Variations in the traditional processing methods of Pentadesma butracea butter in northern Benin
Eric Badoussi | Paulin Azokpota | Yann Madodé | Polycarpe Kayodé | Alphonse Dossou | Mohamed Soumanou | D. Joseph Hounhouigan
Pentadesma butyracea is used in the North of Benin to produce a type of butter similar to shea butter. The present work was carried out to investigate the traditional processing of butter from P. butyracea through a survey among 192 traditional butter processors from 14 sociocultural groups in five different parklands in northern Benin. Three different pre-treatments of P. butyracea kernels have been identified as the basis of the butter extraction process. The pre-treatment more frequently used (69.7 per cent of processors) consists of depulping the fruit to get fresh kernels which are first boiled for 1–2 h before sun drying for 14–30 days to get cooked and dried kernels which are involved in the next steps of the extraction process. The extraction itself involves two main steps, heating and kneading, which also vary according to processors. Ten methods of processing of P. butyracea including six new methods have been reported. Two of the newly identified methods are mostly used by Boo, Anii, and Mokolé sociocultural groups from northern Benin. The identified methods of butter processing need to be optimized and the quality of the derivate butter should be assessed, using a well-known variety of P. butyracea as the raw material.Abbiw, D.K. (1990) Useful Plants of Ghana: African Uses of Wild and Cultivated Plants, p. 337, London: Intermediate Technology Publications and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
Adomako, D. (1977) ‘Fatty acid composition and characteristics of P. butyracea fat extracted from Ghana seeds’, Journal of Science Food Agricultural 28: 384-6.
Ahouansou, R.H., Aïssi, M.V., Sanya, E.A. and Soumanou, M.M. (2012) ‘Propriétés physique et mécanique des graines de P. butyracea produites au Bénin’, Journal of Applied Biosciences 50: 3485-93.
Aissi, M.V., Tchobo, F.P., Natta, A.K., Piombo, G., Villeneuve, P., Sohounhloue, D.C.K. and Soumanou, M.M. (2011) ‘Effet des prétraitements post-récolte des amandes de P. Butyracea (Sabine) sur la technologie d’extraction en milieu réel et la qualité du beurre’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 18(6): 384-92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0423≯.
Alitonou, G., Avlessi, F., Sohounhloue, D.C.K., Bessière, J.M. and Menut, C. (2010) ‘Chemical and biological investigation on volatile constituents of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) from Benin’, Journal of Essential Oil Research 22(2): 138-40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700285≯.
Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Sinsin, B., Adegbidji, A., Dossou, G. and Van Damme, P. (2009) ‘Sustainable use of non-timber forest products: impact of fruit harvesting on Pentadesma butyracea regeneration and financial analysis of its products trade in Benin’, Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1930-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.043≯.
Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Avohou, T.H., Oumorou, M., Dossou, G. and Sinsin, B. (2011) ‘Ethnobotany of Pentadesma butyracea in Benin: a quantitative approach’, Ethnobotany Research and Applications 9: 151-66.
Bamps, P. (1971) ‘Répartition de Pentadesma butyracea en Afrique’, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 41: 430-2.
Beer de, J.H. and Mcdermott, M.J. (1989) The Economic Value of Non-Timber Forest Products in Southeast Asia, Amsterdam: Netherlands Committee for IUCN.
Bup, D.N., Kapseu, C., Tenin, D., Kuitche, A., Abi, C.F. and Tchiegang, C. (2008) ‘Variation of the physical properties of sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn.) kernels during convective drying’, International Journal of Food Engineering 4(7): 62-78 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1201≯.
Chadare, F.J., Hounhouigan, J.D., Linnemann, A.R., Nout, M.J.R. and VanBoekel, M.A.J.S. (2008) ‘Indigenous knowledge and processing of Adansonia digitata L. food products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 47(4): 338-62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670240802003850≯.
Dagnelie, P. (1998) Statistiques théoriques et appliquées: Inférence statistique à une et à deux dimensions, de Boeck Université, Tome 2, p. 559, Brussels: De Boeck and Larcier S.A.
Dencausse, L., Nsourankoua, H., Artaud, J. and Clamou, J.L. (1995) ‘Comparaison des compositions lipidiques des beurres de P. butyracea et de Karité’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 2: 143-7.
Ewédjè, E-E.B.K., Parmentier, I., Natta, A., Ahanchédè, A. and Hardy, O.J. (2012) ‘Morphological variability of the tallow tree, Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae), in Benin’, Genetique Resources Crops Evolution 59: 625-33 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9802-1≯.
