The aim of this paper is to critique a poverty reduction programme in the highlands of Kenya involving value chain development with 250 small-scale farmers. The paper will address how the knowledge derived from this project might be utilized to ensure the enhanced long-term sustainability of similar schemes in isolated rural areas. Literature relating to the implementation of rural poverty reduction initiatives will be integrated with the narrative of the project, the objectives of which were to support social, economic, and ecologically sound modes of production leading to a reduction in local rural poverty. A final section will relate these themes to some project-specific and transferable recommendations about the delivery of value chain projects with a particular focus on the concepts of governance, gender, and trust which are seen as central to the management of rural development projects.

Bacon, C. (2005) ‘Confronting the coffee crisis: can fair trade, organic, and specialty coffees reduce small-scale farmer vulnerability in northern Nicaragua?’ World Development 33(3): 497–511 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.002>.

Blowfield, M.E. and Dolan, C. (2010) ‘Fairtrade facts and fancies: what Kenyan fairtrade tea tells us about business’ role as development agent’, Journal of Business Ethics 93: 143–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0558-2>.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., Du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2008) Integrating Poverty, Gender and Environmental Concerns into Value Chain Analysis: A Conceptual Framework and Lessons for Action Research, DIS Working Paper No. 16, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.

Campbell, Z. and Avenell, S. (2009) Literature Review on Poverty Reduction Strategies Aimed at the Very Poor [pdf], for the Poverty Outreach Working Group, Arlington, VA: SEEP Network <www.seepnetwork.org/literature-review-on-poverty-reduction-strategies-aimed-at-the-very-poor--resources-524.php> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Carter, M. and Barrett, C. (2007) ‘Asset thresholds and social protection’, IDS Bulletin 38(3): 34–8.

Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, Discussion Paper 296, Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.

Davies, L. (2008) ‘Gender, education, extremism and security’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education 38(5): 611–25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057920802351432>.

Deere, C. and Doss, C. (2006) ‘The gender asset gap: what do we know and why does it matter?’ Feminist Economics 12(1–2): 1–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700500508056>.

Department for International Development (DFID) and Swiss Development Corporation (SDC) (2008) A Synthesis of the Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) Approach, Berne, Switzerland: SDC.

Doss, C. (2006) ‘The effects of intrahousehold property ownership on expenditure patterns in Ghana’, Journal of African Economies 15(1): 149–80 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/eji025>.

Freeman, R. (1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder Approach, Boston, MA: Pitman.

Hammond, A and Prahalad, C. (2004) ‘Selling to the poor’, Foreign Policy 142 (May/June): 30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4147574>.

Hoben, A., Peters, P. and Rocheleau, D. (1996) ‘Participation, civil society and foreign assistance to Africa: a discussion paper’, in P. Veit (ed.), Africa’s Valuable Assets: A Reader in Natural Resource Management, Policy Consultative Group, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Aleman, L. (2010) ‘Value chains, donor interventions and poverty reduction: a review of donor practice’, IDS Research Reports 63: 1–106 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0217.2010.00063_2.x>.

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) (2013) ‘Push–Pull: a novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <www.push-pull.net/1.shtml> [accessed 16 May 2015].

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (n.d.) ‘Plan to cut global poverty by 50% is failing: needs of rural majority neglected’ [online], Rome: IFAD <www.ifad.org/poverty/pr.htm> [accessed 16 May 2015].

IFAD (2015) Land Tenure Security and Poverty Reduction [pdf], Rome: IFAD <www.ifad.org/pub/factsheet/land/e.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Jaffee, D. (2007) Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research [pdf], prepared for the IDRC, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre <www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/pdfs/VchNov01.pdf> [accessed 29 January 2015].

Kula, O., Downing, J. and Field, M. (2006) ‘Value chain programmes to integrate competitiveness, economic growth and poverty reduction’, Small Enterprise Development 17: 23–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.2006.017>.

Lemon, M. (ed.) (1999) Exploring Environmental Change Using an Integrative Method, Reading, MA: Gordon & Breach.

Macdonald, K. (2007) ‘Globalising justice within coffee supply chains? Fair trade, Starbucks and the transformation of supply chain governance’, Third World Quarterly 28(4): 793–812 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701336663>.

