing Hearts and Minds to Leave No One Behind: Sanitation Action Summit - Reflections [online], WSSCC <http://wsscc.org/resources-feed/sanitation-action-summit-2016-reflections/> [accessed 21 February 2017].
WSSCC and FANSA (2015a) Leave No one Behind, Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [online], India Country Report <www.freshwateraction.net/content/leave-no-one-behind-fansa-india-country-report> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA, (2015b) Leave No one Behind. Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [pdf], Bangladesh Country Report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Leave-No-One-Behind-Bangladesh-Country-report.pdf> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA (2016) Leave No One Behind: Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workers [pdf], South Asia report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Leave-No-One-Behind-Report-by-WSSCC-and-FANSA-2016.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
APTN (2014) Agenda in Transition: Advancing Actions to Secure the Health and Rights of Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific [pdf], Regional Consultation, 19–20 February 2014, Bangkok, Thailand <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/54e6e130e4b09706d49d02a2/1424417072050/150218_UNDP_Agenda_Web_singlepage_.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Benjamin, C. and Hueso, A. (2017) ‘LGBTI and sanitation: what we know and what the gaps are’, 40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2017 <https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/40/Benjamin-2649.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Boyce, P. and Dasgupta, R.K. (2017) ‘Utopia or elsewhere: queer modernities in small town West Bengal’, in T. Kuldova and M. Varghese (eds), Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curry, C. (2016) ‘For trans women in India, toilets present another level of problems’, Global Citizen [online] <www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/for-trans-women-in-india-toilets-present-another-l/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
de Albuquerque, C. (2012) ‘Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation’, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [pdf], A/HRC/21/42 <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-42_en.pdf> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Dhall, P. and Boyce, P. (2015) Livelihood, Exclusion and Opportunity: Socioeconomic Welfare among Gender and Sexuality Non-normative People in India, IDS Evidence Report 106, Brighton: IDS.
Dutta, A. (2014) ‘Contradictory tendencies: the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement on transgender recognition and rights’, Journal of Indian Law and Society 5 (Monsoon): 225–36.
Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J. and Brown, T.N.T. (2016) How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States [pdf], Los Angeles, CA: the Williams Institute <https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (2017) ‘Guidelines on gender issues in sanitation’ [pdf], New Delhi <www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20on%20Gender%20issues%20in%20Sanitation.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Health Policy Project, Asia Pacific Transgender Network, United Nations Development Programme (2015) Blueprint for the Provision of Comprehensive Care for Trans People and Trans Communities [pdf], Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/57d92eb037c5812a4b8957a4/1473851143850/APTB+FINAL_corrected_December2015.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Hossain, A. (2016) ‘The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh’, Journal of Culture, Health and Sexuality 19: 1418–31 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831>.
ILGA (2016) ‘International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’, in Z. Chiam, S. Duffy, and M. González Gil (eds), Trans Legal Mapping Report 2016: Recognition before the Law, Geneva: ILGA.
India Census (2011) ‘Transgender in India’ [online] <www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kapitan, A. (2017) ‘The radical copyeditor’s style guide for writing about transgender people’ [online] <https://radicalcopyeditor.com/2017/08/31/transgender-style-guide/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kara, S. (2017) Gender is Not an Illness: How pathologizing trans people violates international human rights law [pdf], GATE <https://transactivists.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Gender-is-not-an-illness-GATE-.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Khurai, S. and Dhall, P. (2015) ‘Trans-ing the college roll call’, Varta Blog <http://varta2013.blogspot.in/2015/09/trans-ing-college-roll-call.html> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Knight, K. (2012) ‘Nepal flushes out genderism’, The Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/nepal-flushes-out-genderism_b_1464279.html> [accessed 21 February 2017].