Eyog Matig, O., Gaoué, O.G. and Dossou, B. (2002) Réseau ‘Espèces Ligneuses Alimentaires’ Compte rendu de la première réunion du Réseau tenue 11-13 décembre 2000 au CNSF Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Institut International des Ressources Phytogénétiques.
Hall, J.B., Aebischer, D.P., Tomlinson, H.F., Osei-Amaning, E. and Hindle, J.R. (1996) Vitellaria paradoxa, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication, Number 8, Bangor: University of Wales, pp. 1-105.
Honfo, F.G., Hell, K., Akissoe, N., Coulibaly, O., Fandohan, P. and Hounhouigan, J.D. (2011) ‘Effect of storage conditions on microbiological and physicochemical quality of shea butter’, Journal of Food Science and Technology 48(3): 274-9.
Honfo, F.G., Linnemann, A.R., Akissoe, N.H., Soumanou, M.M. and van Boekel, M.A.J.S. (2012) ‘Indigenous knowledge of shea processing and quality perception of shea products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 51(6): 505-25.
Houngbédji, A.C. (1997) Etude phytotechnique, écologique et des technologies de transformation de Pentadesma butyraceae, espèce des galeries forestières de la région de Bassila, Mémoire de DAT , Bénin: Lycée Agricole Médji de Sékou, p. 59.
Kapseu, C., Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Tchouanguep, M.F. and Parmentier, M. (2005) ‘Influence des méthodes de traitement des amandes sur la qualité du beurre de karité’, Procédé Biologie Alimentaire 3: 1-18
Krist, S., Bail, S., Unterweger, H., Ngassoum, M.B., Mohagir, A.M. and Buchbauer, G. (2006) ‘Volatile compounds of original African black and white shea butter from Tchad and Cameroon’, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108(7): 583-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200500340≯.
Krysiak, W. and Motyl-Patelska, L. (2005) ‘Effects of roasting conditions on the degree of lipid migration from cocoa bean kernel’, Inzynieria Chemicznai Procesowa 26(4): 817-29.
Louppe, D. (1995) Le karité en Côte d’Ivoire, Report of the Forestry Institute of Côte d’Ivoire (IDEFOR), p. 19.
Megnanou, R-M., Niamke, S. and Diopoh, J. (2007) ‘Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of optimized and traditional shea butters from Côte d’Ivoire’, African Journal of Biochemistry Research 1(4): 41-7.
Natta, A.K. (2003) Ecological Assessment of Riparian Forests in Benin: Phytodiversity, Phytosociology and Spatial Distribution of Tree Species, PhD University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 73-88.
Natta, A.K., Sinsin, B. and Van der Maesen, L.J.G. (2002) ‘Riparian forests, a unique but endangered ecosystem in Benin’, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 124: 55-69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0055≯.
Natta, A., Sogbegnon, R. and Tchobo, F. (2010) ‘Connaissances endogènes et importance du Pentadesma butyracea (Clusiaceae) pour les populations autochtones au Nord-Ouest Bénin’, Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereals Science and Biotechnology 4: 18-25.
Nawar, W.W. (1996) ‘Lipids’, in Owen R. Fennema (ed.), Food Chemistry, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Noudogbessi, J.P.A., Natta, A.K., Tchobo, F.P., Bogninou, G.S., Bothon, F.T.D., Bossou, A.D., Figueredo, G., Chalard, P., Chalchat, J.C. and Sohounhloué, D.C.K. (2013) ‘Phytochemical screening of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) acclimated in Benin by GC/MS’, ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2013: 1-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/172397≯.
Raponda, W. and Sillans, R. (1961) Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Paris: Paul Lechevalier, p. 614.
Semmelroch, P. and Grosch, W. (1998) ‘Studies on character impact odorants of coffee brews’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(2): 537-43.
Shimoda, M., Shiratsuchi, H., Nakada, Y., Wu, Y. and Osajima, Y. (1996) ‘Identification and sensory characterization of volatile flavor compounds in sesame seed oil’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(12): 3909-12.
Sills, E.O., Sharachandra, L., Holmes, T.P. and Pattanayak, S.K. (2003) ‘Non-timber forest products in the rural household economy’, in E.O. Sills and K.L. Abt (eds), Forests in a Market Economy, pp. 259-81, Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Sinsin, B. and Sinadouwirou, T. A. (2003) ‘Valorisation socio-économique et pérennité du Pentadesma butyracea Sabine en galeries forestières du Bénin’, Cahiers Agriculture 12: 75-9.
Tchobo, F.P., Natta, A.K., Barea, B., Barouh, N., Piombo, G., Pina, M., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Sohounhloue, D.C.K. (2007) ‘Characterization of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine butters of different production regions in Benin’, Journal of American Oil Chemistry 84: 755-60 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1102-0≯.