Matin, I., Hulme, D. and Rutherford, S. (2002) ‘Finance for the poor: from microcredit to microfinancial services’, Journal of International Development 14: 273–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.874>.

Meinzen-Dick, R. and Di Gregorio, M. (eds). (2004) Collective Action and Property Rights for Sustainable Development: 2020 Focus 11, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute <www.eldis.org/go/home&id=15087&type=Document> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Neilson, J. and Pritchard, B. (2009) Value Chain Struggles: Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India, Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Panda, P. and Agarwal, B. (2005) ‘Marital violence, human development, and women’s property status in India’, World Development 33(5): 823–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.01.009>.

Post, J., Preston, L. and Sachs, S. (2002) Redefining the Corporation: Stakeholder Management and Organizational Wealth, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Poulton, C., Kydd, J., Wiggins, S. and Dorward, A. (2006) ‘State intervention for food price stabilisation in Africa: can it work?’ Food Policy 31(4): 342–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/k/foodpol.2006.02.004>.

Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Faida Mali and IIRR (2006) Chain Empowerment: Supporting African Farmers to Develop Markets, Amsterdam: KIT.

Stamm, A. and von Drachenfels, C. (2011) Value Chain Development: Approaches and Activities by Seven UN Agencies and Opportunities for Interagency Cooperation [pdf], Geneva: International Labour Organization <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_170848.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Stoian, D., Donovan, J., Fisk, J. and Muldoon, M. (2012) ‘Value chain development for rural poverty reduction: a reality check and a warning’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 23(1): 54–69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2012.006>.

Trienekens, J. (2011) ‘Agricultural value chains in developing countries: a framework for analysis’, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 14(2): 52–82 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.887667>.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2009) Youth Participation in Poverty Reduction Strategies & National Development Plans [pdf], New York: UNICEF <www.unicef.org/adolescence/files/FINAL_ADAP_Learning_series_no4_April_8_2009.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2013) Discussion Paper: Kenya’s Youth Employment Challenge [pdf], New York: UNDP <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/Inclusive%20development/Kenya_YEC_web(jan13).pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2011) Pro-poor Value Chain Development: 25 Guiding Questions for Designing and Implementing Agroindustry Projects, Vienna, Austria: UNIDO.

Von Braun, J. and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2009) ‘Land Grabbing’ Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Webber, C. and Labaste, P. (2010) Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture: A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Zylberberg, E. (2013) ‘Bloom or bust? A global value chain approach to smallholder flower production in Kenya’, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 3(1): 4–26 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20440831311321638>.

Bacon, C. (2005) ‘Confronting the coffee crisis: can fair trade, organic, and specialty coffees reduce small-scale farmer vulnerability in northern Nicaragua?’ World Development 33(3): 497–511 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.002>.

Blowfield, M.E. and Dolan, C. (2010) ‘Fairtrade facts and fancies: what Kenyan fairtrade tea tells us about business’ role as development agent’, Journal of Business Ethics 93: 143–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0558-2>.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., Du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2008) Integrating Poverty, Gender and Environmental Concerns into Value Chain Analysis: A Conceptual Framework and Lessons for Action Research, DIS Working Paper No. 16, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.

Campbell, Z. and Avenell, S. (2009) Literature Review on Poverty Reduction Strategies Aimed at the Very Poor [pdf], for the Poverty Outreach Working Group, Arlington, VA: SEEP Network <www.seepnetwork.org/literature-review-on-poverty-reduction-strategies-aimed-at-the-very-poor--resources-524.php> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Carter, M. and Barrett, C. (2007) ‘Asset thresholds and social protection’, IDS Bulletin 38(3): 34–8.

Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, Discussion Paper 296, Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.

Davies, L. (2008) ‘Gender, education, extremism and security’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education 38(5): 611–25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057920802351432>.

Deere, C. and Doss, C. (2006) ‘The gender asset gap: what do we know and why does it matter?’ Feminist Economics 12(1–2): 1–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700500508056>.

Department for International Development (DFID) and Swiss Development Corporation (SDC) (2008) A Synthesis of the Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) Approach, Berne, Switzerland: SDC.

Doss, C. (2006) ‘The effects of intrahousehold property ownership on expenditure patterns in Ghana’, Journal of African Economies 15(1): 149–80 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/eji025>.

Freeman, R. (1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder Approach, Boston, MA: Pitman.

