The main aim of the study was to attempt to better understand environmentally friendly tomato post-harvest operations provided by micro- and small-scale farmers and traders in the context of bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) peri-urban and urban areas of four major cities: Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Nairobi (Kenya), Tunis (Tunisia), and Cairo (Egypt). The study was initiated with an in-depth literature review and was followed by in-country, unstructured, informal, one-to-one interviews with a random number of micro- and small-scale farmers and traders and pictographic observations of table tomato post-harvest operations. The findings of the study provided a sample of practices and ‘innovations’ in post-harvest operations that used prevalently recycled post-harvest equipment, sparingly used natural resources, such as water, and powered operations using only energy of human origin. The findings ranged from the use of home-made sand filters for water purification, to large green leaves for ‘refrigeration’, to recycled paint buckets being used as ‘solar ovens’. Waste was averted continually and if it did occur waste was recycled. The findings of the study contributed to increasing knowledge and consequently provided for a better understanding of practices that can potentially contribute to developing more environmentally friendly (greener) food value chains.

Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.

Benson, E. (2014) Informal and Green? The Forgotten Voice in the Transition to a Green Economy, London: IIED.

Brown, D., McGranahan, G. and Dodman, D. (2014) Urban Informality and Building a More Inclusive, Resilient and Green Economy, London: IIED.

De Pozo-Vergnes, E. (2013) From Survival to Competition: Informality in Agrifood Markets in Countries under Transition, The case of Peru, London: IIED.

FAO (2003) The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support and Polices for Operators, Food in Cities collection no. 4, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2014) ‘Green food value chain development concept note’, M. Hilmi in FAO (2015) Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

GIZ (2011) Recovering Resources, Creating Opportunities: Integrating the Informal Sector into Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

Prahalad, C.K. (2011) ‘Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations’, Journal of Production Innovation Management 29(1): 6–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x>.

Rangan, V.K. (2011) ‘The globe: segmenting the base of the pyramid’, Harvard Business Review 89(6): 113–7.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2013) Green Agricultural Value Chains for Improved Livelihoods in the Arab Region, Beirut: ESCWA.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2013) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Meat Processing Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

UNIDO (2014) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Asian Fruit and Vegetable Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S. and Ritchie, R. (2010) ‘Understanding consumption and entrepreneurship in subsistence marketplaces’, Journal of Business Research 63(6): 570–81.

Acheampong, G. and Espostio, M. (2014) ‘The nature of entrepreneurship in bottom of the pyramid markets’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 21(4): 437–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2014.062015>.

ADB (2012) Why Do Some Firms Abandon Formality for Informality? Evidence from African Countries, Tunis: ADB.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘Critical consumer education: empowering the low-literate consumer’, Journal of Macromarketing 25(2): 153–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146705280626>.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘The low literate consumer’, Journal of Consumer Research 32: 93–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429603>.

Arvin-Rad, H., Basu, A.K. and Willumsen, M. (2010) Economic Reform, Informal-Formal Sector Linkages and Intervention in the Informal Sector in Developing Countries: A Paradox, Bonn, Germany: IZA.

AgriProFocus (2014) Farmer Entrepreneurship for Inclusive Green Growth, Arnhem, The Netherlands: AgriProFocus.

Allen, J.C. and Malin, S. (2008) ‘Green entrepreneurship: A method for managing natural resources?’ Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal 21(9): 828–44 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920701612917>.

Aryeety, E. (2008) The Informal Economy, Economic Growth and Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium.

BOP Global Network (2013) Raising the Base of the Pyramid through Enterprise: Innovative Case Studies of BoP Ventures and Initiatives, Barcelona, Spain: BOP Global Network.

Carillo, M.R. and Pugno, M. (2002) The Underground Economy and the Underdevelopment Trap, Trento, Italy: University of Trento.

Chambwera, M., MacGregor, J. and Baker, A. (2011) The Informal Economy, London: IIED.

Confederation of Danish Industries (DI) (2007) Working with the Bottom of the Pyramid, Copenhagen: DI.

Crush, J. and Frayne, B. (2011) ‘Supermarket expansion and the informal food economy in southern African cities: implications for urban food security’, Journal of Southern African Studies 37(4): 781–807 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2011.617532>.

Decron, S. (2014) ‘Is green growth good for the poor?’ The World Bank Research Observer 29: 163–85.

Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) (2009) Business Environment Reforms and the Informal Economy, Paris: DCED.

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2010) Measurement of Informal Sector and Informal Employment in St. Lucia, Santiago, Chile: ECLAC.

Eggenberger-Argote, N. (2005) Informal Sector and Poverty Reduction, Richterswil, Switzerland: Gerster Consulting

Equality For Growth (EFG) (2009) Baselines Survey of Female Entrepreneurs in Temek, Kinondoni and Ilala Districts of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: EFG.

FAO (2013) Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed and as Substrates for Other Generation of Value Added Products, Bangkok: FAO.

FAO (2007) Promises and Challenges of the Informal Food Sector in Developing Countries, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2001) Workers in the Urban Informal Food Sector: Innovative Organizing Strategies, Rome: FAO

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) (2012) ‘Small scale enterprises and informal sector’, African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety 22(2).

Frey, B.S. and Schneider, F. (2000) ‘Informal and underground economy’, in O. Ashenfelter (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioral Science, Bd 12, Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Garcia-Bolivar, O.E. (2006) Informal Economy: Is It a Problem, a Solution or Both? The Perspective of the Informal Business, Law and Economics Paper, Chicago, IL: Northwestern University School of Law.

Garrette, B. and Karnani, A. (2010) ‘Challenges in marketing socially useful goods to the poor’, California Management Review 52(4): 29–47 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2010.52.4.29>.

GIZ (2011) The Economics of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

GTZ (2006) Formalization of Informal Enterprises: Economic Growth and Poverty, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ.

GTZ (2010) Reducing the Red Tape: A Facilitation and Management Manual, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28–33.

