The article considers a bottom-up approach to developing green food value chains based on a step-by-step approach. The process attempts to learn from frugal innovations that may be environmentally friendly (green), found in bottom of the pyramid (BOP) contexts and the related informal food sector. The step-by-step process starts with forming and facilitating a multi-stakeholder working group, then moves on to appraise various food value chains, and then selects one or more specific food value chains to green. Each is then mapped, while concurrently providing for an environmental hotspot analysis and a stakeholder analysis. The approach then turns to setting specific objectives and strategies, planning and action planning, setting up a monitoring and evaluation system, and holding regular multi-stakeholder working group meetings during the implementation time period of the approach. The last step of the process considers the possibility of contributing to, and fostering, the development of a policy action plan. The approach is intended mainly for field practitioners with all its advantages and limitations, but can also provide important field-based information to local and national stakeholders, including policy-makers. The approach can also provide support in the delineation, formulation, and importantly implementation of policies devoted to developing green food value chains.

Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.

Benson, E. (2014) Informal and Green? The Forgotten Voice in the Transition to a Green Economy, London: IIED.

Catholic Relief Services (CRS) (2009) A Guide to Rapid Market Appraisals for Agricultural Products [pdf], Baltimore: CRS <www.crs.org/sites/default/files/tools-research/guide-to-rapid-market-appraisal-for-agricultural-products.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Chitundu, M., Droppelmann, K. and Haggblade, S. (2009) Intervening in value chains: lessons from Zambia’s Task Force on Acceleration of Cassava Utilisation, The Journal of Development Studies 45(4): 593–620 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802582320>.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2008) Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Tool Book for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis, Phnom Penh: DFID <www.fao.org/3/a-at357e.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2012) Towards a Circular Economy No. 1: An Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition, Cowes, UK: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2003) The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support and Polices for Operators, Food in Cities collection no. 4, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2014) ‘Green food value chain development concept note’, in M. Hilmi (ed.), Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

FAO and CIHEAM (2016) Mediterra: Zero Waste in the Mediterranean: Natural Resources, Food and Knowledge, Rome: FAO.

GTZ (2007) Multi-stakeholder Management: Tools for Stakeholder Analysis: 10 Building Blocks for Designing Participatory Systems of Cooperation [pdf], Eschborn, Germany: GTZ <www.fsnnetwork.org/sites/default/files/en-svmp-instrumente-akteuersanalyse.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

German Development Agency (GIZ) (2012) Green Urban Economy: Conceptual Basis and Courses of Action, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

GIZ (2015) The Guidelines for Value Chain Selection: Integrating Economic, Environmental, Social and Institutional Criteria [pdf], Eschborn, Germany: GIZ <www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz2015-en-guidelines-value-chain-selection.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Hilmi, M. (2016a) ‘Developing greener food value chains: environmentally friendly tomato post-harvest operations in four cities’, Food Chain 6(1): 22–34 <https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2016.002>.

Hilmi, M. (2016b) ‘Fostering green growth by developing greener food value chains: A bottom-of-the pyramid perspective’, Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP), Fourth Annual Conference on Transforming Development through Inclusive Green Growth, 6–7 September 2016, Jeju International Convention Center, Republic of Korea.

Hokmabadi, H. (2015) Recapturing Value from Waste in Green Food Value Chains: I.R. Iran Case Study Research on Pistachio, Rome: FAO (unpublished).

Institut Montaigne (2016) The Circular Economy: Reconciling Economic Growth with the Environment, Paris: Institut Montaigne.

Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. and Hekkert, M. (2017) ‘Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions’, Resources, Conservation & Recycling 127: 221–32 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005>.

Le Bas, C. (2016) ‘Frugal innovation, sustainable innovation, reverse innovation: why do they look alike? Why are they different?’ Journal of Innovation Economics and Management 3(21): 8–26 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jie.021.0009>.

Liedtke, C., Baedeker, C., Kolberg, S. and Lettenmeier, M. (2010) ‘Resource intensity in global food chains: the Hot Spot Analysis’, British Food Journal 112(10): 1138–59 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070701011080267>.

Lubinza, F. and Hilmi, M. (2013) Mini-Hydropower for Agri-food Processing Units, Rome: FAO (unpublished).

Making Markets Work Better for the Poor (M4P) (2008) Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Tool Book for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis, London: Department for International Development (DFID).

Miehlbradt, A. and Jones, L. (2007) Market Research for Value Chain Initiatives – Information to Action: A Toolkit Series for Market Development Practitioners [online], MEDA <www.meda.org/resources/publications/technical/value-chain/59-market-research-for-value-chain-initiatives-information-to-action-a-toolkit-series-for-market-development-practitioners> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Mulvany, P. and Murphy, B. (2015) ‘Sustaining local food webs: insights from Kenya and the UK’, Food Chain 5(3): 181–202 <https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2015.009>.