Hammond, A and Prahalad, C. (2004) ‘Selling to the poor’, Foreign Policy 142 (May/June): 30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4147574>.

Hoben, A., Peters, P. and Rocheleau, D. (1996) ‘Participation, civil society and foreign assistance to Africa: a discussion paper’, in P. Veit (ed.), Africa’s Valuable Assets: A Reader in Natural Resource Management, Policy Consultative Group, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Aleman, L. (2010) ‘Value chains, donor interventions and poverty reduction: a review of donor practice’, IDS Research Reports 63: 1–106 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0217.2010.00063_2.x>.

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) (2013) ‘Push–Pull: a novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <www.push-pull.net/1.shtml> [accessed 16 May 2015].

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (n.d.) ‘Plan to cut global poverty by 50% is failing: needs of rural majority neglected’ [online], Rome: IFAD <www.ifad.org/poverty/pr.htm> [accessed 16 May 2015].

IFAD (2015) Land Tenure Security and Poverty Reduction [pdf], Rome: IFAD <www.ifad.org/pub/factsheet/land/e.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Jaffee, D. (2007) Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research [pdf], prepared for the IDRC, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre <www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/pdfs/VchNov01.pdf> [accessed 29 January 2015].

Kula, O., Downing, J. and Field, M. (2006) ‘Value chain programmes to integrate competitiveness, economic growth and poverty reduction’, Small Enterprise Development 17: 23–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.2006.017>.

Lemon, M. (ed.) (1999) Exploring Environmental Change Using an Integrative Method, Reading, MA: Gordon & Breach.

Macdonald, K. (2007) ‘Globalising justice within coffee supply chains? Fair trade, Starbucks and the transformation of supply chain governance’, Third World Quarterly 28(4): 793–812 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701336663>.

Matin, I., Hulme, D. and Rutherford, S. (2002) ‘Finance for the poor: from microcredit to microfinancial services’, Journal of International Development 14: 273–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.874>.

Meinzen-Dick, R. and Di Gregorio, M. (eds). (2004) Collective Action and Property Rights for Sustainable Development: 2020 Focus 11, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute <www.eldis.org/go/home&id=15087&type=Document> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Neilson, J. and Pritchard, B. (2009) Value Chain Struggles: Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India, Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Panda, P. and Agarwal, B. (2005) ‘Marital violence, human development, and women’s property status in India’, World Development 33(5): 823–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.01.009>.

Post, J., Preston, L. and Sachs, S. (2002) Redefining the Corporation: Stakeholder Management and Organizational Wealth, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Poulton, C., Kydd, J., Wiggins, S. and Dorward, A. (2006) ‘State intervention for food price stabilisation in Africa: can it work?’ Food Policy 31(4): 342–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/k/foodpol.2006.02.004>.

Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Faida Mali and IIRR (2006) Chain Empowerment: Supporting African Farmers to Develop Markets, Amsterdam: KIT.

Stamm, A. and von Drachenfels, C. (2011) Value Chain Development: Approaches and Activities by Seven UN Agencies and Opportunities for Interagency Cooperation [pdf], Geneva: International Labour Organization <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_170848.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Stoian, D., Donovan, J., Fisk, J. and Muldoon, M. (2012) ‘Value chain development for rural poverty reduction: a reality check and a warning’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 23(1): 54–69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2012.006>.

Trienekens, J. (2011) ‘Agricultural value chains in developing countries: a framework for analysis’, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 14(2): 52–82 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.887667>.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2009) Youth Participation in Poverty Reduction Strategies & National Development Plans [pdf], New York: UNICEF <www.unicef.org/adolescence/files/FINAL_ADAP_Learning_series_no4_April_8_2009.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2013) Discussion Paper: Kenya’s Youth Employment Challenge [pdf], New York: UNDP <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/Inclusive%20development/Kenya_YEC_web(jan13).pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2011) Pro-poor Value Chain Development: 25 Guiding Questions for Designing and Implementing Agroindustry Projects, Vienna, Austria: UNIDO.

Von Braun, J. and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2009) ‘Land Grabbing’ Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Webber, C. and Labaste, P. (2010) Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture: A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Zylberberg, E. (2013) ‘Bloom or bust? A global value chain approach to smallholder flower production in Kenya’, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 3(1): 4–26 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20440831311321638>.