Hitimana, L., Allen, T. and Heinrigs, P. (2011) Informal Economy and Food Security, West African Futures No. 6, Paris: SWAC/OECD.

IFC and WSI (2007) The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, Washington, DC: IFC and WSI

International Labour Organization (ILO) (2013) Measuring Informality: A Statistical Manual on the Informal Sector and Informal Employment, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2013) Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture, 2nd edition, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2011) The Cooperative Enterprise as a Practical Option for the Formalization of the Informal Economy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: ILO Cooperative Facility for Africa.

ILO (2009) The Informal Economy in AFRICA: Promoting Transition to Formality: Challenges and Strategies, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2007) The Informal Economy: Enabling Transition to Formalization, Geneva: ILO.

Jaiswal, A.K. (2008) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: An Alternate Perspective, Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management.

Jha, M. (2010) ‘Opportunities, challenges and marketing strategy for serving bottom of the pyramid market’, Journal of Research in Commerce and Management 2(2): 117–25.

Karnani, A. (2007) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Mirage. How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty, Detroit: University of Michigan

Khadiullina, G., Shurkina, E. and Svirina, A. (2013) ‘Informal economy dynamics as an important factor defining level of social unease’, Journal of Economic Studies and Research 2013: 1–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5171/2013.720741>.

Khor, M. (2011) ‘Challenges of the green economy concept and policies in the context of sustainable development, poverty and equity’, in UN-DESA, UNEP and UNCTAD (eds), The Transition to a Green Economy: Benefits, Challenges and Risks from a Sustainable Development Perspective, report by a Panel of Experts to Second Preparatory Committee Meeting for United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.

Kinyanjui, M.N. (2010) Social Relations and Associations in the Informal Sector in Kenya, Social Policy and Development paper no. 43, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Kotler, P., Roberto, N. and Leisner, T. (2006) ‘Alleviating poverty: a macro/micro marketing perspective’, Journal of Macromarketing 26: 233–9 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146706291039>.

Krauel, H. and Montgomery, J. (2010) Sales at the bottom of the pyramid, acumen fund

London, T. and Hart, S.L. (2004) ‘Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model’, Journal of International Business Studies 35(5): 350–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400099>.

Majumder, M. (2012) ‘A critical approach in understanding bottom of the pyramid propositions’, Journal of Management & Public Policy 3(2): 18–25.

Medina, M. (2008) ‘The informal recycling sector in developing countries’, Gridlines, Note No. 44, Washington, DC: Public–Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility.

Nataraj, B. (2012) Entrepreneurial Impacts of Informal Fast Food Sector in Bangalore, India, dissertation, The Hague, The Netherlands: International Institute of Social Sciences.

Ndumbaro, F.G.J. (2014) ‘Understanding spatial distribution of informal sector activities for income poverty alleviation: the case of Iringa municipality, Tanzania’, International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology 4(2): 98–105.

Nelson, E.G. and De Bruin, E.J. (2005) ‘The voluntary formalization of enterprises in a developing economy: the case of Tanzania’, Journal of International Development 17: 575–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1176>.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2013) Putting Green Growth at the Heart of Development: Summary for Policymakers, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2012) Green Growth and Developing Countries: A Summary for Policy Makers, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2011) Towards a Better Understanding of the Informal Economy, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2011) ‘Measuring green entrepreneurship’, in Entrepreneurship at a Glance, Paris: OECD.

Paswan, A.K. and Tran, T.P. (2011) ‘Vietnam and entrepreneurial private enterprises: a macromarketing perspective’, Journal of Macromarketing 31(1): 18–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146711424159>.

Pervez, T., Maritz, A. and de Waal, A. (2013) ‘Innovation and social entrepreneurship at the bottom of the pyramid: a conceptual framework’, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 16: 54–66.

Prahalad, C.K. (2010) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradication Poverty through Profits, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Prahalad, C.K. and Hart, S.L. (2002) ‘The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid’, Strategy and Business 26: 1–14.

Ramani, S.V., Thutupalli, A., Medovarszki, T., Chattopadhyay, S. and Ravichandran, V. (2013) Women Entrepreneurs in the Informal Economy: Is Formalization the Only Solution for Business Sustainability? Working Paper, Maastricht, Netherlands: UNU-Merit.

Ratner, S. (2000) The Informal Economy in Rural Community Economic Development, Knoxville, TN: TVA Rural Studies Programme.

Restrepo-Echavarría, P. (2014) Macro-economic Volatility: The Role of the Informal Economy, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

Roever, S., Sinha, S. and Dias, S. (2011) ‘Informal economic sector livelihood profiles’, in C. Skinner (ed.), AAPS Planning Education Toolkit: The Informal Economy, Cape Town: Association of African Planning Schools.

Santos, N.J.C. and Laczniak, G.R. (2012) ‘Marketing to the base of the pyramid: a corporate responsibility approach with case inspired strategies’, Business and Politics 14(1): article 4.

Schneider, F. (2011) The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labour Force: What Do We (Not) Know? Bonn: IZA.

Shear, B.W. (2014) ‘Making the green economy: politics, desire and economic possibility’, Journal of Political Ecology 21: 193–209.

Sheth, J.N., Sethia, N.K. and Srinivas, S. (2011) ‘Mindful consumption: a customer-centric approach to sustainability’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 39: 21–39.

Sida (2004) The Informal Economy, Stockholm: Sida.

Simanis, E. and Hart, S.L. (2008) The Base of the Pyramid Protocol: Toward Next Generation BoP Strategy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

Singh, A., Jain-Chandra, S. and Mohommad, A. (2012) Inclusive Growth, Institutions and the Underground Economy, IMF working paper, Washington, DC: IMF.

Skinner, C. (ed.) (2011) AAPS Planning Education Toolkit: The Informal Economy, Cape Town: Association of African Planning Schools.

Slavova, M., Heuer, A. and Agster, R. (2015) Growing Green and Inclusive Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development in South Africa, Berlin: SEED.