Ng, W.P.Q., Lam, H.L., Ng, F.Y., Kamal, M. and Lim, J.H.E. (2012) ‘Waste-to-wealth: green potential from palm biomass in Malaysia’, Journal of Cleaner Production 34: 57–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.04.004>.

Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2011) A Green Growth Strategy for Food and Agriculture, Paris: OECD.

Pansera, M. and Owen, R. (2014) Collaboration for Sustainability and Innovation: A Role for Sustainability Driven by the Global South? A Cross-Border, Multi-Stakeholder Perspective, pp. 293–313, Netherlands: Springer.

Pansera, M. and Sarkar, S. (2016) ‘Crafting sustainable development solutions: frugal innovations of grassroots entrepreneurs’, Sustainability 8: 51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8010051>.

Pinchot, A. (2014) The Economics of Local Food Systems: A Literature Review of the Production, Distribution and Consumption of Local Food, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.

Prahalad, C.K. (2011) ‘Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations’, Journal of Production Innovation Management 29(1): 6–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x>.

Rangan, V.K., Chu, M. and Petkoski, D. (2011) ‘The globe: segmenting the base of the pyramid’, Harvard Business Review 89(6): 113–7.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA) (2014) Green Agricultural Value Chains for Improved Livelihoods in the Arab Region, Beirut: UNESCWA.

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2006) Design for Sustainability: A Practical Approach for Developing Economies, Vienna: UNEP.

UNEP (2011) Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication – A Synthesis for Policy Makers, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2014) UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative - Flagship Project 3a (Phase 1): Hotspots Analysis: mapping of existing methodologies, tools and guidance and initial recommendations for the development of global guidance, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2016) Food Systems and Natural Resources, Nairobi: UNEP.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2008) End Market Research Toolkit [pdf], Washington, DC: USAID <http://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/3f/5e/3f5ec4e0-4227-4ef6-8e8d-039fe95cc01f/valuechainendmarkettoolkit.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Vermeulen, S.J., Campbell, B.M. and Ingram, J.S.I. (2012) ‘Climate change and food systems’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 37: 195–222 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608>.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S., Ritchie, R., Venugopal, S. and Jung, K. (2012) ‘Marketing interactions in subsistence marketplaces: a bottom-up approach to designing public policy’, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31: 159–77 <https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.11.049>.

World Bank (2012) Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Economic Forum (WEF) (2009) Driving Sustainable Consumption: Value Chain Waste Overview Briefing, Geneva: WEF.

Barbier, E.B. (2014) Is Green Growth Relevant for Poor Economies? Working Paper Development Politics No. 144, Clermont-Ferrand, France: Fondation pour les Études et Recherches sur le Développement International (FREDI).

Bass, S., Steele, P., Toulmin, C., Greenfield, O., Hopkins, C., Chung, I. and Nielsen, T. (2016) Pro-poor, Inclusive Green Growth: Experience and a New Agenda, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), Seoul, Korea.

Best, R. (2015) The Green Poultry Value Chain: Case Study Trinidad and Tobago, Rome: FAO (unpublished).

Brown, D., McGranahan, G. and Dodman, D. (2014) Urban Informality and Building a More Inclusive, Resilient and Green Economy, London: IIED.

Cucek, L., Kleme, J.J. and Kravanja, Z. (2012) Review of footprint analysis tools for monitoring impacts on sustainability, Journal of Cleaner Production 34: 9–20 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.036>.

De Pozo-Vergnes, E. (2013) From Survival to Competition: Informality in Agrifood Markets in Countries under Transition, The case of Peru, London: IIED.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013) Towards a Circular Economy No. 2: Opportunities for the Consumer Goods Sector, Cowes, UK: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

FAO (2011) Save and Grow: A Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2015) Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

FAO (2015) The Economic Lives of Smallholder Farmers: An Analysis Based on Household Data in Nine Countries, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2015) FAO and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2016) Food and Agriculture: Key to Achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2016) Maize, Rice, Wheat: A Guide to Sustainable Cereal Production, Rome: FAO.

Hilmi, M.F. (2012) ‘Grassroots innovation from the bottom of the pyramid’, Current Opinion in Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1(2): 1–3.

Hilmi, M. (forthcoming) Green Food Value Chain Development: A Handbook.

Hilmi, M. (forthcoming) Recapturing Value from Waste for Developing Green Food Value Chains in Rural and Urban Areas.

