Partnership approaches have been identified as crucial for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. In the context of an emerging literature on cross-sector partnerships, and more specifically reflections on how academic institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) create effective and mutually beneficial research collaborations, this paper draws on the experiences of a particular partnership between academic researchers and a Fair Trade organization partnership to contribute to building an understanding of how collaborative research can be achieved more effectively. A set of collaborative outputs resulted from the experience, including best practices for engagement and a training tool. It has contributed to changes in some of Fairtrade International’s ways of working with researchers. We found that we had more in common than what divided us in terms of skills and attitudes to knowledge, which is an important factor in the success of our relationship. Rooted in reflective practice, our project highlights the importance of trust and relationship building but also recognition of formal agreements and institutional structures to sustain the relationship.

Abdulsalam-Saghir, P., Bennett, B., Quaye, W., Viet Phu Tu, Sanni, L. and Martin, A. (2015) ‘Gender analysis of household’s decision-making to reduce post-harvest losses of cassava in Ghana, Nigeria and Vietnam’, Food Chain 5(1-2): 53–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2015.014>.

Adeuyi, O.O. and Abdulsalam-Saghir, P.B. (2015) ‘Gender dimensions of decision-making on yam and cassava peels in rural households in Southwest, Nigerian’, in S. Odeyinka, D. Amole and F. Soetan (eds.), Gender in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, pp. 321–8, Proceedings of the Gender in the Post-2015 Development Agenda Conference of the Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies, OAU, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Adeuyi, O.O., Abdulsalam-Saghir, P.B., Adamu, C.O. and Ayinde, I.A. (2016) ‘Gender analysis of value addition to yam and cassava peels among rural households in southwest Nigeria’, African Journal of Gender and Development 3(1): 124–34.

Akinola, W. (2017) ‘How to generate huge income from cassava peels cake’ [online], NAIJ.com <https://www.naija.ng/> [accessed 13 February 2018].

Akinrinola-Akinyemi, A.O., Asagbra, A.E., Asiru, W.B., Lalemi, M.O., Okere, V.O., Oluwawole, O.F., Ajao, O.M., Isa, I.O., Sanni, L.O., Dike, E.N. and Elemo, G.N. (2017) ‘Viability of Cassava peels spawn production and mushroom cultivation’, Open Agriculture 2: 250–4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2017-0027>.

Aro, S.O. (2008) ‘Improvement in the nutritive quality of cassava and its by-products through microbial fermentation’, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(25): 4789–97.

Aro, S.O., Aletor, V.A., Tewe, O.O. and Agbede, J.O. (2010) ‘Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria’ [online], Livestock Research for Rural Development 22(11) <www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/11/aro22213.htm> [accessed 10 September 2017].

Bennett, B., Naziri, D., Quaye, W., Tortoe, C., Sarpong-Owusu, E., Obodai, M., Okai, M., Tandoh Wordey, M., Dziedzoave, N., Sanni L.O., Siwoku, B.O., Adebowale A. A., Piyachomkwan, K., Chotineeranat, S., Sunthornvarabhas, J., Wanlapatit, S., Termvejsayanont, N., Wansuksri, R. and Chatakanonda, P. (2012) ‘Market study for the range of potential cassava and yam waste product solutions’, Gratitude [online] <www.fp7-gratitude.eu> [accessed 23 June 2016].

Brooks, A.A. (2008) ‘Ethanol production potential of local yeast strains isolated from ripe banana peels’, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(20): 3749–52.

Cohen, P. (2013) ‘“Women own 1% of world property”: a feminist myth that won’t die’, The Atlantic <https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/03/women-own-1-of-world-property-a-feminist-myth-that-wont-die/273840/> [accessed 6 March 2016].

Ezedinma, C., Ojiako, I.A., Okechukwu, R.U., Lemchi, J.R., Umar, A.M. and Sanni, L.O. (2007) The Cassava Food Commodity Market and Trade Network in Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA.

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1995) Women, Agriculture and Rural Development: National Sectoral Report for Namibia [online], Rome: FAO <www.fao.org/docrep/x0174e/x0174e00.htm#> [accessed 13 June 2013].

FAO (2014) ‘FAOSTAT: Commodities by Country’, FAO [online] <http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx> [accessed 15 June 2015].

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (2016) ‘Transforming cassava peel waste to quality feeds fast-tracked by private sector in Nigeria’, CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish [online] <https://livestockfish.cgiar.org/> [accessed 10 June 2016].

Kabeer, N. (1994) Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, London: Verso.

Mohammed, A. (2009) Production of Ethanol from Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, M.Tech. thesis, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.