Tchobo, F.P., Alitonou, G.A., Noudogbessi, J.P., Laguerre, M., Barea, B., Georges, P., Natta, A.K., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Souhounhloue, K.C.D. (2013) ‘Evaluation of the chemical composition of Pentadesma butyracea butter and defatted kernels’, International Journal of Biosciences 3(1): 101-8.
Vivien, J. and Faure, J.J. (1985) Arbres des forêts d’Afrique Centrale. Paris: Ministère des Relations Extérieures de la Coopération et du Développement, pp. 526-40.
Wabo, H.K., Kikuchi, H., Katou, Y., Tane, P. and Oshima, Y. (2010) ‘Xanthones and a benzophenone from the roots of Pentadesma butyracea and their antiproliferative activity’, Phytochemistry Letters 3: 104-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytol.2010.02.006≯.
Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Kapseu, C., Fanni, J.J. and Parmentier, M. (2006) ‘Application du procédé séchage friture aux amandes de karité: influence sur les indices chimiques de qualité et les propriétés’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 13: 297-302 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2006.0012≯.
Zelefack, F., Guilet, D., Fabre, N., Bayet, C., Chevalley, S., Ngouela, S., Ndjakou-Lenta, B., Valentin, A., Tsamo, E. and Dijoux-Franca, M.G. (2009) ‘Cytotoxic and antiplasmodial xanthones from Pentadesma butyracea’, Journal of Natural Products 72(5): 954-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np8005953≯.
Abbiw, D.K. (1990) Useful Plants of Ghana: African Uses of Wild and Cultivated Plants, p. 337, London: Intermediate Technology Publications and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
Adomako, D. (1977) ‘Fatty acid composition and characteristics of P. butyracea fat extracted from Ghana seeds’, Journal of Science Food Agricultural 28: 384-6.
Ahouansou, R.H., Aïssi, M.V., Sanya, E.A. and Soumanou, M.M. (2012) ‘Propriétés physique et mécanique des graines de P. butyracea produites au Bénin’, Journal of Applied Biosciences 50: 3485-93.
Aissi, M.V., Tchobo, F.P., Natta, A.K., Piombo, G., Villeneuve, P., Sohounhloue, D.C.K. and Soumanou, M.M. (2011) ‘Effet des prétraitements post-récolte des amandes de P. Butyracea (Sabine) sur la technologie d’extraction en milieu réel et la qualité du beurre’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 18(6): 384-92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0423≯.
Alitonou, G., Avlessi, F., Sohounhloue, D.C.K., Bessière, J.M. and Menut, C. (2010) ‘Chemical and biological investigation on volatile constituents of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) from Benin’, Journal of Essential Oil Research 22(2): 138-40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700285≯.
Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Sinsin, B., Adegbidji, A., Dossou, G. and Van Damme, P. (2009) ‘Sustainable use of non-timber forest products: impact of fruit harvesting on Pentadesma butyracea regeneration and financial analysis of its products trade in Benin’, Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1930-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.043≯.
Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Avohou, T.H., Oumorou, M., Dossou, G. and Sinsin, B. (2011) ‘Ethnobotany of Pentadesma butyracea in Benin: a quantitative approach’, Ethnobotany Research and Applications 9: 151-66.
Bamps, P. (1971) ‘Répartition de Pentadesma butyracea en Afrique’, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 41: 430-2.
Beer de, J.H. and Mcdermott, M.J. (1989) The Economic Value of Non-Timber Forest Products in Southeast Asia, Amsterdam: Netherlands Committee for IUCN.
Bup, D.N., Kapseu, C., Tenin, D., Kuitche, A., Abi, C.F. and Tchiegang, C. (2008) ‘Variation of the physical properties of sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn.) kernels during convective drying’, International Journal of Food Engineering 4(7): 62-78 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1201≯.
Chadare, F.J., Hounhouigan, J.D., Linnemann, A.R., Nout, M.J.R. and VanBoekel, M.A.J.S. (2008) ‘Indigenous knowledge and processing of Adansonia digitata L. food products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 47(4): 338-62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670240802003850≯.
Dagnelie, P. (1998) Statistiques théoriques et appliquées: Inférence statistique à une et à deux dimensions, de Boeck Université, Tome 2, p. 559, Brussels: De Boeck and Larcier S.A.
Dencausse, L., Nsourankoua, H., Artaud, J. and Clamou, J.L. (1995) ‘Comparaison des compositions lipidiques des beurres de P. butyracea et de Karité’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 2: 143-7.
