Grain storage in Africa: Learning from past experiences
Rising food prices have once again drawn attention to the issue of postharvest losses and to the role that good-quality storage can play in reducing those losses. Donor support in this area is increasing. However, evidence from past interventions in Africa during the last wave of enthusiasm for work in the post-harvest area gives some cause for concern that investments in storage improvement may not be too effective. This paper briefly reviews past experiences with grain storage upgrading, from farm-level stores up to large-scale infrastructure for marketing boards and food reserves. Lessons from those experiences emphasize that storage development must not be carried out as isolated ad hoc interventions but must be seen within the context of the operations of the entire supply chain, taking full account of the way marketing systems function, the relationships within those systems, and the economic viability of proposed interventions.Amani, H.K.R., van den Brink, R. and Maro, W.E. (1992) Tolerating the Private Sector: Grain Trade in Tanzania after Adjustment [online], Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Washington, DC <www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf
Armah, P.W. and Asante, F. (2005) Ensuring Food Security in Ghana: The Role of Maize Storage Systems [online], SAGA Policy Relevance Summary, Cornell, <www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf
Ashimogo, G. (1995) Peasant Grain Storage and Marketing in Tanzania: A Case Study of Maize in Sumbawanga District, Köster, Berlin.
Christiaensen, L. and Demery, L. (2007) Down to Earth: Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Africa [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf
Coulter, J. (2007) ‘Farmer groups enterprises and the marketing of staple food commodities in Africa’, CAPRi Working Paper No. 72 [online], IFPRI, Washington, DC <www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf
Coulter, J. and Shepherd, A.W. (1995) ‘Inventory credit: An approach to developing agricultural markets’, Agricultural Services Bulletin 120 [online], FAO, Rome <www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm
CRS (1998) Community-level Grain Storage Projects (Cereal Banks): Why do they Rarely Work and What are the Alternatives? [online] notes from the workshop, Dakar, Senegal, January <http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf
FAO (1994) ‘Maintenance and operation of bulk grain stores’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 113, FAO, Rome.
Golob, P., Farrell, G. and Orchard, J. (2002) Crop Post Harvest: Science and Technologies, Volume 1: Principles and Practices, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Nkonde, C., Mason, N., Sitko, N. and Jayne, T.S. (2011) ‘Who gained and who lost from Zambia's 2010 maize marketing policies?’, Food Security Research Project, Working Paper 49 [online], FSRP, Lusaka <www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf
Olajide, J.O. and Oyelade, O.J. (2002) ‘Performance evaluation of the Strategic Grain Reserve Storage Programme (SGRSP) in Nigeria’, Technovation 22: 463-68 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00015-3≯.
Proctor, D.L. (ed.) (1994) ‘Grain storage techniques: Evolution and trends in developing countries’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 109 [online], FAO, Rome, <www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm
Reusse, E. (2002) The Ills of Aid, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Shepherd, A.W., Cadilhon, J-J. and Gálvez, E. (2009) ‘Commodity associations: A tool for supply chain development?’, AGS Occasional Paper 24 [online], FAO, Rome <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf
Thamaga-Chitja, J.M., Hendriks, S.L., Ortmann, G.F. and Green, M. (2004) ‘Impact of maize storage on rural household food security in Northern Kwazulu-Natal’, Tyudskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe 32 [online] <www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf
Weber, M.T., Staatz, J.M., Holtzman, J.S., Crawford, E.W. and Bernsten, R.E. (1988) ‘Informing food security decisions in Africa: Empirical analysis and policy dialogue’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70: 1044-52 <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/1241733≯.
Whiteside, M. and Amilcar, L. (2006) Agricultural Marketing in Nampula Province: Constraints and Opportunities, CARE International, Mozambique.
World Bank (2011) ‘Missing food: The case of post-harvest grain losses in sub-Saharan Africa’, Report No. 60371-AFR, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf≯ [last accessed 28 October 2012] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf
World Bank (2012) Using Public Foodgrain Stocks to Enhance Food Security, Report Number 71280-GLB [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security
Amani, H.K.R., van den Brink, R. and Maro, W.E. (1992) Tolerating the Private Sector: Grain Trade in Tanzania after Adjustment [online], Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Washington, DC <www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf
Armah, P.W. and Asante, F. (2005) Ensuring Food Security in Ghana: The Role of Maize Storage Systems [online], SAGA Policy Relevance Summary, Cornell, <www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf
Ashimogo, G. (1995) Peasant Grain Storage and Marketing in Tanzania: A Case Study of Maize in Sumbawanga District, Köster, Berlin.