Sparks, D.L. (2010) ‘The informal sector in sub-Saharan Africa: out of the shadows to foster sustainable employment and equity?’ International Business & Economics Research Journal 9(5): 1–11.

SwitchMed (2015) Create your Green Business: The Handbook for Green Entrepreneurs in the Mediterranean, Barcelona: SwitchMed.

SYNDICOOP (2004) ‘How to work as an extension worker to organize workers in the informal economy’, Proceedings of the SYNDICOOP Staff Training Workshop, 19–22 October 2004.

Tokman, V.E. (2007) Modernizing the Informal Sector, UN DESA Working Paper No. 42, New York: UN DESA.

UNECA (2010) ‘Informal trade in Africa’, in Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.

USAID (2013) Informal Economy, Washington, DC: USAID.

Van der Heijden, T. (2012) Making the Informal Economy Visible: Guidelines for Municipalities in Respect of Adopting a More Developmental Approach towards the Formal Economy, Pretoria: South African Local Government Association.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S., Ritchie, R., Venugopal, S. and Jung, K. (2012) ‘Marketing interactions in subsistence marketplaces: a bottom-up approach to designing public policy’, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31: 159–77 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.11.049>.

Vorley, B. (2013) ‘Markets for the many rather than the few’, Rural 21 February 2013: 28–29.

Voveryte, J. (2011) Are Bottom of the Pyramid Strategies Scalable? Hec Paris.

WABA (2003) ‘How to support women in the informal economy to combine their productive and reproductive roles’, Section 9, in Maternity Protection Campaign Kit, Penang, Malaysia: WABA.

WBCSD (2004) Doing Business with the Poor: A Field Guide, Switzerland: WBCSD.

WEF (2009) The Next Billions: Unleashing Business Potential in Untapped Markets, Geneva: WEF.

Westlake, M. (2014) Developing Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands, Rome: CTA and FAO

Westlake, M. (2014) Opportunities for Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in ACP Countries, Rome: CTA and FAO

WIEGO (2013) Informal Workers in Global Horticulture and Commodities Value Chains: A Review of Literature, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2013) Unlocking the Informal Economy: A Literature Review on Linkages between Formal and Informal Economies in Developing Countries, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) Urban Informal Workers and the Green Economy, Cambridge, MA: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) The Informal Economy: Definitions, Theories and Policies, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) Informal Sector Integration and High Performance Recycling: Evidence from 20 Cities, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

World Bank (2007) Informality: Exit and Exclusion, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2009) Informality, Enterprise Note No. 5, Washington, DC: World Bank.

WRI (2005) The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty, Washington, DC: WRI.

WRI (2012) The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, Washington, DC: WRI.

Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.

Benson, E. (2014) Informal and Green? The Forgotten Voice in the Transition to a Green Economy, London: IIED.

Brown, D., McGranahan, G. and Dodman, D. (2014) Urban Informality and Building a More Inclusive, Resilient and Green Economy, London: IIED.

De Pozo-Vergnes, E. (2013) From Survival to Competition: Informality in Agrifood Markets in Countries under Transition, The case of Peru, London: IIED.

FAO (2003) The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support and Polices for Operators, Food in Cities collection no. 4, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2014) ‘Green food value chain development concept note’, M. Hilmi in FAO (2015) Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

GIZ (2011) Recovering Resources, Creating Opportunities: Integrating the Informal Sector into Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

Prahalad, C.K. (2011) ‘Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations’, Journal of Production Innovation Management 29(1): 6–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x>.

Rangan, V.K. (2011) ‘The globe: segmenting the base of the pyramid’, Harvard Business Review 89(6): 113–7.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2013) Green Agricultural Value Chains for Improved Livelihoods in the Arab Region, Beirut: ESCWA.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2013) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Meat Processing Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

UNIDO (2014) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Asian Fruit and Vegetable Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S. and Ritchie, R. (2010) ‘Understanding consumption and entrepreneurship in subsistence marketplaces’, Journal of Business Research 63(6): 570–81.

Acheampong, G. and Espostio, M. (2014) ‘The nature of entrepreneurship in bottom of the pyramid markets’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 21(4): 437–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2014.062015>.

ADB (2012) Why Do Some Firms Abandon Formality for Informality? Evidence from African Countries, Tunis: ADB.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘Critical consumer education: empowering the low-literate consumer’, Journal of Macromarketing 25(2): 153–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146705280626>.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘The low literate consumer’, Journal of Consumer Research 32: 93–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429603>.

Arvin-Rad, H., Basu, A.K. and Willumsen, M. (2010) Economic Reform, Informal-Formal Sector Linkages and Intervention in the Informal Sector in Developing Countries: A Paradox, Bonn, Germany: IZA.

AgriProFocus (2014) Farmer Entrepreneurship for Inclusive Green Growth, Arnhem, The Netherlands: AgriProFocus.

Allen, J.C. and Malin, S. (2008) ‘Green entrepreneurship: A method for managing natural resources?’ Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal 21(9): 828–44 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920701612917>.

Aryeety, E. (2008) The Informal Economy, Economic Growth and Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium.

BOP Global Network (2013) Raising the Base of the Pyramid through Enterprise: Innovative Case Studies of BoP Ventures and Initiatives, Barcelona, Spain: BOP Global Network.

Carillo, M.R. and Pugno, M. (2002) The Underground Economy and the Underdevelopment Trap, Trento, Italy: University of Trento.

Chambwera, M., MacGregor, J. and Baker, A. (2011) The Informal Economy, London: IIED.

Confederation of Danish Industries (DI) (2007) Working with the Bottom of the Pyramid, Copenhagen: DI.

Crush, J. and Frayne, B. (2011) ‘Supermarket expansion and the informal food economy in southern African cities: implications for urban food security’, Journal of Southern African Studies 37(4): 781–807 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2011.617532>.

Decron, S. (2014) ‘Is green growth good for the poor?’ The World Bank Research Observer 29: 163–85.

Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) (2009) Business Environment Reforms and the Informal Economy, Paris: DCED.

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2010) Measurement of Informal Sector and Informal Employment in St. Lucia, Santiago, Chile: ECLAC.

Eggenberger-Argote, N. (2005) Informal Sector and Poverty Reduction, Richterswil, Switzerland: Gerster Consulting

Equality For Growth (EFG) (2009) Baselines Survey of Female Entrepreneurs in Temek, Kinondoni and Ilala Districts of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: EFG.

FAO (2013) Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed and as Substrates for Other Generation of Value Added Products, Bangkok: FAO.

FAO (2007) Promises and Challenges of the Informal Food Sector in Developing Countries, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2001) Workers in the Urban Informal Food Sector: Innovative Organizing Strategies, Rome: FAO

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) (2012) ‘Small scale enterprises and informal sector’, African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety 22(2).

Frey, B.S. and Schneider, F. (2000) ‘Informal and underground economy’, in O. Ashenfelter (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioral Science, Bd 12, Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Garcia-Bolivar, O.E. (2006) Informal Economy: Is It a Problem, a Solution or Both? The Perspective of the Informal Business, Law and Economics Paper, Chicago, IL: Northwestern University School of Law.

Garrette, B. and Karnani, A. (2010) ‘Challenges in marketing socially useful goods to the poor’, California Management Review 52(4): 29–47 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2010.52.4.29>.

GIZ (2011) The Economics of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

GTZ (2006) Formalization of Informal Enterprises: Economic Growth and Poverty, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ.

GTZ (2010) Reducing the Red Tape: A Facilitation and Management Manual, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28–33.

Hitimana, L., Allen, T. and Heinrigs, P. (2011) Informal Economy and Food Security, West African Futures No. 6, Paris: SWAC/OECD.

IFC and WSI (2007) The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, Washington, DC: IFC and WSI

International Labour Organization (ILO) (2013) Measuring Informality: A Statistical Manual on the Informal Sector and Informal Employment, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2013) Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture, 2nd edition, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2011) The Cooperative Enterprise as a Practical Option for the Formalization of the Informal Economy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: ILO Cooperative Facility for Africa.

ILO (2009) The Informal Economy in AFRICA: Promoting Transition to Formality: Challenges and Strategies, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2007) The Informal Economy: Enabling Transition to Formalization, Geneva: ILO.

Jaiswal, A.K. (2008) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: An Alternate Perspective, Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management.

Jha, M. (2010) ‘Opportunities, challenges and marketing strategy for serving bottom of the pyramid market’, Journal of Research in Commerce and Management 2(2): 117–25.

Karnani, A. (2007) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Mirage. How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty, Detroit: University of Michigan

Khadiullina, G., Shurkina, E. and Svirina, A. (2013) ‘Informal economy dynamics as an important factor defining level of social unease’, Journal of Economic Studies and Research 2013: 1–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5171/2013.720741>.

Khor, M. (2011) ‘Challenges of the green economy concept and policies in the context of sustainable development, poverty and equity’, in UN-DESA, UNEP and UNCTAD (eds), The Transition to a Green Economy: Benefits, Challenges and Risks from a Sustainable Development Perspective, report by a Panel of Experts to Second Preparatory Committee Meeting for United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.

Kinyanjui, M.N. (2010) Social Relations and Associations in the Informal Sector in Kenya, Social Policy and Development paper no. 43, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Kotler, P., Roberto, N. and Leisner, T. (2006) ‘Alleviating poverty: a macro/micro marketing perspective’, Journal of Macromarketing 26: 233–9 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146706291039>.

Krauel, H. and Montgomery, J. (2010) Sales at the bottom of the pyramid, acumen fund

London, T. and Hart, S.L. (2004) ‘Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model’, Journal of International Business Studies 35(5): 350–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400099>.

Majumder, M. (2012) ‘A critical approach in understanding bottom of the pyramid propositions’, Journal of Management & Public Policy 3(2): 18–25.

Medina, M. (2008) ‘The informal recycling sector in developing countries’, Gridlines, Note No. 44, Washington, DC: Public–Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility.

Nataraj, B. (2012) Entrepreneurial Impacts of Informal Fast Food Sector in Bangalore, India, dissertation, The Hague, The Netherlands: International Institute of Social Sciences.

Ndumbaro, F.G.J. (2014) ‘Understanding spatial distribution of informal sector activities for income poverty alleviation: the case of Iringa municipality, Tanzania’, International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology 4(2): 98–105.

Nelson, E.G. and De Bruin, E.J. (2005) ‘The voluntary formalization of enterprises in a developing economy: the case of Tanzania’, Journal of International Development 17: 575–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1176>.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2013) Putting Green Growth at the Heart of Development: Summary for Policymakers, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2012) Green Growth and Developing Countries: A Summary for Policy Makers, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2011) Towards a Better Understanding of the Informal Economy, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2011) ‘Measuring green entrepreneurship’, in Entrepreneurship at a Glance, Paris: OECD.

Paswan, A.K. and Tran, T.P. (2011) ‘Vietnam and entrepreneurial private enterprises: a macromarketing perspective’, Journal of Macromarketing 31(1): 18–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146711424159>.

Pervez, T., Maritz, A. and de Waal, A. (2013) ‘Innovation and social entrepreneurship at the bottom of the pyramid: a conceptual framework’, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 16: 54–66.

Prahalad, C.K. (2010) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradication Poverty through Profits, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Prahalad, C.K. and Hart, S.L. (2002) ‘The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid’, Strategy and Business 26: 1–14.

Ramani, S.V., Thutupalli, A., Medovarszki, T., Chattopadhyay, S. and Ravichandran, V. (2013) Women Entrepreneurs in the Informal Economy: Is Formalization the Only Solution for Business Sustainability? Working Paper, Maastricht, Netherlands: UNU-Merit.

Ratner, S. (2000) The Informal Economy in Rural Community Economic Development, Knoxville, TN: TVA Rural Studies Programme.

