In the run up to UN Climate Change Conference 2021 (COP26), various position papers have been published on climate change and sanitation (and broader WASH) (WaterAid, 2020; IRC and Water For People, 2021). For logical reasons they have largely focused on climate resilience and adaptation strategies. There is a clear need to adapt sanitation systems to deal with climate impacts and to provide high quality sanitation services to underpin societal resilience.

Dickin, S., Bayoumi, M., Giné, R., Andersson, K. and Jiménez, A. (2020) ‘Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing’, npj Clean Water 3(1): 1–7 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8>.

FAO (2006) Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options [online] <http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf> [accessed 4 October 2021].

Howard, G. (2021) ‘The future of water and sanitation: global challenges and the need for greater ambition’, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70(4): 438–48 <https://doi.org/10.2166/AQUA.2021.127>.

Huynh, L.T., Harada, H., Fujii, S., Nguyen, L.P.H., Hoang, T.-H.T. and Huynh, H.T. (2021) ‘Greenhouse gas emissions from blackwater septic systems’, Environmental Science & Technology 55(2): 1209–17 <https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.0C03418>.

IPCC (2018) Annex I: Glossary (J.B.R. Matthews, ed.), in V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor. and T. Waterfield (eds), Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty.

IPCC (2019) Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

IPCC (2021) Working Group 1: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

IRC and Water For People (2021) Climate Change, Water Resources, and WASH Systems, IRC, The Hague.

Lu, L., Guest, J.S., Peters, C.A., Zhu, X., Rau, G.H. and Ren, Z.J. (2018) ‘Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization’, Nature Sustainability 1(12): 750–8 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0187-9>.

Mallory, A., Akrofi, D., Dizon, J., Mohanty, S., Parker, A., Rey Vicario, D., Prasad, S., Welvita, I., Brewer, T., Mekala, S., Bundhoo, D., Lynch, K., Mishra, P., Willcock, S. and Hutchings, P. (2020) ‘Evaluating the circular economy for sanitation: findings from a multi-case approach’, Science of the Total Environment 744: 140871 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140871>.

Reid, M.C., Guan, K., Wagner, F. and Mauzerall, D.L. (2014) ‘Global methane emissions from pit latrines’, Environmental Science and Technology 48(15): 8727–34 <https://doi.org/10.1021/ES501549H>.

Rojas-Downing, M.M., Nejadhashemi, A.P., Harrigan, T. and Woznicki, S.A. (2017) ‘Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation’, Climate Risk Management 16: 145–63 <https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2017.02.001>.

WaterAid (2020) Living in a Fragile World, WaterAid, London.

WHO and UNICEF (2021) Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2020: Five Years into the SDGs [online] <https://data.unicef.org/resources/progress-on-household-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2000-2020/> [accessed 4 October 2021].

Dickin, S., Bayoumi, M., Giné, R., Andersson, K. and Jiménez, A. (2020) ‘Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing’, npj Clean Water 3(1): 1–7 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8>.

FAO (2006) Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options [online] <http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf> [accessed 4 October 2021].

Howard, G. (2021) ‘The future of water and sanitation: global challenges and the need for greater ambition’, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70(4): 438–48 <https://doi.org/10.2166/AQUA.2021.127>.

Huynh, L.T., Harada, H., Fujii, S., Nguyen, L.P.H., Hoang, T.-H.T. and Huynh, H.T. (2021) ‘Greenhouse gas emissions from blackwater septic systems’, Environmental Science & Technology 55(2): 1209–17 <https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.0C03418>.

IPCC (2018) Annex I: Glossary (J.B.R. Matthews, ed.), in V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor. and T. Waterfield (eds), Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty.

IPCC (2019) Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

IPCC (2021) Working Group 1: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

IRC and Water For People (2021) Climate Change, Water Resources, and WASH Systems, IRC, The Hague.

Lu, L., Guest, J.S., Peters, C.A., Zhu, X., Rau, G.H. and Ren, Z.J. (2018) ‘Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization’, Nature Sustainability 1(12): 750–8 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0187-9>.

Mallory, A., Akrofi, D., Dizon, J., Mohanty, S., Parker, A., Rey Vicario, D., Prasad, S., Welvita, I., Brewer, T., Mekala, S., Bundhoo, D., Lynch, K., Mishra, P., Willcock, S. and Hutchings, P. (2020) ‘Evaluating the circular economy for sanitation: findings from a multi-case approach’, Science of the Total Environment 744: 140871 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140871>.

Reid, M.C., Guan, K., Wagner, F. and Mauzerall, D.L. (2014) ‘Global methane emissions from pit latrines’, Environmental Science and Technology 48(15): 8727–34 <https://doi.org/10.1021/ES501549H>.

Rojas-Downing, M.M., Nejadhashemi, A.P., Harrigan, T. and Woznicki, S.A. (2017) ‘Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation’, Climate Risk Management 16: 145–63 <https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2017.02.001>.

WaterAid (2020) Living in a Fragile World, WaterAid, London.

WHO and UNICEF (2021) Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2020: Five Years into the SDGs [online] <https://data.unicef.org/resources/progress-on-household-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2000-2020/> [accessed 4 October 2021].

Dickin, S., Bayoumi, M., Giné, R., Andersson, K. and Jiménez, A. (2020) ‘Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing’, npj Clean Water 3(1): 1–7 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8>.

FAO (2006) Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options [online] <http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf> [accessed 4 October 2021].

Howard, G. (2021) ‘The future of water and sanitation: global challenges and the need for greater ambition’, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70(4): 438–48 <https://doi.org/10.2166/AQUA.2021.127>.

Huynh, L.T., Harada, H., Fujii, S., Nguyen, L.P.H., Hoang, T.-H.T. and Huynh, H.T. (2021) ‘Greenhouse gas emissions from blackwater septic systems’, Environmental Science & Technology 55(2): 1209–17 <https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.0C03418>.

IPCC (2018) Annex I: Glossary (J.B.R. Matthews, ed.), in V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor. and T. Waterfield (eds), Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty.

IPCC (2019) Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

IPCC (2021) Working Group 1: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

IRC and Water For People (2021) Climate Change, Water Resources, and WASH Systems, IRC, The Hague.

Lu, L., Guest, J.S., Peters, C.A., Zhu, X., Rau, G.H. and Ren, Z.J. (2018) ‘Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization’, Nature Sustainability 1(12): 750–8 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0187-9>.

Mallory, A., Akrofi, D., Dizon, J., Mohanty, S., Parker, A., Rey Vicario, D., Prasad, S., Welvita, I., Brewer, T., Mekala, S., Bundhoo, D., Lynch, K., Mishra, P., Willcock, S. and Hutchings, P. (2020) ‘Evaluating the circular economy for sanitation: findings from a multi-case approach’, Science of the Total Environment 744: 140871 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140871>.

Reid, M.C., Guan, K., Wagner, F. and Mauzerall, D.L. (2014) ‘Global methane emissions from pit latrines’, Environmental Science and Technology 48(15): 8727–34 <https://doi.org/10.1021/ES501549H>.

Rojas-Downing, M.M., Nejadhashemi, A.P., Harrigan, T. and Woznicki, S.A. (2017) ‘Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation’, Climate Risk Management 16: 145–63 <https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2017.02.001>.

WaterAid (2020) Living in a Fragile World, WaterAid, London.

WHO and UNICEF (2021) Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2020: Five Years into the SDGs [online] <https://data.unicef.org/resources/progress-on-household-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2000-2020/> [accessed 4 October 2021].