Ewédjè, E-E.B.K., Parmentier, I., Natta, A., Ahanchédè, A. and Hardy, O.J. (2012) ‘Morphological variability of the tallow tree, Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae), in Benin’, Genetique Resources Crops Evolution 59: 625-33 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9802-1≯.
Eyog Matig, O., Gaoué, O.G. and Dossou, B. (2002) Réseau ‘Espèces Ligneuses Alimentaires’ Compte rendu de la première réunion du Réseau tenue 11-13 décembre 2000 au CNSF Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Institut International des Ressources Phytogénétiques.
Hall, J.B., Aebischer, D.P., Tomlinson, H.F., Osei-Amaning, E. and Hindle, J.R. (1996) Vitellaria paradoxa, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication, Number 8, Bangor: University of Wales, pp. 1-105.
Honfo, F.G., Hell, K., Akissoe, N., Coulibaly, O., Fandohan, P. and Hounhouigan, J.D. (2011) ‘Effect of storage conditions on microbiological and physicochemical quality of shea butter’, Journal of Food Science and Technology 48(3): 274-9.
Honfo, F.G., Linnemann, A.R., Akissoe, N.H., Soumanou, M.M. and van Boekel, M.A.J.S. (2012) ‘Indigenous knowledge of shea processing and quality perception of shea products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 51(6): 505-25.
Houngbédji, A.C. (1997) Etude phytotechnique, écologique et des technologies de transformation de Pentadesma butyraceae, espèce des galeries forestières de la région de Bassila, Mémoire de DAT , Bénin: Lycée Agricole Médji de Sékou, p. 59.
Kapseu, C., Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Tchouanguep, M.F. and Parmentier, M. (2005) ‘Influence des méthodes de traitement des amandes sur la qualité du beurre de karité’, Procédé Biologie Alimentaire 3: 1-18
Krist, S., Bail, S., Unterweger, H., Ngassoum, M.B., Mohagir, A.M. and Buchbauer, G. (2006) ‘Volatile compounds of original African black and white shea butter from Tchad and Cameroon’, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108(7): 583-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200500340≯.
Krysiak, W. and Motyl-Patelska, L. (2005) ‘Effects of roasting conditions on the degree of lipid migration from cocoa bean kernel’, Inzynieria Chemicznai Procesowa 26(4): 817-29.
Louppe, D. (1995) Le karité en Côte d’Ivoire, Report of the Forestry Institute of Côte d’Ivoire (IDEFOR), p. 19.
Megnanou, R-M., Niamke, S. and Diopoh, J. (2007) ‘Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of optimized and traditional shea butters from Côte d’Ivoire’, African Journal of Biochemistry Research 1(4): 41-7.
Natta, A.K. (2003) Ecological Assessment of Riparian Forests in Benin: Phytodiversity, Phytosociology and Spatial Distribution of Tree Species, PhD University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 73-88.
Natta, A.K., Sinsin, B. and Van der Maesen, L.J.G. (2002) ‘Riparian forests, a unique but endangered ecosystem in Benin’, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 124: 55-69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0055≯.
Natta, A., Sogbegnon, R. and Tchobo, F. (2010) ‘Connaissances endogènes et importance du Pentadesma butyracea (Clusiaceae) pour les populations autochtones au Nord-Ouest Bénin’, Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereals Science and Biotechnology 4: 18-25.
Nawar, W.W. (1996) ‘Lipids’, in Owen R. Fennema (ed.), Food Chemistry, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Noudogbessi, J.P.A., Natta, A.K., Tchobo, F.P., Bogninou, G.S., Bothon, F.T.D., Bossou, A.D., Figueredo, G., Chalard, P., Chalchat, J.C. and Sohounhloué, D.C.K. (2013) ‘Phytochemical screening of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) acclimated in Benin by GC/MS’, ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2013: 1-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/172397≯.
Raponda, W. and Sillans, R. (1961) Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Paris: Paul Lechevalier, p. 614.
Semmelroch, P. and Grosch, W. (1998) ‘Studies on character impact odorants of coffee brews’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(2): 537-43.
Shimoda, M., Shiratsuchi, H., Nakada, Y., Wu, Y. and Osajima, Y. (1996) ‘Identification and sensory characterization of volatile flavor compounds in sesame seed oil’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(12): 3909-12.
Sills, E.O., Sharachandra, L., Holmes, T.P. and Pattanayak, S.K. (2003) ‘Non-timber forest products in the rural household economy’, in E.O. Sills and K.L. Abt (eds), Forests in a Market Economy, pp. 259-81, Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Sinsin, B. and Sinadouwirou, T. A. (2003) ‘Valorisation socio-économique et pérennité du Pentadesma butyracea Sabine en galeries forestières du Bénin’, Cahiers Agriculture 12: 75-9.