Restrepo-Echavarría, P. (2014) Macro-economic Volatility: The Role of the Informal Economy, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

Roever, S., Sinha, S. and Dias, S. (2011) ‘Informal economic sector livelihood profiles’, in C. Skinner (ed.), AAPS Planning Education Toolkit: The Informal Economy, Cape Town: Association of African Planning Schools.

Santos, N.J.C. and Laczniak, G.R. (2012) ‘Marketing to the base of the pyramid: a corporate responsibility approach with case inspired strategies’, Business and Politics 14(1): article 4.

Schneider, F. (2011) The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labour Force: What Do We (Not) Know? Bonn: IZA.

Shear, B.W. (2014) ‘Making the green economy: politics, desire and economic possibility’, Journal of Political Ecology 21: 193–209.

Sheth, J.N., Sethia, N.K. and Srinivas, S. (2011) ‘Mindful consumption: a customer-centric approach to sustainability’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 39: 21–39.

Sida (2004) The Informal Economy, Stockholm: Sida.

Simanis, E. and Hart, S.L. (2008) The Base of the Pyramid Protocol: Toward Next Generation BoP Strategy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

Singh, A., Jain-Chandra, S. and Mohommad, A. (2012) Inclusive Growth, Institutions and the Underground Economy, IMF working paper, Washington, DC: IMF.

Skinner, C. (ed.) (2011) AAPS Planning Education Toolkit: The Informal Economy, Cape Town: Association of African Planning Schools.

Slavova, M., Heuer, A. and Agster, R. (2015) Growing Green and Inclusive Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development in South Africa, Berlin: SEED.

Sparks, D.L. (2010) ‘The informal sector in sub-Saharan Africa: out of the shadows to foster sustainable employment and equity?’ International Business & Economics Research Journal 9(5): 1–11.

SwitchMed (2015) Create your Green Business: The Handbook for Green Entrepreneurs in the Mediterranean, Barcelona: SwitchMed.

SYNDICOOP (2004) ‘How to work as an extension worker to organize workers in the informal economy’, Proceedings of the SYNDICOOP Staff Training Workshop, 19–22 October 2004.

Tokman, V.E. (2007) Modernizing the Informal Sector, UN DESA Working Paper No. 42, New York: UN DESA.

UNECA (2010) ‘Informal trade in Africa’, in Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.

USAID (2013) Informal Economy, Washington, DC: USAID.

Van der Heijden, T. (2012) Making the Informal Economy Visible: Guidelines for Municipalities in Respect of Adopting a More Developmental Approach towards the Formal Economy, Pretoria: South African Local Government Association.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S., Ritchie, R., Venugopal, S. and Jung, K. (2012) ‘Marketing interactions in subsistence marketplaces: a bottom-up approach to designing public policy’, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31: 159–77 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.11.049>.

Vorley, B. (2013) ‘Markets for the many rather than the few’, Rural 21 February 2013: 28–29.

Voveryte, J. (2011) Are Bottom of the Pyramid Strategies Scalable? Hec Paris.

WABA (2003) ‘How to support women in the informal economy to combine their productive and reproductive roles’, Section 9, in Maternity Protection Campaign Kit, Penang, Malaysia: WABA.

WBCSD (2004) Doing Business with the Poor: A Field Guide, Switzerland: WBCSD.

WEF (2009) The Next Billions: Unleashing Business Potential in Untapped Markets, Geneva: WEF.

Westlake, M. (2014) Developing Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands, Rome: CTA and FAO

Westlake, M. (2014) Opportunities for Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in ACP Countries, Rome: CTA and FAO

WIEGO (2013) Informal Workers in Global Horticulture and Commodities Value Chains: A Review of Literature, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2013) Unlocking the Informal Economy: A Literature Review on Linkages between Formal and Informal Economies in Developing Countries, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) Urban Informal Workers and the Green Economy, Cambridge, MA: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) The Informal Economy: Definitions, Theories and Policies, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) Informal Sector Integration and High Performance Recycling: Evidence from 20 Cities, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

World Bank (2007) Informality: Exit and Exclusion, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2009) Informality, Enterprise Note No. 5, Washington, DC: World Bank.

WRI (2005) The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty, Washington, DC: WRI.

WRI (2012) The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, Washington, DC: WRI.

Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.

Benson, E. (2014) Informal and Green? The Forgotten Voice in the Transition to a Green Economy, London: IIED.

Brown, D., McGranahan, G. and Dodman, D. (2014) Urban Informality and Building a More Inclusive, Resilient and Green Economy, London: IIED.

De Pozo-Vergnes, E. (2013) From Survival to Competition: Informality in Agrifood Markets in Countries under Transition, The case of Peru, London: IIED.

FAO (2003) The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support and Polices for Operators, Food in Cities collection no. 4, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2014) ‘Green food value chain development concept note’, M. Hilmi in FAO (2015) Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

GIZ (2011) Recovering Resources, Creating Opportunities: Integrating the Informal Sector into Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

Prahalad, C.K. (2011) ‘Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations’, Journal of Production Innovation Management 29(1): 6–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x>.

Rangan, V.K. (2011) ‘The globe: segmenting the base of the pyramid’, Harvard Business Review 89(6): 113–7.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2013) Green Agricultural Value Chains for Improved Livelihoods in the Arab Region, Beirut: ESCWA.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2013) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Meat Processing Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

UNIDO (2014) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Asian Fruit and Vegetable Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S. and Ritchie, R. (2010) ‘Understanding consumption and entrepreneurship in subsistence marketplaces’, Journal of Business Research 63(6): 570–81.

Acheampong, G. and Espostio, M. (2014) ‘The nature of entrepreneurship in bottom of the pyramid markets’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 21(4): 437–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2014.062015>.

ADB (2012) Why Do Some Firms Abandon Formality for Informality? Evidence from African Countries, Tunis: ADB.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘Critical consumer education: empowering the low-literate consumer’, Journal of Macromarketing 25(2): 153–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146705280626>.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘The low literate consumer’, Journal of Consumer Research 32: 93–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429603>.