Nasidi, M., Blackwood, D., Akunna, J. and Walker, G.M. (2010) ‘Bioethanol in Nigeria: comparison of sugarcane and sweet sorghum feedstocks’, Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 5: 164–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00084A>.

National Population Commission (NPC) (2006) ‘Estimated population figures’, Abuja, Nigeria: NPC Nigeria.

Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B., Sanni, L.O. and Abiola, S.S. (2006) ‘Fungal enrichment of cassava peels proteins’, African Journal of Biotechnology 5(3): 302–4.

Odedina, S.A. and Adebayo, K. (2012) Commercial Production of Cassava in the Humid Tropics, Abeokuta, Nigeria: Amstys Books and Publishing.

Odediran, O.F., Ashimolowo, O.R., Sodiya, C.I., Sanni, L.O., Adebayo, K., Ojebiyi, W.G. and Adeoye, A.S. (2015) ‘Awareness of cassava peel utilization forms among cassava processors in rural communities of southwest, Nigeria’, International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research 11(1/2): 93–102.

Okike, I. (2014) ‘Nigeria, others to save $4.63bn annually by adopting cassava feed’, Thisday Live, 25 February 2014 <www.rtb.cgiar.org/blog/tag/cassava/page/3/> [accessed 4 March 2014].

Olanbiwoninu, A.A. and Odunfa, S.A. (2012) ‘Enhancing the production of reducing sugars from cassava peels by pretreatment methods’, International Journal of Science and Technology 2(9): 650–2.

Olowofeso, O. and Omisanmi, O.O. (2008) ‘Utilization of cassava peels treated with yeast culture by egg-laying chickens’, Proceedings of 33rd Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), pp. 492–5, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Onuoha, C.I., Uchechi, U. and Onuoha, B.C. (2009) ‘Cultivation of Pleutrotus pulmonarius (mushroom) using some agrowaste materials’, Agricultural Journal 4(2): 109–12.

Pascoe, S., Kirkley, J.E., Gréboval, D. and Morrison-Paul, C.J. (2003) Measuring and Assessing Capacity in Fisheries. 2. Issues and Methods, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 433/2, Rome: FAO.

Pitcha, W., Pramoch, R. and Sumeath, C. (2012) ‘Production of glucose from the hydrolysis of cassava residue using bacteria isolates from Thai higher termites’, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 353–4.

Ratnadewi, A.A.I., Santoso, A.B., Erma, S. and Wuryanti, H. (2016) ‘Application of cassava peel and waste as raw materials for xylooligosaccharide production using endoxylanase from Bacillussubtilis of soil termite abdomen’, Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences: Infectious Diseases, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, 2015 Conference, Procedia Chemistry 18: 31–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.01.007>.

Siwoku, B.O., Adebowale, R., Abdulsalam-Sagir, P., Osuntade, B. and Sanni, L. (2012) ‘Cassava and yam value chain analysis for south-west Nigeria’ [online], Final VCA for Yam and Cassava <www.fp7-gratitude.eu> [accessed 7 May 2014].

Zadrazil, F. (1980) ‘Influence of ammonium nitrate and organic supplements on the yield of Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr.) Sing. Eur. J.’, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 9: 31–5.

Abdulsalam-Saghir, P., Bennett, B., Quaye, W., Viet Phu Tu, Sanni, L. and Martin, A. (2015) ‘Gender analysis of household’s decision-making to reduce post-harvest losses of cassava in Ghana, Nigeria and Vietnam’, Food Chain 5(1-2): 53–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2015.014>.

Adeuyi, O.O. and Abdulsalam-Saghir, P.B. (2015) ‘Gender dimensions of decision-making on yam and cassava peels in rural households in Southwest, Nigerian’, in S. Odeyinka, D. Amole and F. Soetan (eds.), Gender in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, pp. 321–8, Proceedings of the Gender in the Post-2015 Development Agenda Conference of the Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies, OAU, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Adeuyi, O.O., Abdulsalam-Saghir, P.B., Adamu, C.O. and Ayinde, I.A. (2016) ‘Gender analysis of value addition to yam and cassava peels among rural households in southwest Nigeria’, African Journal of Gender and Development 3(1): 124–34.

Akinola, W. (2017) ‘How to generate huge income from cassava peels cake’ [online], NAIJ.com <https://www.naija.ng/> [accessed 13 February 2018].

Akinrinola-Akinyemi, A.O., Asagbra, A.E., Asiru, W.B., Lalemi, M.O., Okere, V.O., Oluwawole, O.F., Ajao, O.M., Isa, I.O., Sanni, L.O., Dike, E.N. and Elemo, G.N. (2017) ‘Viability of Cassava peels spawn production and mushroom cultivation’, Open Agriculture 2: 250–4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2017-0027>.