Lipinski, B., Hanson, C., Lomax, J., Kitionja, L., Waite, R. and Searchinger, T. (2013) Reducing Food Loss and Waste, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute (WRI).

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) (2015) Valuing Waste, Transforming Cities, Bangkok: UNESCAP.

UNEP (2010) Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production: Priority Products and Materials, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2010) PRE-SME: Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium Enterprises: Industrial Training Handbook, Paris: UNEP.

UNEP (2011) Waste: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2011) Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: Agriculture Sector, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2012) Sustainable, Resource Efficient Cities: - Making it Happen, Nairobi: UNEP.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2013) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Meat Processing Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

UNIDO (2014) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Asian Fruit and Vegetable Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

Westlake, M. (2014) Developing Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands, Rome: CTA and FAO.

Westlake, M. (2014) Opportunities for Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in ACP Countries, Rome: CTA and FAO.

World Bank (2010) Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2012) Geography of Growth: Spatial Economics and Competitiveness, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2012) What a Waste: A Review of Solid Waste Management, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. (2015) Future of Food: Shaping a Climate Smart Global Food System, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2016) Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.

Benson, E. (2014) Informal and Green? The Forgotten Voice in the Transition to a Green Economy, London: IIED.

Catholic Relief Services (CRS) (2009) A Guide to Rapid Market Appraisals for Agricultural Products [pdf], Baltimore: CRS <www.crs.org/sites/default/files/tools-research/guide-to-rapid-market-appraisal-for-agricultural-products.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Chitundu, M., Droppelmann, K. and Haggblade, S. (2009) Intervening in value chains: lessons from Zambia’s Task Force on Acceleration of Cassava Utilisation, The Journal of Development Studies 45(4): 593–620 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802582320>.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2008) Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Tool Book for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis, Phnom Penh: DFID <www.fao.org/3/a-at357e.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2012) Towards a Circular Economy No. 1: An Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition, Cowes, UK: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2003) The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support and Polices for Operators, Food in Cities collection no. 4, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2014) ‘Green food value chain development concept note’, in M. Hilmi (ed.), Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

FAO and CIHEAM (2016) Mediterra: Zero Waste in the Mediterranean: Natural Resources, Food and Knowledge, Rome: FAO.

GTZ (2007) Multi-stakeholder Management: Tools for Stakeholder Analysis: 10 Building Blocks for Designing Participatory Systems of Cooperation [pdf], Eschborn, Germany: GTZ <www.fsnnetwork.org/sites/default/files/en-svmp-instrumente-akteuersanalyse.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

German Development Agency (GIZ) (2012) Green Urban Economy: Conceptual Basis and Courses of Action, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

GIZ (2015) The Guidelines for Value Chain Selection: Integrating Economic, Environmental, Social and Institutional Criteria [pdf], Eschborn, Germany: GIZ <www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz2015-en-guidelines-value-chain-selection.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Hilmi, M. (2016a) ‘Developing greener food value chains: environmentally friendly tomato post-harvest operations in four cities’, Food Chain 6(1): 22–34 <https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2016.002>.

Hilmi, M. (2016b) ‘Fostering green growth by developing greener food value chains: A bottom-of-the pyramid perspective’, Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP), Fourth Annual Conference on Transforming Development through Inclusive Green Growth, 6–7 September 2016, Jeju International Convention Center, Republic of Korea.

Hokmabadi, H. (2015) Recapturing Value from Waste in Green Food Value Chains: I.R. Iran Case Study Research on Pistachio, Rome: FAO (unpublished).

Institut Montaigne (2016) The Circular Economy: Reconciling Economic Growth with the Environment, Paris: Institut Montaigne.

Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. and Hekkert, M. (2017) ‘Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions’, Resources, Conservation & Recycling 127: 221–32 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005>.

Le Bas, C. (2016) ‘Frugal innovation, sustainable innovation, reverse innovation: why do they look alike? Why are they different?’ Journal of Innovation Economics and Management 3(21): 8–26 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jie.021.0009>.

Liedtke, C., Baedeker, C., Kolberg, S. and Lettenmeier, M. (2010) ‘Resource intensity in global food chains: the Hot Spot Analysis’, British Food Journal 112(10): 1138–59 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070701011080267>.

Lubinza, F. and Hilmi, M. (2013) Mini-Hydropower for Agri-food Processing Units, Rome: FAO (unpublished).

Making Markets Work Better for the Poor (M4P) (2008) Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Tool Book for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis, London: Department for International Development (DFID).