Arvin-Rad, H., Basu, A.K. and Willumsen, M. (2010) Economic Reform, Informal-Formal Sector Linkages and Intervention in the Informal Sector in Developing Countries: A Paradox, Bonn, Germany: IZA.

AgriProFocus (2014) Farmer Entrepreneurship for Inclusive Green Growth, Arnhem, The Netherlands: AgriProFocus.

Allen, J.C. and Malin, S. (2008) ‘Green entrepreneurship: A method for managing natural resources?’ Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal 21(9): 828–44 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920701612917>.

Aryeety, E. (2008) The Informal Economy, Economic Growth and Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium.

BOP Global Network (2013) Raising the Base of the Pyramid through Enterprise: Innovative Case Studies of BoP Ventures and Initiatives, Barcelona, Spain: BOP Global Network.

Carillo, M.R. and Pugno, M. (2002) The Underground Economy and the Underdevelopment Trap, Trento, Italy: University of Trento.

Chambwera, M., MacGregor, J. and Baker, A. (2011) The Informal Economy, London: IIED.

Confederation of Danish Industries (DI) (2007) Working with the Bottom of the Pyramid, Copenhagen: DI.

Crush, J. and Frayne, B. (2011) ‘Supermarket expansion and the informal food economy in southern African cities: implications for urban food security’, Journal of Southern African Studies 37(4): 781–807 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2011.617532>.

Decron, S. (2014) ‘Is green growth good for the poor?’ The World Bank Research Observer 29: 163–85.

Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) (2009) Business Environment Reforms and the Informal Economy, Paris: DCED.

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2010) Measurement of Informal Sector and Informal Employment in St. Lucia, Santiago, Chile: ECLAC.

Eggenberger-Argote, N. (2005) Informal Sector and Poverty Reduction, Richterswil, Switzerland: Gerster Consulting

Equality For Growth (EFG) (2009) Baselines Survey of Female Entrepreneurs in Temek, Kinondoni and Ilala Districts of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: EFG.

FAO (2013) Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed and as Substrates for Other Generation of Value Added Products, Bangkok: FAO.

FAO (2007) Promises and Challenges of the Informal Food Sector in Developing Countries, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2001) Workers in the Urban Informal Food Sector: Innovative Organizing Strategies, Rome: FAO

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) (2012) ‘Small scale enterprises and informal sector’, African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety 22(2).

Frey, B.S. and Schneider, F. (2000) ‘Informal and underground economy’, in O. Ashenfelter (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioral Science, Bd 12, Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Garcia-Bolivar, O.E. (2006) Informal Economy: Is It a Problem, a Solution or Both? The Perspective of the Informal Business, Law and Economics Paper, Chicago, IL: Northwestern University School of Law.

Garrette, B. and Karnani, A. (2010) ‘Challenges in marketing socially useful goods to the poor’, California Management Review 52(4): 29–47 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2010.52.4.29>.

GIZ (2011) The Economics of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

GTZ (2006) Formalization of Informal Enterprises: Economic Growth and Poverty, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ.

GTZ (2010) Reducing the Red Tape: A Facilitation and Management Manual, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28–33.

Hitimana, L., Allen, T. and Heinrigs, P. (2011) Informal Economy and Food Security, West African Futures No. 6, Paris: SWAC/OECD.

IFC and WSI (2007) The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, Washington, DC: IFC and WSI

International Labour Organization (ILO) (2013) Measuring Informality: A Statistical Manual on the Informal Sector and Informal Employment, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2013) Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture, 2nd edition, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2011) The Cooperative Enterprise as a Practical Option for the Formalization of the Informal Economy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: ILO Cooperative Facility for Africa.

ILO (2009) The Informal Economy in AFRICA: Promoting Transition to Formality: Challenges and Strategies, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2007) The Informal Economy: Enabling Transition to Formalization, Geneva: ILO.

Jaiswal, A.K. (2008) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: An Alternate Perspective, Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management.

Jha, M. (2010) ‘Opportunities, challenges and marketing strategy for serving bottom of the pyramid market’, Journal of Research in Commerce and Management 2(2): 117–25.

Karnani, A. (2007) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Mirage. How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty, Detroit: University of Michigan

Khadiullina, G., Shurkina, E. and Svirina, A. (2013) ‘Informal economy dynamics as an important factor defining level of social unease’, Journal of Economic Studies and Research 2013: 1–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5171/2013.720741>.

Khor, M. (2011) ‘Challenges of the green economy concept and policies in the context of sustainable development, poverty and equity’, in UN-DESA, UNEP and UNCTAD (eds), The Transition to a Green Economy: Benefits, Challenges and Risks from a Sustainable Development Perspective, report by a Panel of Experts to Second Preparatory Committee Meeting for United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.

Kinyanjui, M.N. (2010) Social Relations and Associations in the Informal Sector in Kenya, Social Policy and Development paper no. 43, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Kotler, P., Roberto, N. and Leisner, T. (2006) ‘Alleviating poverty: a macro/micro marketing perspective’, Journal of Macromarketing 26: 233–9 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146706291039>.

Krauel, H. and Montgomery, J. (2010) Sales at the bottom of the pyramid, acumen fund

London, T. and Hart, S.L. (2004) ‘Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model’, Journal of International Business Studies 35(5): 350–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400099>.

Majumder, M. (2012) ‘A critical approach in understanding bottom of the pyramid propositions’, Journal of Management & Public Policy 3(2): 18–25.

Medina, M. (2008) ‘The informal recycling sector in developing countries’, Gridlines, Note No. 44, Washington, DC: Public–Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility.

Nataraj, B. (2012) Entrepreneurial Impacts of Informal Fast Food Sector in Bangalore, India, dissertation, The Hague, The Netherlands: International Institute of Social Sciences.