Christiaensen, L. and Demery, L. (2007) Down to Earth: Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Africa [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf
Coulter, J. (2007) ‘Farmer groups enterprises and the marketing of staple food commodities in Africa’, CAPRi Working Paper No. 72 [online], IFPRI, Washington, DC <www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf
Coulter, J. and Shepherd, A.W. (1995) ‘Inventory credit: An approach to developing agricultural markets’, Agricultural Services Bulletin 120 [online], FAO, Rome <www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm
CRS (1998) Community-level Grain Storage Projects (Cereal Banks): Why do they Rarely Work and What are the Alternatives? [online] notes from the workshop, Dakar, Senegal, January <http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf
FAO (1994) ‘Maintenance and operation of bulk grain stores’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 113, FAO, Rome.
Golob, P., Farrell, G. and Orchard, J. (2002) Crop Post Harvest: Science and Technologies, Volume 1: Principles and Practices, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Nkonde, C., Mason, N., Sitko, N. and Jayne, T.S. (2011) ‘Who gained and who lost from Zambia's 2010 maize marketing policies?’, Food Security Research Project, Working Paper 49 [online], FSRP, Lusaka <www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf
Olajide, J.O. and Oyelade, O.J. (2002) ‘Performance evaluation of the Strategic Grain Reserve Storage Programme (SGRSP) in Nigeria’, Technovation 22: 463-68 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00015-3≯.
Proctor, D.L. (ed.) (1994) ‘Grain storage techniques: Evolution and trends in developing countries’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 109 [online], FAO, Rome, <www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm
Reusse, E. (2002) The Ills of Aid, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Shepherd, A.W., Cadilhon, J-J. and Gálvez, E. (2009) ‘Commodity associations: A tool for supply chain development?’, AGS Occasional Paper 24 [online], FAO, Rome <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf
Thamaga-Chitja, J.M., Hendriks, S.L., Ortmann, G.F. and Green, M. (2004) ‘Impact of maize storage on rural household food security in Northern Kwazulu-Natal’, Tyudskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe 32 [online] <www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf
Weber, M.T., Staatz, J.M., Holtzman, J.S., Crawford, E.W. and Bernsten, R.E. (1988) ‘Informing food security decisions in Africa: Empirical analysis and policy dialogue’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70: 1044-52 <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/1241733≯.
Whiteside, M. and Amilcar, L. (2006) Agricultural Marketing in Nampula Province: Constraints and Opportunities, CARE International, Mozambique.
World Bank (2011) ‘Missing food: The case of post-harvest grain losses in sub-Saharan Africa’, Report No. 60371-AFR, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf≯ [last accessed 28 October 2012] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf
World Bank (2012) Using Public Foodgrain Stocks to Enhance Food Security, Report Number 71280-GLB [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security
Amani, H.K.R., van den Brink, R. and Maro, W.E. (1992) Tolerating the Private Sector: Grain Trade in Tanzania after Adjustment [online], Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Washington, DC <www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf
Armah, P.W. and Asante, F. (2005) Ensuring Food Security in Ghana: The Role of Maize Storage Systems [online], SAGA Policy Relevance Summary, Cornell, <www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf
Ashimogo, G. (1995) Peasant Grain Storage and Marketing in Tanzania: A Case Study of Maize in Sumbawanga District, Köster, Berlin.
Christiaensen, L. and Demery, L. (2007) Down to Earth: Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Africa [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf
Coulter, J. (2007) ‘Farmer groups enterprises and the marketing of staple food commodities in Africa’, CAPRi Working Paper No. 72 [online], IFPRI, Washington, DC <www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf
Coulter, J. and Shepherd, A.W. (1995) ‘Inventory credit: An approach to developing agricultural markets’, Agricultural Services Bulletin 120 [online], FAO, Rome <www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm
CRS (1998) Community-level Grain Storage Projects (Cereal Banks): Why do they Rarely Work and What are the Alternatives? [online] notes from the workshop, Dakar, Senegal, January <http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf
FAO (1994) ‘Maintenance and operation of bulk grain stores’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 113, FAO, Rome.
Golob, P., Farrell, G. and Orchard, J. (2002) Crop Post Harvest: Science and Technologies, Volume 1: Principles and Practices, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Nkonde, C., Mason, N., Sitko, N. and Jayne, T.S. (2011) ‘Who gained and who lost from Zambia's 2010 maize marketing policies?’, Food Security Research Project, Working Paper 49 [online], FSRP, Lusaka <www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf
Olajide, J.O. and Oyelade, O.J. (2002) ‘Performance evaluation of the Strategic Grain Reserve Storage Programme (SGRSP) in Nigeria’, Technovation 22: 463-68 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00015-3≯.
Proctor, D.L. (ed.) (1994) ‘Grain storage techniques: Evolution and trends in developing countries’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 109 [online], FAO, Rome, <www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm
Reusse, E. (2002) The Ills of Aid, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Shepherd, A.W., Cadilhon, J-J. and Gálvez, E. (2009) ‘Commodity associations: A tool for supply chain development?’, AGS Occasional Paper 24 [online], FAO, Rome <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf
Thamaga-Chitja, J.M., Hendriks, S.L., Ortmann, G.F. and Green, M. (2004) ‘Impact of maize storage on rural household food security in Northern Kwazulu-Natal’, Tyudskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe 32 [online] <www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf
Weber, M.T., Staatz, J.M., Holtzman, J.S., Crawford, E.W. and Bernsten, R.E. (1988) ‘Informing food security decisions in Africa: Empirical analysis and policy dialogue’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70: 1044-52 <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/1241733≯.