Miehlbradt, A. and Jones, L. (2007) Market Research for Value Chain Initiatives – Information to Action: A Toolkit Series for Market Development Practitioners [online], MEDA <www.meda.org/resources/publications/technical/value-chain/59-market-research-for-value-chain-initiatives-information-to-action-a-toolkit-series-for-market-development-practitioners> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Mulvany, P. and Murphy, B. (2015) ‘Sustaining local food webs: insights from Kenya and the UK’, Food Chain 5(3): 181–202 <https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2015.009>.

Ng, W.P.Q., Lam, H.L., Ng, F.Y., Kamal, M. and Lim, J.H.E. (2012) ‘Waste-to-wealth: green potential from palm biomass in Malaysia’, Journal of Cleaner Production 34: 57–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.04.004>.

Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2011) A Green Growth Strategy for Food and Agriculture, Paris: OECD.

Pansera, M. and Owen, R. (2014) Collaboration for Sustainability and Innovation: A Role for Sustainability Driven by the Global South? A Cross-Border, Multi-Stakeholder Perspective, pp. 293–313, Netherlands: Springer.

Pansera, M. and Sarkar, S. (2016) ‘Crafting sustainable development solutions: frugal innovations of grassroots entrepreneurs’, Sustainability 8: 51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8010051>.

Pinchot, A. (2014) The Economics of Local Food Systems: A Literature Review of the Production, Distribution and Consumption of Local Food, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.

Prahalad, C.K. (2011) ‘Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations’, Journal of Production Innovation Management 29(1): 6–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x>.

Rangan, V.K., Chu, M. and Petkoski, D. (2011) ‘The globe: segmenting the base of the pyramid’, Harvard Business Review 89(6): 113–7.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA) (2014) Green Agricultural Value Chains for Improved Livelihoods in the Arab Region, Beirut: UNESCWA.

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2006) Design for Sustainability: A Practical Approach for Developing Economies, Vienna: UNEP.

UNEP (2011) Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication – A Synthesis for Policy Makers, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2014) UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative - Flagship Project 3a (Phase 1): Hotspots Analysis: mapping of existing methodologies, tools and guidance and initial recommendations for the development of global guidance, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2016) Food Systems and Natural Resources, Nairobi: UNEP.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2008) End Market Research Toolkit [pdf], Washington, DC: USAID <http://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/3f/5e/3f5ec4e0-4227-4ef6-8e8d-039fe95cc01f/valuechainendmarkettoolkit.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Vermeulen, S.J., Campbell, B.M. and Ingram, J.S.I. (2012) ‘Climate change and food systems’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 37: 195–222 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608>.

Viswanathan, M., Sridharan, S., Ritchie, R., Venugopal, S. and Jung, K. (2012) ‘Marketing interactions in subsistence marketplaces: a bottom-up approach to designing public policy’, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31: 159–77 <https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.11.049>.

World Bank (2012) Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Economic Forum (WEF) (2009) Driving Sustainable Consumption: Value Chain Waste Overview Briefing, Geneva: WEF.

Barbier, E.B. (2014) Is Green Growth Relevant for Poor Economies? Working Paper Development Politics No. 144, Clermont-Ferrand, France: Fondation pour les Études et Recherches sur le Développement International (FREDI).

Bass, S., Steele, P., Toulmin, C., Greenfield, O., Hopkins, C., Chung, I. and Nielsen, T. (2016) Pro-poor, Inclusive Green Growth: Experience and a New Agenda, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), Seoul, Korea.

Best, R. (2015) The Green Poultry Value Chain: Case Study Trinidad and Tobago, Rome: FAO (unpublished).

Brown, D., McGranahan, G. and Dodman, D. (2014) Urban Informality and Building a More Inclusive, Resilient and Green Economy, London: IIED.

Cucek, L., Kleme, J.J. and Kravanja, Z. (2012) Review of footprint analysis tools for monitoring impacts on sustainability, Journal of Cleaner Production 34: 9–20 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.036>.

De Pozo-Vergnes, E. (2013) From Survival to Competition: Informality in Agrifood Markets in Countries under Transition, The case of Peru, London: IIED.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013) Towards a Circular Economy No. 2: Opportunities for the Consumer Goods Sector, Cowes, UK: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

FAO (2011) Save and Grow: A Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2015) Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

FAO (2015) The Economic Lives of Smallholder Farmers: An Analysis Based on Household Data in Nine Countries, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2015) FAO and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2016) Food and Agriculture: Key to Achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2016) Maize, Rice, Wheat: A Guide to Sustainable Cereal Production, Rome: FAO.

Hilmi, M.F. (2012) ‘Grassroots innovation from the bottom of the pyramid’, Current Opinion in Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1(2): 1–3.

