The contract farming of seasonal crops raises the question of how farmers can be supported when they are not producing the contracted crop. Farmer incomes and relationships between company and farmers can be enhanced if the company can provide additional incomeearning opportunities. This approach is particularly pertinent in those developing countries where management, technical, and marketing linkages are weak. In addition, many farming communities have little access to short-term finance to fund their cropping cycle, apart from sometimes avaricious money lenders. The specific focus of this study is to introduce the recent experiences of five multi-contractual projects sponsored by two tobacco organizations: PT Sadhana Arifnusa Corporation (Sadhana) in Indonesia and the Southern Development Company (SDC) in Fiji. As tobacco is a six-month crop, both companies considered that broadening their cropping base during the ‘off season’ would provide additional income for their farmers. It would also offer additional employment to seasonal workers who are employed only during the delivery, processing, packing, and storage of crops. The outcomes of this paper can act as a template for a detailed analysis that can determine the successes and constraints of multi-cropping under contract, and the promotion of farmer-company relations, including how they can restrict side-selling, a major constraint of contract farming.

Amigo, M. (2010) ‘Small bodies, large contribution: children's work in the tobacco plantations of Lombok, Indonesia’, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 11 (1): 34-51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442210903540393≯.

Da Silva, C. (2005) The Growing Role of Contract Farming in Agri-Food Systems Development: Drivers, Theory and Practice [pdf] AGSF Working Paper 9, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf

Eaton, C.S. (1988) Directed Small-holder Farming in Fiji, unpublished MPh thesis, Suva, Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific.

Eaton, C.S. and Shepherd, A.W. (2001) Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth [pdf] Agricultural Services Bulletin 145, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf

Glover, D. and Kusterer, K. (1990) Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development, London: Macmillan.

Harrigan, J. (2003) ‘U-turns and full circles: two decades of agricultural reform in Malawi 1981-2000’, World Development 31 (5): 847-63.

McGregor, A. (1990) Requirements for the Development of New Export Crops: The Case of Papaya, Honolulu: Pacific Island Development Program, East-West Center.

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) (2006) Annual report Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam Angka, Mataram, Lombok: Agricultural Department.

Patrick, I. (2004) Contract Farming in Indonesia: Smallholders and Agribusiness Working Together, Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.

Simmons, P., Winters, P. and Patrick, I. (2005) ‘An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia’, Agricultural Economics 33 (s3): 513-25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0864.2005.00096.x≯.

Amigo, M. (2010) ‘Small bodies, large contribution: children's work in the tobacco plantations of Lombok, Indonesia’, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 11 (1): 34-51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442210903540393≯.

Da Silva, C. (2005) The Growing Role of Contract Farming in Agri-Food Systems Development: Drivers, Theory and Practice [pdf] AGSF Working Paper 9, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf

Eaton, C.S. (1988) Directed Small-holder Farming in Fiji, unpublished MPh thesis, Suva, Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific.

Eaton, C.S. and Shepherd, A.W. (2001) Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth [pdf] Agricultural Services Bulletin 145, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf

Glover, D. and Kusterer, K. (1990) Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development, London: Macmillan.

Harrigan, J. (2003) ‘U-turns and full circles: two decades of agricultural reform in Malawi 1981-2000’, World Development 31 (5): 847-63.

McGregor, A. (1990) Requirements for the Development of New Export Crops: The Case of Papaya, Honolulu: Pacific Island Development Program, East-West Center.

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) (2006) Annual report Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam Angka, Mataram, Lombok: Agricultural Department.

Patrick, I. (2004) Contract Farming in Indonesia: Smallholders and Agribusiness Working Together, Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.

Simmons, P., Winters, P. and Patrick, I. (2005) ‘An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia’, Agricultural Economics 33 (s3): 513-25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0864.2005.00096.x≯.

Amigo, M. (2010) ‘Small bodies, large contribution: children's work in the tobacco plantations of Lombok, Indonesia’, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 11 (1): 34-51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442210903540393≯.

Da Silva, C. (2005) The Growing Role of Contract Farming in Agri-Food Systems Development: Drivers, Theory and Practice [pdf] AGSF Working Paper 9, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf

Eaton, C.S. (1988) Directed Small-holder Farming in Fiji, unpublished MPh thesis, Suva, Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific.

Eaton, C.S. and Shepherd, A.W. (2001) Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth [pdf] Agricultural Services Bulletin 145, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf

Glover, D. and Kusterer, K. (1990) Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development, London: Macmillan.

Harrigan, J. (2003) ‘U-turns and full circles: two decades of agricultural reform in Malawi 1981-2000’, World Development 31 (5): 847-63.

McGregor, A. (1990) Requirements for the Development of New Export Crops: The Case of Papaya, Honolulu: Pacific Island Development Program, East-West Center.

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) (2006) Annual report Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam Angka, Mataram, Lombok: Agricultural Department.

Patrick, I. (2004) Contract Farming in Indonesia: Smallholders and Agribusiness Working Together, Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.

Simmons, P., Winters, P. and Patrick, I. (2005) ‘An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia’, Agricultural Economics 33 (s3): 513-25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0864.2005.00096.x≯.

Amigo, M. (2010) ‘Small bodies, large contribution: children's work in the tobacco plantations of Lombok, Indonesia’, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 11 (1): 34-51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442210903540393≯.

Da Silva, C. (2005) The Growing Role of Contract Farming in Agri-Food Systems Development: Drivers, Theory and Practice [pdf] AGSF Working Paper 9, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AGSF_WD_9.pdf

Eaton, C.S. (1988) Directed Small-holder Farming in Fiji, unpublished MPh thesis, Suva, Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific.

Eaton, C.S. and Shepherd, A.W. (2001) Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth [pdf] Agricultural Services Bulletin 145, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf≯ [accessed 16 June 2013]. www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf

Glover, D. and Kusterer, K. (1990) Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development, London: Macmillan.

Harrigan, J. (2003) ‘U-turns and full circles: two decades of agricultural reform in Malawi 1981-2000’, World Development 31 (5): 847-63.

McGregor, A. (1990) Requirements for the Development of New Export Crops: The Case of Papaya, Honolulu: Pacific Island Development Program, East-West Center.

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) (2006) Annual report Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam Angka, Mataram, Lombok: Agricultural Department.

Patrick, I. (2004) Contract Farming in Indonesia: Smallholders and Agribusiness Working Together, Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.

Simmons, P., Winters, P. and Patrick, I. (2005) ‘An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia’, Agricultural Economics 33 (s3): 513-25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0864.2005.00096.x≯.