Whiteside, M. and Amilcar, L. (2006) Agricultural Marketing in Nampula Province: Constraints and Opportunities, CARE International, Mozambique.
World Bank (2011) ‘Missing food: The case of post-harvest grain losses in sub-Saharan Africa’, Report No. 60371-AFR, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf≯ [last accessed 28 October 2012] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf
World Bank (2012) Using Public Foodgrain Stocks to Enhance Food Security, Report Number 71280-GLB [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security
Amani, H.K.R., van den Brink, R. and Maro, W.E. (1992) Tolerating the Private Sector: Grain Trade in Tanzania after Adjustment [online], Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Washington, DC <www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. www.cfnpp.cornell.edu/images/ wp32.pdf
Armah, P.W. and Asante, F. (2005) Ensuring Food Security in Ghana: The Role of Maize Storage Systems [online], SAGA Policy Relevance Summary, Cornell, <www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.saga.cornell.edu/images/caurepts/armah-polrel.pdf
Ashimogo, G. (1995) Peasant Grain Storage and Marketing in Tanzania: A Case Study of Maize in Sumbawanga District, Köster, Berlin.
Christiaensen, L. and Demery, L. (2007) Down to Earth: Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Africa [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1130251872237/DownToEarth_final.pdf
Coulter, J. (2007) ‘Farmer groups enterprises and the marketing of staple food commodities in Africa’, CAPRi Working Paper No. 72 [online], IFPRI, Washington, DC <www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp72.pdf
Coulter, J. and Shepherd, A.W. (1995) ‘Inventory credit: An approach to developing agricultural markets’, Agricultural Services Bulletin 120 [online], FAO, Rome <www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/v7470e/v7470e00.htm
CRS (1998) Community-level Grain Storage Projects (Cereal Banks): Why do they Rarely Work and What are the Alternatives? [online] notes from the workshop, Dakar, Senegal, January <http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf≯ [accessed 29 July 2012]. http://lasdanaides.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/1998-crs.pdf
FAO (1994) ‘Maintenance and operation of bulk grain stores’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 113, FAO, Rome.
Golob, P., Farrell, G. and Orchard, J. (2002) Crop Post Harvest: Science and Technologies, Volume 1: Principles and Practices, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Nkonde, C., Mason, N., Sitko, N. and Jayne, T.S. (2011) ‘Who gained and who lost from Zambia's 2010 maize marketing policies?’, Food Security Research Project, Working Paper 49 [online], FSRP, Lusaka <www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/wp49.pdf
Olajide, J.O. and Oyelade, O.J. (2002) ‘Performance evaluation of the Strategic Grain Reserve Storage Programme (SGRSP) in Nigeria’, Technovation 22: 463-68 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00015-3≯.
Proctor, D.L. (ed.) (1994) ‘Grain storage techniques: Evolution and trends in developing countries’, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 109 [online], FAO, Rome, <www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.fao.org/docrep/t1838e/t1838e00.htm
Reusse, E. (2002) The Ills of Aid, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Shepherd, A.W., Cadilhon, J-J. and Gálvez, E. (2009) ‘Commodity associations: A tool for supply chain development?’, AGS Occasional Paper 24 [online], FAO, Rome <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0945e/i0945e00.pdf
Thamaga-Chitja, J.M., Hendriks, S.L., Ortmann, G.F. and Green, M. (2004) ‘Impact of maize storage on rural household food security in Northern Kwazulu-Natal’, Tyudskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe 32 [online] <www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. www.up.ac.za/saafecs/vol32/chitja.pdf
Weber, M.T., Staatz, J.M., Holtzman, J.S., Crawford, E.W. and Bernsten, R.E. (1988) ‘Informing food security decisions in Africa: Empirical analysis and policy dialogue’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70: 1044-52 <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/1241733≯.
Whiteside, M. and Amilcar, L. (2006) Agricultural Marketing in Nampula Province: Constraints and Opportunities, CARE International, Mozambique.
World Bank (2011) ‘Missing food: The case of post-harvest grain losses in sub-Saharan Africa’, Report No. 60371-AFR, Washington, DC <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf≯ [last accessed 28 October 2012] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/MissingFoods10_web.pdf
World Bank (2012) Using Public Foodgrain Stocks to Enhance Food Security, Report Number 71280-GLB [online], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security≯ [accessed 30 July 2012]. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16687047/using-public-foodgrain-stocks-enhance-food-security
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