Majeedullah, A. (2016) Living on the Periphery, the Khawaja Siras of Pakistan [online], Evidence Report No. 165, IDS <https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8015/ER165_LivingonthePeripheryTheKhawajaSirasofPakistan.pdf;jsessionid=F01F58873A449876B441C1AA31F7EBC8?sequence=1> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Mallikarjunan, P. (2016) ‘For Almost 5 Lakh Indians, Using A Public Toilet Means Abuse And Harassment’, Youth Ki Awaaz [online] <www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/11/no-public-toilets-for-transgender-people/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014) <http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Judgement_Nalsa_Transgenderrights.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) <www.icj.org/sogicasebook/sunil-babu-pant-and-others-v-nepal-government-and-others-supreme-court-of-nepal-21-december-2007/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Rainbow Manipur (no date) ‘Queues and toilets scare me!’ [online] <https://rainbowmanipur.wordpress.com/2017/05/22/queues-and-toilets-scare-me/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
RCH (2017) Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines: for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents [pdf], Melbourne: The Royal Children’s Hospital <https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/adolescent-medicine/australian-standards-of-care-and-treatment-guidelines-for-trans-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Reddy, G. (2005) With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
UN (2015) ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at the High Level LGBT Core Group Event “Leaving No-One Behind: Equality & Inclusion in the Post-2015 Development Agenda”’ [online] <www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-09-29/secretary-generals-remarks-high-level-lgbt-core-group-event-leaving> [accessed 19 February 2018].
UNDP, USAID (2014) Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report, Bangkok: UNDP.
WHO (2012) Regional assessment of HIV, STI and other health needs of transgender people in Asia and the Pacific.
Wilson, B. (2016) ‘Who will clean Swachh Bharat toilets, asks Wilson’, The Hindu [online] <www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Who-will-clean-Swachh-Bharat-toilets-asks-Wilson/article14586879.ece> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Wilson, E., Pant, S.B., Comfort, M. and Ekstrand, M. (2011) ‘Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal’, Culture, Health & Sexuality 13(3): 253–66 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247>.
Winter, S. (2012) Lost in Transition: Transgender People, Rights and HIV Vulnerability in the Asia-Pacific Region [pdf], Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/UNDP_HIV_Transgender_report_Lost_in_Transition_May_2012.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
WSSCC (2016) Changing Hearts and Minds to Leave No One Behind: Sanitation Action Summit - Reflections [online], WSSCC <http://wsscc.org/resources-feed/sanitation-action-summit-2016-reflections/> [accessed 21 February 2017].
WSSCC and FANSA (2015a) Leave No one Behind, Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [online], India Country Report <www.freshwateraction.net/content/leave-no-one-behind-fansa-india-country-report> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA, (2015b) Leave No one Behind. Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [pdf], Bangladesh Country Report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Leave-No-One-Behind-Bangladesh-Country-report.pdf> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA (2016) Leave No One Behind: Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workers [pdf], South Asia report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Leave-No-One-Behind-Report-by-WSSCC-and-FANSA-2016.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
APTN (2014) Agenda in Transition: Advancing Actions to Secure the Health and Rights of Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific [pdf], Regional Consultation, 19–20 February 2014, Bangkok, Thailand <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/54e6e130e4b09706d49d02a2/1424417072050/150218_UNDP_Agenda_Web_singlepage_.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Benjamin, C. and Hueso, A. (2017) ‘LGBTI and sanitation: what we know and what the gaps are’, 40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2017 <https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/40/Benjamin-2649.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Boyce, P. and Dasgupta, R.K. (2017) ‘Utopia or elsewhere: queer modernities in small town West Bengal’, in T. Kuldova and M. Varghese (eds), Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curry, C. (2016) ‘For trans women in India, toilets present another level of problems’, Global Citizen [online] <www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/for-trans-women-in-india-toilets-present-another-l/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
de Albuquerque, C. (2012) ‘Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation’, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [pdf], A/HRC/21/42 <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-42_en.pdf> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Dhall, P. and Boyce, P. (2015) Livelihood, Exclusion and Opportunity: Socioeconomic Welfare among Gender and Sexuality Non-normative People in India, IDS Evidence Report 106, Brighton: IDS.
Dutta, A. (2014) ‘Contradictory tendencies: the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement on transgender recognition and rights’, Journal of Indian Law and Society 5 (Monsoon): 225–36.
Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J. and Brown, T.N.T. (2016) How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States [pdf], Los Angeles, CA: the Williams Institute <https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (2017) ‘Guidelines on gender issues in sanitation’ [pdf], New Delhi <www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20on%20Gender%20issues%20in%20Sanitation.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Health Policy Project, Asia Pacific Transgender Network, United Nations Development Programme (2015) Blueprint for the Provision of Comprehensive Care for Trans People and Trans Communities [pdf], Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cf9459e4b0a5929855f337/t/57d92eb037c5812a4b8957a4/1473851143850/APTB+FINAL_corrected_December2015.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Hossain, A. (2016) ‘The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh’, Journal of Culture, Health and Sexuality 19: 1418–31 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831>.