Aro, S.O. (2008) ‘Improvement in the nutritive quality of cassava and its by-products through microbial fermentation’, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(25): 4789–97.

Aro, S.O., Aletor, V.A., Tewe, O.O. and Agbede, J.O. (2010) ‘Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria’ [online], Livestock Research for Rural Development 22(11) <www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/11/aro22213.htm> [accessed 10 September 2017].

Bennett, B., Naziri, D., Quaye, W., Tortoe, C., Sarpong-Owusu, E., Obodai, M., Okai, M., Tandoh Wordey, M., Dziedzoave, N., Sanni L.O., Siwoku, B.O., Adebowale A. A., Piyachomkwan, K., Chotineeranat, S., Sunthornvarabhas, J., Wanlapatit, S., Termvejsayanont, N., Wansuksri, R. and Chatakanonda, P. (2012) ‘Market study for the range of potential cassava and yam waste product solutions’, Gratitude [online] <www.fp7-gratitude.eu> [accessed 23 June 2016].

Brooks, A.A. (2008) ‘Ethanol production potential of local yeast strains isolated from ripe banana peels’, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(20): 3749–52.

Cohen, P. (2013) ‘“Women own 1% of world property”: a feminist myth that won’t die’, The Atlantic <https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/03/women-own-1-of-world-property-a-feminist-myth-that-wont-die/273840/> [accessed 6 March 2016].

Ezedinma, C., Ojiako, I.A., Okechukwu, R.U., Lemchi, J.R., Umar, A.M. and Sanni, L.O. (2007) The Cassava Food Commodity Market and Trade Network in Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA.

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1995) Women, Agriculture and Rural Development: National Sectoral Report for Namibia [online], Rome: FAO <www.fao.org/docrep/x0174e/x0174e00.htm#> [accessed 13 June 2013].

FAO (2014) ‘FAOSTAT: Commodities by Country’, FAO [online] <http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx> [accessed 15 June 2015].

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (2016) ‘Transforming cassava peel waste to quality feeds fast-tracked by private sector in Nigeria’, CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish [online] <https://livestockfish.cgiar.org/> [accessed 10 June 2016].

Kabeer, N. (1994) Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, London: Verso.

Mohammed, A. (2009) Production of Ethanol from Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, M.Tech. thesis, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.

Nasidi, M., Blackwood, D., Akunna, J. and Walker, G.M. (2010) ‘Bioethanol in Nigeria: comparison of sugarcane and sweet sorghum feedstocks’, Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 5: 164–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00084A>.

National Population Commission (NPC) (2006) ‘Estimated population figures’, Abuja, Nigeria: NPC Nigeria.

Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B., Sanni, L.O. and Abiola, S.S. (2006) ‘Fungal enrichment of cassava peels proteins’, African Journal of Biotechnology 5(3): 302–4.

Odedina, S.A. and Adebayo, K. (2012) Commercial Production of Cassava in the Humid Tropics, Abeokuta, Nigeria: Amstys Books and Publishing.

Odediran, O.F., Ashimolowo, O.R., Sodiya, C.I., Sanni, L.O., Adebayo, K., Ojebiyi, W.G. and Adeoye, A.S. (2015) ‘Awareness of cassava peel utilization forms among cassava processors in rural communities of southwest, Nigeria’, International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research 11(1/2): 93–102.

Okike, I. (2014) ‘Nigeria, others to save $4.63bn annually by adopting cassava feed’, Thisday Live, 25 February 2014 <www.rtb.cgiar.org/blog/tag/cassava/page/3/> [accessed 4 March 2014].

Olanbiwoninu, A.A. and Odunfa, S.A. (2012) ‘Enhancing the production of reducing sugars from cassava peels by pretreatment methods’, International Journal of Science and Technology 2(9): 650–2.

Olowofeso, O. and Omisanmi, O.O. (2008) ‘Utilization of cassava peels treated with yeast culture by egg-laying chickens’, Proceedings of 33rd Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), pp. 492–5, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Onuoha, C.I., Uchechi, U. and Onuoha, B.C. (2009) ‘Cultivation of Pleutrotus pulmonarius (mushroom) using some agrowaste materials’, Agricultural Journal 4(2): 109–12.

Pascoe, S., Kirkley, J.E., Gréboval, D. and Morrison-Paul, C.J. (2003) Measuring and Assessing Capacity in Fisheries. 2. Issues and Methods, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 433/2, Rome: FAO.