Hilmi, M. (forthcoming) Green Food Value Chain Development: A Handbook.

Hilmi, M. (forthcoming) Recapturing Value from Waste for Developing Green Food Value Chains in Rural and Urban Areas.

Lipinski, B., Hanson, C., Lomax, J., Kitionja, L., Waite, R. and Searchinger, T. (2013) Reducing Food Loss and Waste, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute (WRI).

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) (2015) Valuing Waste, Transforming Cities, Bangkok: UNESCAP.

UNEP (2010) Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production: Priority Products and Materials, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2010) PRE-SME: Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium Enterprises: Industrial Training Handbook, Paris: UNEP.

UNEP (2011) Waste: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2011) Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: Agriculture Sector, Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP (2012) Sustainable, Resource Efficient Cities: - Making it Happen, Nairobi: UNEP.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2013) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Meat Processing Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

UNIDO (2014) Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: The Case of the Asian Fruit and Vegetable Industry, Vienna: UNIDO.

Westlake, M. (2014) Developing Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands, Rome: CTA and FAO.

Westlake, M. (2014) Opportunities for Sustainable, Green and Inclusive Agricultural Value Chains in ACP Countries, Rome: CTA and FAO.

World Bank (2010) Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2012) Geography of Growth: Spatial Economics and Competitiveness, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2012) What a Waste: A Review of Solid Waste Management, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. (2015) Future of Food: Shaping a Climate Smart Global Food System, Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank (2016) Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012) Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.

Benson, E. (2014) Informal and Green? The Forgotten Voice in the Transition to a Green Economy, London: IIED.

Catholic Relief Services (CRS) (2009) A Guide to Rapid Market Appraisals for Agricultural Products [pdf], Baltimore: CRS <www.crs.org/sites/default/files/tools-research/guide-to-rapid-market-appraisal-for-agricultural-products.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Chitundu, M., Droppelmann, K. and Haggblade, S. (2009) Intervening in value chains: lessons from Zambia’s Task Force on Acceleration of Cassava Utilisation, The Journal of Development Studies 45(4): 593–620 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802582320>.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2008) Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Tool Book for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis, Phnom Penh: DFID <www.fao.org/3/a-at357e.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2012) Towards a Circular Economy No. 1: An Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition, Cowes, UK: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2003) The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support and Polices for Operators, Food in Cities collection no. 4, Rome: FAO.

FAO (2014) ‘Green food value chain development concept note’, in M. Hilmi (ed.), Proceedings of the Knowledge Exchange Forum for the Development of Green Food Value Chains, 27–28 November 2014, Rome.

FAO and CIHEAM (2016) Mediterra: Zero Waste in the Mediterranean: Natural Resources, Food and Knowledge, Rome: FAO.

GTZ (2007) Multi-stakeholder Management: Tools for Stakeholder Analysis: 10 Building Blocks for Designing Participatory Systems of Cooperation [pdf], Eschborn, Germany: GTZ <www.fsnnetwork.org/sites/default/files/en-svmp-instrumente-akteuersanalyse.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

German Development Agency (GIZ) (2012) Green Urban Economy: Conceptual Basis and Courses of Action, Eschborn, Germany: GIZ.

GIZ (2015) The Guidelines for Value Chain Selection: Integrating Economic, Environmental, Social and Institutional Criteria [pdf], Eschborn, Germany: GIZ <www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz2015-en-guidelines-value-chain-selection.pdf> [accessed 27 February 2018].

Hilmi, M. (2016a) ‘Developing greener food value chains: environmentally friendly tomato post-harvest operations in four cities’, Food Chain 6(1): 22–34 <https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2016.002>.

Hilmi, M. (2016b) ‘Fostering green growth by developing greener food value chains: A bottom-of-the pyramid perspective’, Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP), Fourth Annual Conference on Transforming Development through Inclusive Green Growth, 6–7 September 2016, Jeju International Convention Center, Republic of Korea.

Hokmabadi, H. (2015) Recapturing Value from Waste in Green Food Value Chains: I.R. Iran Case Study Research on Pistachio, Rome: FAO (unpublished).

Institut Montaigne (2016) The Circular Economy: Reconciling Economic Growth with the Environment, Paris: Institut Montaigne.

Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. and Hekkert, M. (2017) ‘Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions’, Resources, Conservation & Recycling 127: 221–32 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005>.

Le Bas, C. (2016) ‘Frugal innovation, sustainable innovation, reverse innovation: why do they look alike? Why are they different?’ Journal of Innovation Economics and Management 3(21): 8–26 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jie.021.0009>.

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