Tchobo, F.P., Natta, A.K., Barea, B., Barouh, N., Piombo, G., Pina, M., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Sohounhloue, D.C.K. (2007) ‘Characterization of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine butters of different production regions in Benin’, Journal of American Oil Chemistry 84: 755-60 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1102-0≯.
Tchobo, F.P., Alitonou, G.A., Noudogbessi, J.P., Laguerre, M., Barea, B., Georges, P., Natta, A.K., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Souhounhloue, K.C.D. (2013) ‘Evaluation of the chemical composition of Pentadesma butyracea butter and defatted kernels’, International Journal of Biosciences 3(1): 101-8.
Vivien, J. and Faure, J.J. (1985) Arbres des forêts d’Afrique Centrale. Paris: Ministère des Relations Extérieures de la Coopération et du Développement, pp. 526-40.
Wabo, H.K., Kikuchi, H., Katou, Y., Tane, P. and Oshima, Y. (2010) ‘Xanthones and a benzophenone from the roots of Pentadesma butyracea and their antiproliferative activity’, Phytochemistry Letters 3: 104-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytol.2010.02.006≯.
Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Kapseu, C., Fanni, J.J. and Parmentier, M. (2006) ‘Application du procédé séchage friture aux amandes de karité: influence sur les indices chimiques de qualité et les propriétés’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 13: 297-302 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2006.0012≯.
Zelefack, F., Guilet, D., Fabre, N., Bayet, C., Chevalley, S., Ngouela, S., Ndjakou-Lenta, B., Valentin, A., Tsamo, E. and Dijoux-Franca, M.G. (2009) ‘Cytotoxic and antiplasmodial xanthones from Pentadesma butyracea’, Journal of Natural Products 72(5): 954-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np8005953≯.
Abbiw, D.K. (1990) Useful Plants of Ghana: African Uses of Wild and Cultivated Plants, p. 337, London: Intermediate Technology Publications and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
Adomako, D. (1977) ‘Fatty acid composition and characteristics of P. butyracea fat extracted from Ghana seeds’, Journal of Science Food Agricultural 28: 384-6.
Ahouansou, R.H., Aïssi, M.V., Sanya, E.A. and Soumanou, M.M. (2012) ‘Propriétés physique et mécanique des graines de P. butyracea produites au Bénin’, Journal of Applied Biosciences 50: 3485-93.
Aissi, M.V., Tchobo, F.P., Natta, A.K., Piombo, G., Villeneuve, P., Sohounhloue, D.C.K. and Soumanou, M.M. (2011) ‘Effet des prétraitements post-récolte des amandes de P. Butyracea (Sabine) sur la technologie d’extraction en milieu réel et la qualité du beurre’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 18(6): 384-92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0423≯.
Alitonou, G., Avlessi, F., Sohounhloue, D.C.K., Bessière, J.M. and Menut, C. (2010) ‘Chemical and biological investigation on volatile constituents of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) from Benin’, Journal of Essential Oil Research 22(2): 138-40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700285≯.
Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Sinsin, B., Adegbidji, A., Dossou, G. and Van Damme, P. (2009) ‘Sustainable use of non-timber forest products: impact of fruit harvesting on Pentadesma butyracea regeneration and financial analysis of its products trade in Benin’, Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1930-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.043≯.
Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Avohou, T.H., Oumorou, M., Dossou, G. and Sinsin, B. (2011) ‘Ethnobotany of Pentadesma butyracea in Benin: a quantitative approach’, Ethnobotany Research and Applications 9: 151-66.
Bamps, P. (1971) ‘Répartition de Pentadesma butyracea en Afrique’, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 41: 430-2.
Beer de, J.H. and Mcdermott, M.J. (1989) The Economic Value of Non-Timber Forest Products in Southeast Asia, Amsterdam: Netherlands Committee for IUCN.
Bup, D.N., Kapseu, C., Tenin, D., Kuitche, A., Abi, C.F. and Tchiegang, C. (2008) ‘Variation of the physical properties of sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn.) kernels during convective drying’, International Journal of Food Engineering 4(7): 62-78 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1201≯.
Chadare, F.J., Hounhouigan, J.D., Linnemann, A.R., Nout, M.J.R. and VanBoekel, M.A.J.S. (2008) ‘Indigenous knowledge and processing of Adansonia digitata L. food products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 47(4): 338-62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670240802003850≯.
Dagnelie, P. (1998) Statistiques théoriques et appliquées: Inférence statistique à une et à deux dimensions, de Boeck Université, Tome 2, p. 559, Brussels: De Boeck and Larcier S.A.