Bacon, C. (2005) ‘Confronting the coffee crisis: can fair trade, organic, and specialty coffees reduce small-scale farmer vulnerability in northern Nicaragua?’ World Development 33(3): 497–511 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.002>.

Blowfield, M.E. and Dolan, C. (2010) ‘Fairtrade facts and fancies: what Kenyan fairtrade tea tells us about business’ role as development agent’, Journal of Business Ethics 93: 143–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0558-2>.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., Du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2008) Integrating Poverty, Gender and Environmental Concerns into Value Chain Analysis: A Conceptual Framework and Lessons for Action Research, DIS Working Paper No. 16, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.

Campbell, Z. and Avenell, S. (2009) Literature Review on Poverty Reduction Strategies Aimed at the Very Poor [pdf], for the Poverty Outreach Working Group, Arlington, VA: SEEP Network <www.seepnetwork.org/literature-review-on-poverty-reduction-strategies-aimed-at-the-very-poor--resources-524.php> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Carter, M. and Barrett, C. (2007) ‘Asset thresholds and social protection’, IDS Bulletin 38(3): 34–8.

Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, Discussion Paper 296, Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.

Davies, L. (2008) ‘Gender, education, extremism and security’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education 38(5): 611–25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057920802351432>.

Deere, C. and Doss, C. (2006) ‘The gender asset gap: what do we know and why does it matter?’ Feminist Economics 12(1–2): 1–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700500508056>.

Department for International Development (DFID) and Swiss Development Corporation (SDC) (2008) A Synthesis of the Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) Approach, Berne, Switzerland: SDC.

Doss, C. (2006) ‘The effects of intrahousehold property ownership on expenditure patterns in Ghana’, Journal of African Economies 15(1): 149–80 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/eji025>.

Freeman, R. (1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder Approach, Boston, MA: Pitman.

Hammond, A and Prahalad, C. (2004) ‘Selling to the poor’, Foreign Policy 142 (May/June): 30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4147574>.

Hoben, A., Peters, P. and Rocheleau, D. (1996) ‘Participation, civil society and foreign assistance to Africa: a discussion paper’, in P. Veit (ed.), Africa’s Valuable Assets: A Reader in Natural Resource Management, Policy Consultative Group, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Aleman, L. (2010) ‘Value chains, donor interventions and poverty reduction: a review of donor practice’, IDS Research Reports 63: 1–106 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0217.2010.00063_2.x>.

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) (2013) ‘Push–Pull: a novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <www.push-pull.net/1.shtml> [accessed 16 May 2015].

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (n.d.) ‘Plan to cut global poverty by 50% is failing: needs of rural majority neglected’ [online], Rome: IFAD <www.ifad.org/poverty/pr.htm> [accessed 16 May 2015].

IFAD (2015) Land Tenure Security and Poverty Reduction [pdf], Rome: IFAD <www.ifad.org/pub/factsheet/land/e.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Jaffee, D. (2007) Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research [pdf], prepared for the IDRC, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre <www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/pdfs/VchNov01.pdf> [accessed 29 January 2015].

Kula, O., Downing, J. and Field, M. (2006) ‘Value chain programmes to integrate competitiveness, economic growth and poverty reduction’, Small Enterprise Development 17: 23–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.2006.017>.

Lemon, M. (ed.) (1999) Exploring Environmental Change Using an Integrative Method, Reading, MA: Gordon & Breach.

Macdonald, K. (2007) ‘Globalising justice within coffee supply chains? Fair trade, Starbucks and the transformation of supply chain governance’, Third World Quarterly 28(4): 793–812 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701336663>.

Matin, I., Hulme, D. and Rutherford, S. (2002) ‘Finance for the poor: from microcredit to microfinancial services’, Journal of International Development 14: 273–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.874>.

Meinzen-Dick, R. and Di Gregorio, M. (eds). (2004) Collective Action and Property Rights for Sustainable Development: 2020 Focus 11, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute <www.eldis.org/go/home&id=15087&type=Document> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Neilson, J. and Pritchard, B. (2009) Value Chain Struggles: Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India, Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Panda, P. and Agarwal, B. (2005) ‘Marital violence, human development, and women’s property status in India’, World Development 33(5): 823–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.01.009>.

