Sustainability of Water and Sanitation Systems
This book comprises forty papers from the 21st WEDC conference, held in Kampala in 1995, on the theme of sustainability of water and sanitation systems. Developing countries experience special difficulties in maintaining systems in full working order, so maintenance is a recurring topic. Other wide-ranging topics include the sustainable development of underground and surface water resources, and sustainable hygiene education to enable communities to derive long-term benefits from new or improved facilities.
Published: 1996
Pages: 166
eBook: 9781780443522
Paperback: 9781853393396
| PREFACE ix | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SECTION A: GUIDELINES ON CART DESIGN 1 | |||
| A1: INTRODUCTION 3 | |||
| A1.1 FEATURES OF GOOD CART DESIGN 3 | |||
| A1.2 RECOMMENDATION FOR MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS 4 | |||
| A1.3 LAYOUT OF MANUAL 5 | |||
| A1.4 REASONING BEHIND THE GUIDELINES 6 | |||
| A2: CART CONSTRUCTION 7 | |||
| A2.1 CART CAPACITY 7 | |||
| A2.2 CART DIMENSIONS 9 | |||
| A2.3 LAYOUT OF TWO-WHEEL CARTS (Figure 2.2) 11 | |||
| A2.4 LAYOUT OF FOUR-WHEEL CARTS 13 | |||
| A2.5 CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-WHEEL CARTS 14 | |||
| A2.6 DESIGN OF A STEEL BASE-FRAME (Figure 2.3) 15 | |||
| A2.7 CONSTRUCTION OF BODY 18 | |||
| A2.7.1 Body Made From Sheet Steel 18 | |||
| A2.7.2 Steel Frame With Wooden Body (Figure 2.6) 23 | |||
| A2.8 WOODEN BASE FRAME AND BODY 25 | |||
| A2.9 BAMBOO OR TIMBER POLE CONSTRUCTION (Figure 2.8(i) and (ii)) 26 | |||
| A2.10 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 29 | |||
| A2.11 DESIGN OF A HINGED TAILGATE (Figure 2.9) 31 | |||
| A2.12 ATTACHMENT OF DRAWPOLE (Figure 2.10) 33 | |||
| A2.13 OTHER TYPES OF CART BODIES 34 | |||
| A2.14 DESIGN OF 4-WHEEL CARTS (Figure 2.13) 38 | |||
| A2.15 BRAKE DESIGN 42 | |||
| A2.16 SUSPENSION 47 | |||
| A3: WHEEL/AXLE ASSEMBLY 53 | |||
| A3.1 BASIC FACTORS 53 | |||
| A3.1.1 Tyres 53 | |||
| A3.1.2 Rolling Resistance 54 | |||
| A3.1.3 Friction and Wear in Bearings 56 | |||
| A3.1.4 Wheel and Bearing Loads 58 | |||
| A3.1.5 Comparison of the Performance of Different Types of Wheel/Axle | |||
| Assemblies 58 | |||
| A3.2 TYPES OF WHEELS 61 | |||
| A3.2.1 Scrap Rims and Axles 61 | |||
| A3.2.2 Pressed and Rolled Rims 68 | |||
| A3.2.3 Wheels for Manufacture in Small to Medium Size Workshops 70 | |||
| A3.2.4 Fabricated Steel Wheels 73 | |||
| A3.2.5 Wooden Wheels 76 | |||
| A3.3 HUB AND AXLE 80 | |||
| A3.3.1 Machined Hub and Axle Assembly (Figure 3.15) 80 | |||
| A3.3.2 Fabricated Hub and Axle Assembly (Figure 3.16) 85 | |||
| A3.3.3 Axle Assemblies with Bush Bearings 88 | |||
| A3.3.4 Live-Axle Assembly (Figure 3.18) 91 | |||
| A3.3.5 Other Hub/Bearing Options 98 | |||
| A3.4 COMPARISON OF WHEEL/AXLE ASSEMBLIES 102 | |||
| A3.4.1 Comparison of Wheel/Axle Assemblies for Ox-Carts (Table 3.2) 102 | |||
| A3.4.2 Comparison of Wheel/Axle Assemblies for Light, Single-Donkey | |||
| Carts (Table 3.3) 107 | |||
| A3.5 PUNCTURE-RESISTANT TYRES 109 | |||
| A4: COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF CART DESIGNS 115 | |||
| A4.1 RANGE OF OPTIONS 115 | |||
| A4.2 SELECTION OF PREFERRED CART DESIGN 118 | |||
| A4.2.1 Recommended Design 118 | |||
| A4.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS 123 | |||
| A4.3.1 Alternative Designs of Wheel/Axle Assemblies 123 | |||
| A4.3.2 Intermediate Designs 125 | |||
| A4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 128 | |||
| A4.4.1 Cart Construction 128 | |||
| A4.4.2 Wheel and Axle Assemblies 128 | |||
| A4.4.3 Brakes 130 | |||
| A4.4.4 Suspension 130 | |||
| APPENDIX 1: SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION 132 | |||
| SECTION B: GUIDELINES ON HARNESSING 135 | |||
| B1: INTRODUCTION 136 | |||
| B2: HARNESSING OF OXEN 138 | |||
| B3: HARNESSING OF DONKEYS 143 | |||
| B4: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON HARNESSING AND | |||
| HITCHING 150 | |||
| SECTION C: MANUFACTURE, MARKETING AND MAINTENANCE OF CARTS 155 | |||
| C1: INTRODUCTION 157 | |||
| C2: POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENTS 160 | |||
| C3: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON CART MANUFACTURE 164 | |||
| C4: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON MARKETING 166 | |||
| C5: RECOMMENDATIONS OF WORKING PARTY ON MAINTENANCE AND | |||
| REPAIR 169 | |||
| SECTION D: GUIDELINES ON CREDIT 171 | |||
| D1: INTRODUCTION 173 | |||
| D2: TYPES OF CREDIT SCHEME 174 | |||
| D3: ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF CREDIT PROGRAMMES 178 | |||
| SECTION E: GUIDELINES ON TESTING OF CARTS AND DESIGN STANDARDS 183 | |||
| E1: INTRODUCTION 185 | |||
| E2: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON TESTING AND | |||
| STANDARDS 187 |
John Pickford
John Pickford (1927-2006) founded the Water Engineering and Development Centre at Loughborough University 40 years ago.
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