Ndumbaro, F.G.J. (2014) ‘Understanding spatial distribution of informal sector activities for income poverty alleviation: the case of Iringa municipality, Tanzania’, International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology 4(2): 98–105.

Nelson, E.G. and De Bruin, E.J. (2005) ‘The voluntary formalization of enterprises in a developing economy: the case of Tanzania’, Journal of International Development 17: 575–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1176>.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2013) Putting Green Growth at the Heart of Development: Summary for Policymakers, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2012) Green Growth and Developing Countries: A Summary for Policy Makers, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2011) Towards a Better Understanding of the Informal Economy, Paris: OECD.

OECD (2011) ‘Measuring green entrepreneurship’, in Entrepreneurship at a Glance, Paris: OECD.

Paswan, A.K. and Tran, T.P. (2011) ‘Vietnam and entrepreneurial private enterprises: a macromarketing perspective’, Journal of Macromarketing 31(1): 18–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146711424159>.

Pervez, T., Maritz, A. and de Waal, A. (2013) ‘Innovation and social entrepreneurship at the bottom of the pyramid: a conceptual framework’, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 16: 54–66.

Prahalad, C.K. (2010) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradication Poverty through Profits, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Prahalad, C.K. and Hart, S.L. (2002) ‘The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid’, Strategy and Business 26: 1–14.

Ramani, S.V., Thutupalli, A., Medovarszki, T., Chattopadhyay, S. and Ravichandran, V. (2013) Women Entrepreneurs in the Informal Economy: Is Formalization the Only Solution for Business Sustainability? Working Paper, Maastricht, Netherlands: UNU-Merit.

Ratner, S. (2000) The Informal Economy in Rural Community Economic Development, Knoxville, TN: TVA Rural Studies Programme.

Restrepo-Echavarría, P. (2014) Macro-economic Volatility: The Role of the Informal Economy, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

Roever, S., Sinha, S. and Dias, S. (2011) ‘Informal economic sector livelihood profiles’, in C. Skinner (ed.), AAPS Planning Education Toolkit: The Informal Economy, Cape Town: Association of African Planning Schools.

Santos, N.J.C. and Laczniak, G.R. (2012) ‘Marketing to the base of the pyramid: a corporate responsibility approach with case inspired strategies’, Business and Politics 14(1): article 4.

Schneider, F. (2011) The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labour Force: What Do We (Not) Know? Bonn: IZA.

Shear, B.W. (2014) ‘Making the green economy: politics, desire and economic possibility’, Journal of Political Ecology 21: 193–209.

Sheth, J.N., Sethia, N.K. and Srinivas, S. (2011) ‘Mindful consumption: a customer-centric approach to sustainability’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 39: 21–39.

Sida (2004) The Informal Economy, Stockholm: Sida.

Simanis, E. and Hart, S.L. (2008) The Base of the Pyramid Protocol: Toward Next Generation BoP Strategy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

Singh, A., Jain-Chandra, S. and Mohommad, A. (2012) Inclusive Growth, Institutions and the Underground Economy, IMF working paper, Washington, DC: IMF.

Skinner, C. (ed.) (2011) AAPS Planning Education Toolkit: The Informal Economy, Cape Town: Association of African Planning Schools.

Slavova, M., Heuer, A. and Agster, R. (2015) Growing Green and Inclusive Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development in South Africa, Berlin: SEED.

Sparks, D.L. (2010) ‘The informal sector in sub-Saharan Africa: out of the shadows to foster sustainable employment and equity?’ International Business & Economics Research Journal 9(5): 1–11.

SwitchMed (2015) Create your Green Business: The Handbook for Green Entrepreneurs in the Mediterranean, Barcelona: SwitchMed.

SYNDICOOP (2004) ‘How to work as an extension worker to organize workers in the informal economy’, Proceedings of the SYNDICOOP Staff Training Workshop, 19–22 October 2004.

Tokman, V.E. (2007) Modernizing the Informal Sector, UN DESA Working Paper No. 42, New York: UN DESA.

UNECA (2010) ‘Informal trade in Africa’, in Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.

USAID (2013) Informal Economy, Washington, DC: USAID.

Van der Heijden, T. (2012) Making the Informal Economy Visible: Guidelines for Municipalities in Respect of Adopting a More Developmental Approach towards the Formal Economy, Pretoria: South African Local Government Association.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S., Ritchie, R., Venugopal, S. and Jung, K. (2012) ‘Marketing interactions in subsistence marketplaces: a bottom-up approach to designing public policy’, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31: 159–77 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.11.049>.

Vorley, B. (2013) ‘Markets for the many rather than the few’, Rural 21 February 2013: 28–29.

Voveryte, J. (2011) Are Bottom of the Pyramid Strategies Scalable? Hec Paris.

WABA (2003) ‘How to support women in the informal economy to combine their productive and reproductive roles’, Section 9, in Maternity Protection Campaign Kit, Penang, Malaysia: WABA.

WBCSD (2004) Doing Business with the Poor: A Field Guide, Switzerland: WBCSD.

WEF (2009) The Next Billions: Unleashing Business Potential in Untapped Markets, Geneva: WEF.

Westlake, M. (2014) Developing Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands, Rome: CTA and FAO

Westlake, M. (2014) Opportunities for Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in ACP Countries, Rome: CTA and FAO

WIEGO (2013) Informal Workers in Global Horticulture and Commodities Value Chains: A Review of Literature, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2013) Unlocking the Informal Economy: A Literature Review on Linkages between Formal and Informal Economies in Developing Countries, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) Urban Informal Workers and the Green Economy, Cambridge, MA: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) The Informal Economy: Definitions, Theories and Policies, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

WIEGO (2012) Informal Sector Integration and High Performance Recycling: Evidence from 20 Cities, Manchester, UK: WIEGO.

World Bank (2007) Informality: Exit and Exclusion, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2009) Informality, Enterprise Note No. 5, Washington, DC: World Bank.