Dencausse, L., Nsourankoua, H., Artaud, J. and Clamou, J.L. (1995) ‘Comparaison des compositions lipidiques des beurres de P. butyracea et de Karité’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 2: 143-7.
Ewédjè, E-E.B.K., Parmentier, I., Natta, A., Ahanchédè, A. and Hardy, O.J. (2012) ‘Morphological variability of the tallow tree, Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae), in Benin’, Genetique Resources Crops Evolution 59: 625-33 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9802-1≯.
Eyog Matig, O., Gaoué, O.G. and Dossou, B. (2002) Réseau ‘Espèces Ligneuses Alimentaires’ Compte rendu de la première réunion du Réseau tenue 11-13 décembre 2000 au CNSF Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Institut International des Ressources Phytogénétiques.
Hall, J.B., Aebischer, D.P., Tomlinson, H.F., Osei-Amaning, E. and Hindle, J.R. (1996) Vitellaria paradoxa, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication, Number 8, Bangor: University of Wales, pp. 1-105.
Honfo, F.G., Hell, K., Akissoe, N., Coulibaly, O., Fandohan, P. and Hounhouigan, J.D. (2011) ‘Effect of storage conditions on microbiological and physicochemical quality of shea butter’, Journal of Food Science and Technology 48(3): 274-9.
Honfo, F.G., Linnemann, A.R., Akissoe, N.H., Soumanou, M.M. and van Boekel, M.A.J.S. (2012) ‘Indigenous knowledge of shea processing and quality perception of shea products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 51(6): 505-25.
Houngbédji, A.C. (1997) Etude phytotechnique, écologique et des technologies de transformation de Pentadesma butyraceae, espèce des galeries forestières de la région de Bassila, Mémoire de DAT , Bénin: Lycée Agricole Médji de Sékou, p. 59.
Kapseu, C., Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Tchouanguep, M.F. and Parmentier, M. (2005) ‘Influence des méthodes de traitement des amandes sur la qualité du beurre de karité’, Procédé Biologie Alimentaire 3: 1-18
Krist, S., Bail, S., Unterweger, H., Ngassoum, M.B., Mohagir, A.M. and Buchbauer, G. (2006) ‘Volatile compounds of original African black and white shea butter from Tchad and Cameroon’, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108(7): 583-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200500340≯.
Krysiak, W. and Motyl-Patelska, L. (2005) ‘Effects of roasting conditions on the degree of lipid migration from cocoa bean kernel’, Inzynieria Chemicznai Procesowa 26(4): 817-29.
Louppe, D. (1995) Le karité en Côte d’Ivoire, Report of the Forestry Institute of Côte d’Ivoire (IDEFOR), p. 19.
Megnanou, R-M., Niamke, S. and Diopoh, J. (2007) ‘Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of optimized and traditional shea butters from Côte d’Ivoire’, African Journal of Biochemistry Research 1(4): 41-7.
Natta, A.K. (2003) Ecological Assessment of Riparian Forests in Benin: Phytodiversity, Phytosociology and Spatial Distribution of Tree Species, PhD University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 73-88.
Natta, A.K., Sinsin, B. and Van der Maesen, L.J.G. (2002) ‘Riparian forests, a unique but endangered ecosystem in Benin’, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 124: 55-69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0055≯.
Natta, A., Sogbegnon, R. and Tchobo, F. (2010) ‘Connaissances endogènes et importance du Pentadesma butyracea (Clusiaceae) pour les populations autochtones au Nord-Ouest Bénin’, Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereals Science and Biotechnology 4: 18-25.
Nawar, W.W. (1996) ‘Lipids’, in Owen R. Fennema (ed.), Food Chemistry, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Noudogbessi, J.P.A., Natta, A.K., Tchobo, F.P., Bogninou, G.S., Bothon, F.T.D., Bossou, A.D., Figueredo, G., Chalard, P., Chalchat, J.C. and Sohounhloué, D.C.K. (2013) ‘Phytochemical screening of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) acclimated in Benin by GC/MS’, ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2013: 1-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/172397≯.
Raponda, W. and Sillans, R. (1961) Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Paris: Paul Lechevalier, p. 614.
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Sills, E.O., Sharachandra, L., Holmes, T.P. and Pattanayak, S.K. (2003) ‘Non-timber forest products in the rural household economy’, in E.O. Sills and K.L. Abt (eds), Forests in a Market Economy, pp. 259-81, Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Sinsin, B. and Sinadouwirou, T. A. (2003) ‘Valorisation socio-économique et pérennité du Pentadesma butyracea Sabine en galeries forestières du Bénin’, Cahiers Agriculture 12: 75-9.