ILGA (2016) ‘International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association’, in Z. Chiam, S. Duffy, and M. González Gil (eds), Trans Legal Mapping Report 2016: Recognition before the Law, Geneva: ILGA.
India Census (2011) ‘Transgender in India’ [online] <www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kapitan, A. (2017) ‘The radical copyeditor’s style guide for writing about transgender people’ [online] <https://radicalcopyeditor.com/2017/08/31/transgender-style-guide/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Kara, S. (2017) Gender is Not an Illness: How pathologizing trans people violates international human rights law [pdf], GATE <https://transactivists.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Gender-is-not-an-illness-GATE-.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Khurai, S. and Dhall, P. (2015) ‘Trans-ing the college roll call’, Varta Blog <http://varta2013.blogspot.in/2015/09/trans-ing-college-roll-call.html> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Knight, K. (2012) ‘Nepal flushes out genderism’, The Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/nepal-flushes-out-genderism_b_1464279.html> [accessed 21 February 2017].
Majeedullah, A. (2016) Living on the Periphery, the Khawaja Siras of Pakistan [online], Evidence Report No. 165, IDS <https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8015/ER165_LivingonthePeripheryTheKhawajaSirasofPakistan.pdf;jsessionid=F01F58873A449876B441C1AA31F7EBC8?sequence=1> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Mallikarjunan, P. (2016) ‘For Almost 5 Lakh Indians, Using A Public Toilet Means Abuse And Harassment’, Youth Ki Awaaz [online] <www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/11/no-public-toilets-for-transgender-people/> [accessed 1 March 2018].
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014) <http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Judgement_Nalsa_Transgenderrights.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) <www.icj.org/sogicasebook/sunil-babu-pant-and-others-v-nepal-government-and-others-supreme-court-of-nepal-21-december-2007/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Rainbow Manipur (no date) ‘Queues and toilets scare me!’ [online] <https://rainbowmanipur.wordpress.com/2017/05/22/queues-and-toilets-scare-me/> [accessed 19 February 2018].
RCH (2017) Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines: for Trans and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents [pdf], Melbourne: The Royal Children’s Hospital <https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/adolescent-medicine/australian-standards-of-care-and-treatment-guidelines-for-trans-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
Reddy, G. (2005) With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
UN (2015) ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at the High Level LGBT Core Group Event “Leaving No-One Behind: Equality & Inclusion in the Post-2015 Development Agenda”’ [online] <www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-09-29/secretary-generals-remarks-high-level-lgbt-core-group-event-leaving> [accessed 19 February 2018].
UNDP, USAID (2014) Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report, Bangkok: UNDP.
WHO (2012) Regional assessment of HIV, STI and other health needs of transgender people in Asia and the Pacific.
Wilson, B. (2016) ‘Who will clean Swachh Bharat toilets, asks Wilson’, The Hindu [online] <www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Who-will-clean-Swachh-Bharat-toilets-asks-Wilson/article14586879.ece> [accessed 1 March 2018].
Wilson, E., Pant, S.B., Comfort, M. and Ekstrand, M. (2011) ‘Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal’, Culture, Health & Sexuality 13(3): 253–66 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247>.
Winter, S. (2012) Lost in Transition: Transgender People, Rights and HIV Vulnerability in the Asia-Pacific Region [pdf], Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/UNDP_HIV_Transgender_report_Lost_in_Transition_May_2012.pdf> [accessed 19 February 2018].
WSSCC (2016) Changing Hearts and Minds to Leave No One Behind: Sanitation Action Summit - Reflections [online], WSSCC <http://wsscc.org/resources-feed/sanitation-action-summit-2016-reflections/> [accessed 21 February 2017].
WSSCC and FANSA (2015a) Leave No one Behind, Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [online], India Country Report <www.freshwateraction.net/content/leave-no-one-behind-fansa-india-country-report> [accessed 25 February 2018].
WSSCC and FANSA, (2015b) Leave No one Behind. Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Sanitation Workforce [pdf], Bangladesh Country Report <http://wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Leave-No-One-Behind-Bangladesh-Country-report.pdf> [accessed 25 February 2018].
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