WRI (2005) The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty, Washington, DC: WRI.

WRI (2012) The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, Washington, DC: WRI.

Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.

Benson, E. (2014) Informal and Green? The Forgotten Voice in the Transition to a Green Economy, London: IIED.

Brown, D., McGranahan, G. and Dodman, D. (2014) Urban Informality and Building a More Inclusive, Resilient and Green Economy, London: IIED.

De Pozo-Vergnes, E. (2013) From Survival to Competition: Informality in Agrifood Markets in Countries under Transition, The case of Peru, London: IIED.

FAO (2003) The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support and Polices for Operators, Food in Cities collection no. 4, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2014) ‘Green food value chain development concept note’, M. Hilmi in FAO (2015) Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

GIZ (2011) Recovering Resources, Creating Opportunities: Integrating the Informal Sector into Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

Prahalad, C.K. (2011) ‘Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations’, Journal of Production Innovation Management 29(1): 6–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x>.

Rangan, V.K. (2011) ‘The globe: segmenting the base of the pyramid’, Harvard Business Review 89(6): 113–7.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2013) Green Agricultural Value Chains for Improved Livelihoods in the Arab Region, Beirut: ESCWA.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2013) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Meat Processing Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

UNIDO (2014) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Asian Fruit and Vegetable Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S. and Ritchie, R. (2010) ‘Understanding consumption and entrepreneurship in subsistence marketplaces’, Journal of Business Research 63(6): 570–81.

Acheampong, G. and Espostio, M. (2014) ‘The nature of entrepreneurship in bottom of the pyramid markets’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 21(4): 437–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2014.062015>.

ADB (2012) Why Do Some Firms Abandon Formality for Informality? Evidence from African Countries, Tunis: ADB.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘Critical consumer education: empowering the low-literate consumer’, Journal of Macromarketing 25(2): 153–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146705280626>.

Adkins, N.R. and Ozanne, J.L. (2005) ‘The low literate consumer’, Journal of Consumer Research 32: 93–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429603>.

Arvin-Rad, H., Basu, A.K. and Willumsen, M. (2010) Economic Reform, Informal-Formal Sector Linkages and Intervention in the Informal Sector in Developing Countries: A Paradox, Bonn, Germany: IZA.

AgriProFocus (2014) Farmer Entrepreneurship for Inclusive Green Growth, Arnhem, The Netherlands: AgriProFocus.

Allen, J.C. and Malin, S. (2008) ‘Green entrepreneurship: A method for managing natural resources?’ Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal 21(9): 828–44 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920701612917>.

Aryeety, E. (2008) The Informal Economy, Economic Growth and Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium.

BOP Global Network (2013) Raising the Base of the Pyramid through Enterprise: Innovative Case Studies of BoP Ventures and Initiatives, Barcelona, Spain: BOP Global Network.

Carillo, M.R. and Pugno, M. (2002) The Underground Economy and the Underdevelopment Trap, Trento, Italy: University of Trento.

Chambwera, M., MacGregor, J. and Baker, A. (2011) The Informal Economy, London: IIED.

Confederation of Danish Industries (DI) (2007) Working with the Bottom of the Pyramid, Copenhagen: DI.

Crush, J. and Frayne, B. (2011) ‘Supermarket expansion and the informal food economy in southern African cities: implications for urban food security’, Journal of Southern African Studies 37(4): 781–807 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2011.617532>.

Decron, S. (2014) ‘Is green growth good for the poor?’ The World Bank Research Observer 29: 163–85.

Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) (2009) Business Environment Reforms and the Informal Economy, Paris: DCED.

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2010) Measurement of Informal Sector and Informal Employment in St. Lucia, Santiago, Chile: ECLAC.

Eggenberger-Argote, N. (2005) Informal Sector and Poverty Reduction, Richterswil, Switzerland: Gerster Consulting

Equality For Growth (EFG) (2009) Baselines Survey of Female Entrepreneurs in Temek, Kinondoni and Ilala Districts of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: EFG.

FAO (2013) Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed and as Substrates for Other Generation of Value Added Products, Bangkok: FAO.

FAO (2007) Promises and Challenges of the Informal Food Sector in Developing Countries, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2001) Workers in the Urban Informal Food Sector: Innovative Organizing Strategies, Rome: FAO

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) (2012) ‘Small scale enterprises and informal sector’, African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety 22(2).

Frey, B.S. and Schneider, F. (2000) ‘Informal and underground economy’, in O. Ashenfelter (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioral Science, Bd 12, Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Garcia-Bolivar, O.E. (2006) Informal Economy: Is It a Problem, a Solution or Both? The Perspective of the Informal Business, Law and Economics Paper, Chicago, IL: Northwestern University School of Law.

Garrette, B. and Karnani, A. (2010) ‘Challenges in marketing socially useful goods to the poor’, California Management Review 52(4): 29–47 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2010.52.4.29>.

GIZ (2011) The Economics of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste Management, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

GTZ (2006) Formalization of Informal Enterprises: Economic Growth and Poverty, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ.

GTZ (2010) Reducing the Red Tape: A Facilitation and Management Manual, Eschborn, Germany: GTZ

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28–33.

Hitimana, L., Allen, T. and Heinrigs, P. (2011) Informal Economy and Food Security, West African Futures No. 6, Paris: SWAC/OECD.

IFC and WSI (2007) The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, Washington, DC: IFC and WSI

International Labour Organization (ILO) (2013) Measuring Informality: A Statistical Manual on the Informal Sector and Informal Employment, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2013) Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture, 2nd edition, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2011) The Cooperative Enterprise as a Practical Option for the Formalization of the Informal Economy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: ILO Cooperative Facility for Africa.

ILO (2009) The Informal Economy in AFRICA: Promoting Transition to Formality: Challenges and Strategies, Geneva: ILO.

ILO (2007) The Informal Economy: Enabling Transition to Formalization, Geneva: ILO.

Jaiswal, A.K. (2008) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: An Alternate Perspective, Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management.

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