Tchobo, F.P., Natta, A.K., Barea, B., Barouh, N., Piombo, G., Pina, M., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Sohounhloue, D.C.K. (2007) ‘Characterization of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine butters of different production regions in Benin’, Journal of American Oil Chemistry 84: 755-60 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1102-0≯.
Tchobo, F.P., Alitonou, G.A., Noudogbessi, J.P., Laguerre, M., Barea, B., Georges, P., Natta, A.K., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Souhounhloue, K.C.D. (2013) ‘Evaluation of the chemical composition of Pentadesma butyracea butter and defatted kernels’, International Journal of Biosciences 3(1): 101-8.
Vivien, J. and Faure, J.J. (1985) Arbres des forêts d’Afrique Centrale. Paris: Ministère des Relations Extérieures de la Coopération et du Développement, pp. 526-40.
Wabo, H.K., Kikuchi, H., Katou, Y., Tane, P. and Oshima, Y. (2010) ‘Xanthones and a benzophenone from the roots of Pentadesma butyracea and their antiproliferative activity’, Phytochemistry Letters 3: 104-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytol.2010.02.006≯.
Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Kapseu, C., Fanni, J.J. and Parmentier, M. (2006) ‘Application du procédé séchage friture aux amandes de karité: influence sur les indices chimiques de qualité et les propriétés’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 13: 297-302 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2006.0012≯.
Zelefack, F., Guilet, D., Fabre, N., Bayet, C., Chevalley, S., Ngouela, S., Ndjakou-Lenta, B., Valentin, A., Tsamo, E. and Dijoux-Franca, M.G. (2009) ‘Cytotoxic and antiplasmodial xanthones from Pentadesma butyracea’, Journal of Natural Products 72(5): 954-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np8005953≯.
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Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Avohou, T.H., Oumorou, M., Dossou, G. and Sinsin, B. (2011) ‘Ethnobotany of Pentadesma butyracea in Benin: a quantitative approach’, Ethnobotany Research and Applications 9: 151-66.
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Chadare, F.J., Hounhouigan, J.D., Linnemann, A.R., Nout, M.J.R. and VanBoekel, M.A.J.S. (2008) ‘Indigenous knowledge and processing of Adansonia digitata L. food products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 47(4): 338-62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670240802003850≯.
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Dencausse, L., Nsourankoua, H., Artaud, J. and Clamou, J.L. (1995) ‘Comparaison des compositions lipidiques des beurres de P. butyracea et de Karité’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 2: 143-7.
Ewédjè, E-E.B.K., Parmentier, I., Natta, A., Ahanchédè, A. and Hardy, O.J. (2012) ‘Morphological variability of the tallow tree, Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae), in Benin’, Genetique Resources Crops Evolution 59: 625-33 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9802-1≯.
Eyog Matig, O., Gaoué, O.G. and Dossou, B. (2002) Réseau ‘Espèces Ligneuses Alimentaires’ Compte rendu de la première réunion du Réseau tenue 11-13 décembre 2000 au CNSF Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Institut International des Ressources Phytogénétiques.
Hall, J.B., Aebischer, D.P., Tomlinson, H.F., Osei-Amaning, E. and Hindle, J.R. (1996) Vitellaria paradoxa, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication, Number 8, Bangor: University of Wales, pp. 1-105.
Honfo, F.G., Hell, K., Akissoe, N., Coulibaly, O., Fandohan, P. and Hounhouigan, J.D. (2011) ‘Effect of storage conditions on microbiological and physicochemical quality of shea butter’, Journal of Food Science and Technology 48(3): 274-9.
Honfo, F.G., Linnemann, A.R., Akissoe, N.H., Soumanou, M.M. and van Boekel, M.A.J.S. (2012) ‘Indigenous knowledge of shea processing and quality perception of shea products in Benin’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 51(6): 505-25.
Houngbédji, A.C. (1997) Etude phytotechnique, écologique et des technologies de transformation de Pentadesma butyraceae, espèce des galeries forestières de la région de Bassila, Mémoire de DAT , Bénin: Lycée Agricole Médji de Sékou, p. 59.
Kapseu, C., Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Tchouanguep, M.F. and Parmentier, M. (2005) ‘Influence des méthodes de traitement des amandes sur la qualité du beurre de karité’, Procédé Biologie Alimentaire 3: 1-18
Krist, S., Bail, S., Unterweger, H., Ngassoum, M.B., Mohagir, A.M. and Buchbauer, G. (2006) ‘Volatile compounds of original African black and white shea butter from Tchad and Cameroon’, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108(7): 583-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200500340≯.