Post, J., Preston, L. and Sachs, S. (2002) Redefining the Corporation: Stakeholder Management and Organizational Wealth, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Poulton, C., Kydd, J., Wiggins, S. and Dorward, A. (2006) ‘State intervention for food price stabilisation in Africa: can it work?’ Food Policy 31(4): 342–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/k/foodpol.2006.02.004>.

Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Faida Mali and IIRR (2006) Chain Empowerment: Supporting African Farmers to Develop Markets, Amsterdam: KIT.

Stamm, A. and von Drachenfels, C. (2011) Value Chain Development: Approaches and Activities by Seven UN Agencies and Opportunities for Interagency Cooperation [pdf], Geneva: International Labour Organization <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_170848.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Stoian, D., Donovan, J., Fisk, J. and Muldoon, M. (2012) ‘Value chain development for rural poverty reduction: a reality check and a warning’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 23(1): 54–69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2012.006>.

Trienekens, J. (2011) ‘Agricultural value chains in developing countries: a framework for analysis’, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 14(2): 52–82 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.887667>.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2009) Youth Participation in Poverty Reduction Strategies & National Development Plans [pdf], New York: UNICEF <www.unicef.org/adolescence/files/FINAL_ADAP_Learning_series_no4_April_8_2009.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2013) Discussion Paper: Kenya’s Youth Employment Challenge [pdf], New York: UNDP <www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/Inclusive%20development/Kenya_YEC_web(jan13).pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2011) Pro-poor Value Chain Development: 25 Guiding Questions for Designing and Implementing Agroindustry Projects, Vienna, Austria: UNIDO.

Von Braun, J. and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2009) ‘Land Grabbing’ Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Webber, C. and Labaste, P. (2010) Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture: A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Zylberberg, E. (2013) ‘Bloom or bust? A global value chain approach to smallholder flower production in Kenya’, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 3(1): 4–26 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20440831311321638>.

Bacon, C. (2005) ‘Confronting the coffee crisis: can fair trade, organic, and specialty coffees reduce small-scale farmer vulnerability in northern Nicaragua?’ World Development 33(3): 497–511 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.002>.

Blowfield, M.E. and Dolan, C. (2010) ‘Fairtrade facts and fancies: what Kenyan fairtrade tea tells us about business’ role as development agent’, Journal of Business Ethics 93: 143–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0558-2>.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., Du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2008) Integrating Poverty, Gender and Environmental Concerns into Value Chain Analysis: A Conceptual Framework and Lessons for Action Research, DIS Working Paper No. 16, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.

Campbell, Z. and Avenell, S. (2009) Literature Review on Poverty Reduction Strategies Aimed at the Very Poor [pdf], for the Poverty Outreach Working Group, Arlington, VA: SEEP Network <www.seepnetwork.org/literature-review-on-poverty-reduction-strategies-aimed-at-the-very-poor--resources-524.php> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Carter, M. and Barrett, C. (2007) ‘Asset thresholds and social protection’, IDS Bulletin 38(3): 34–8.

Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, Discussion Paper 296, Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.

Davies, L. (2008) ‘Gender, education, extremism and security’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education 38(5): 611–25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057920802351432>.

Deere, C. and Doss, C. (2006) ‘The gender asset gap: what do we know and why does it matter?’ Feminist Economics 12(1–2): 1–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700500508056>.

Department for International Development (DFID) and Swiss Development Corporation (SDC) (2008) A Synthesis of the Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) Approach, Berne, Switzerland: SDC.

Doss, C. (2006) ‘The effects of intrahousehold property ownership on expenditure patterns in Ghana’, Journal of African Economies 15(1): 149–80 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/eji025>.

Freeman, R. (1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder Approach, Boston, MA: Pitman.

Hammond, A and Prahalad, C. (2004) ‘Selling to the poor’, Foreign Policy 142 (May/June): 30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4147574>.

Hoben, A., Peters, P. and Rocheleau, D. (1996) ‘Participation, civil society and foreign assistance to Africa: a discussion paper’, in P. Veit (ed.), Africa’s Valuable Assets: A Reader in Natural Resource Management, Policy Consultative Group, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Aleman, L. (2010) ‘Value chains, donor interventions and poverty reduction: a review of donor practice’, IDS Research Reports 63: 1–106 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0217.2010.00063_2.x>.

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) (2013) ‘Push–Pull: a novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <www.push-pull.net/1.shtml> [accessed 16 May 2015].

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