Krysiak, W. and Motyl-Patelska, L. (2005) ‘Effects of roasting conditions on the degree of lipid migration from cocoa bean kernel’, Inzynieria Chemicznai Procesowa 26(4): 817-29.
Louppe, D. (1995) Le karité en Côte d’Ivoire, Report of the Forestry Institute of Côte d’Ivoire (IDEFOR), p. 19.
Megnanou, R-M., Niamke, S. and Diopoh, J. (2007) ‘Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of optimized and traditional shea butters from Côte d’Ivoire’, African Journal of Biochemistry Research 1(4): 41-7.
Natta, A.K. (2003) Ecological Assessment of Riparian Forests in Benin: Phytodiversity, Phytosociology and Spatial Distribution of Tree Species, PhD University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 73-88.
Natta, A.K., Sinsin, B. and Van der Maesen, L.J.G. (2002) ‘Riparian forests, a unique but endangered ecosystem in Benin’, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 124: 55-69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0055≯.
Natta, A., Sogbegnon, R. and Tchobo, F. (2010) ‘Connaissances endogènes et importance du Pentadesma butyracea (Clusiaceae) pour les populations autochtones au Nord-Ouest Bénin’, Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereals Science and Biotechnology 4: 18-25.
Nawar, W.W. (1996) ‘Lipids’, in Owen R. Fennema (ed.), Food Chemistry, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Noudogbessi, J.P.A., Natta, A.K., Tchobo, F.P., Bogninou, G.S., Bothon, F.T.D., Bossou, A.D., Figueredo, G., Chalard, P., Chalchat, J.C. and Sohounhloué, D.C.K. (2013) ‘Phytochemical screening of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) acclimated in Benin by GC/MS’, ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2013: 1-8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/172397≯.
Raponda, W. and Sillans, R. (1961) Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Paris: Paul Lechevalier, p. 614.
Semmelroch, P. and Grosch, W. (1998) ‘Studies on character impact odorants of coffee brews’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(2): 537-43.
Shimoda, M., Shiratsuchi, H., Nakada, Y., Wu, Y. and Osajima, Y. (1996) ‘Identification and sensory characterization of volatile flavor compounds in sesame seed oil’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(12): 3909-12.
Sills, E.O., Sharachandra, L., Holmes, T.P. and Pattanayak, S.K. (2003) ‘Non-timber forest products in the rural household economy’, in E.O. Sills and K.L. Abt (eds), Forests in a Market Economy, pp. 259-81, Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Sinsin, B. and Sinadouwirou, T. A. (2003) ‘Valorisation socio-économique et pérennité du Pentadesma butyracea Sabine en galeries forestières du Bénin’, Cahiers Agriculture 12: 75-9.
Tchobo, F.P., Natta, A.K., Barea, B., Barouh, N., Piombo, G., Pina, M., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Sohounhloue, D.C.K. (2007) ‘Characterization of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine butters of different production regions in Benin’, Journal of American Oil Chemistry 84: 755-60 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1102-0≯.
Tchobo, F.P., Alitonou, G.A., Noudogbessi, J.P., Laguerre, M., Barea, B., Georges, P., Natta, A.K., Villeneuve, P., Soumanou, M.M. and Souhounhloue, K.C.D. (2013) ‘Evaluation of the chemical composition of Pentadesma butyracea butter and defatted kernels’, International Journal of Biosciences 3(1): 101-8.
Vivien, J. and Faure, J.J. (1985) Arbres des forêts d’Afrique Centrale. Paris: Ministère des Relations Extérieures de la Coopération et du Développement, pp. 526-40.
Wabo, H.K., Kikuchi, H., Katou, Y., Tane, P. and Oshima, Y. (2010) ‘Xanthones and a benzophenone from the roots of Pentadesma butyracea and their antiproliferative activity’, Phytochemistry Letters 3: 104-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytol.2010.02.006≯.
Womeni, H.M., Ndjouenkeu, R., Kapseu, C., Fanni, J.J. and Parmentier, M. (2006) ‘Application du procédé séchage friture aux amandes de karité: influence sur les indices chimiques de qualité et les propriétés’, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 13: 297-302 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2006.0012≯.
Zelefack, F., Guilet, D., Fabre, N., Bayet, C., Chevalley, S., Ngouela, S., Ndjakou-Lenta, B., Valentin, A., Tsamo, E. and Dijoux-Franca, M.G. (2009) ‘Cytotoxic and antiplasmodial xanthones from Pentadesma butyracea’, Journal of Natural Products 72(5): 954-7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np8005953≯.
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