Pitcha, W., Pramoch, R. and Sumeath, C. (2012) ‘Production of glucose from the hydrolysis of cassava residue using bacteria isolates from Thai higher termites’, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 353–4.

Ratnadewi, A.A.I., Santoso, A.B., Erma, S. and Wuryanti, H. (2016) ‘Application of cassava peel and waste as raw materials for xylooligosaccharide production using endoxylanase from Bacillussubtilis of soil termite abdomen’, Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences: Infectious Diseases, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, 2015 Conference, Procedia Chemistry 18: 31–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.01.007>.

Siwoku, B.O., Adebowale, R., Abdulsalam-Sagir, P., Osuntade, B. and Sanni, L. (2012) ‘Cassava and yam value chain analysis for south-west Nigeria’ [online], Final VCA for Yam and Cassava <www.fp7-gratitude.eu> [accessed 7 May 2014].

Zadrazil, F. (1980) ‘Influence of ammonium nitrate and organic supplements on the yield of Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr.) Sing. Eur. J.’, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 9: 31–5.

Abdulsalam-Saghir, P., Bennett, B., Quaye, W., Viet Phu Tu, Sanni, L. and Martin, A. (2015) ‘Gender analysis of household’s decision-making to reduce post-harvest losses of cassava in Ghana, Nigeria and Vietnam’, Food Chain 5(1-2): 53–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2015.014>.

Adeuyi, O.O. and Abdulsalam-Saghir, P.B. (2015) ‘Gender dimensions of decision-making on yam and cassava peels in rural households in Southwest, Nigerian’, in S. Odeyinka, D. Amole and F. Soetan (eds.), Gender in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, pp. 321–8, Proceedings of the Gender in the Post-2015 Development Agenda Conference of the Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies, OAU, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Adeuyi, O.O., Abdulsalam-Saghir, P.B., Adamu, C.O. and Ayinde, I.A. (2016) ‘Gender analysis of value addition to yam and cassava peels among rural households in southwest Nigeria’, African Journal of Gender and Development 3(1): 124–34.

Akinola, W. (2017) ‘How to generate huge income from cassava peels cake’ [online], NAIJ.com <https://www.naija.ng/> [accessed 13 February 2018].

Akinrinola-Akinyemi, A.O., Asagbra, A.E., Asiru, W.B., Lalemi, M.O., Okere, V.O., Oluwawole, O.F., Ajao, O.M., Isa, I.O., Sanni, L.O., Dike, E.N. and Elemo, G.N. (2017) ‘Viability of Cassava peels spawn production and mushroom cultivation’, Open Agriculture 2: 250–4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2017-0027>.

Aro, S.O. (2008) ‘Improvement in the nutritive quality of cassava and its by-products through microbial fermentation’, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(25): 4789–97.

Aro, S.O., Aletor, V.A., Tewe, O.O. and Agbede, J.O. (2010) ‘Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria’ [online], Livestock Research for Rural Development 22(11) <www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/11/aro22213.htm> [accessed 10 September 2017].

Bennett, B., Naziri, D., Quaye, W., Tortoe, C., Sarpong-Owusu, E., Obodai, M., Okai, M., Tandoh Wordey, M., Dziedzoave, N., Sanni L.O., Siwoku, B.O., Adebowale A. A., Piyachomkwan, K., Chotineeranat, S., Sunthornvarabhas, J., Wanlapatit, S., Termvejsayanont, N., Wansuksri, R. and Chatakanonda, P. (2012) ‘Market study for the range of potential cassava and yam waste product solutions’, Gratitude [online] <www.fp7-gratitude.eu> [accessed 23 June 2016].

Brooks, A.A. (2008) ‘Ethanol production potential of local yeast strains isolated from ripe banana peels’, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(20): 3749–52.

Cohen, P. (2013) ‘“Women own 1% of world property”: a feminist myth that won’t die’, The Atlantic <https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/03/women-own-1-of-world-property-a-feminist-myth-that-wont-die/273840/> [accessed 6 March 2016].

Ezedinma, C., Ojiako, I.A., Okechukwu, R.U., Lemchi, J.R., Umar, A.M. and Sanni, L.O. (2007) The Cassava Food Commodity Market and Trade Network in Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA.

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1995) Women, Agriculture and Rural Development: National Sectoral Report for Namibia [online], Rome: FAO <www.fao.org/docrep/x0174e/x0174e00.htm#> [accessed 13 June 2013].

FAO (2014) ‘FAOSTAT: Commodities by Country’, FAO [online] <http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx> [accessed 15 June 2015].

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (2016) ‘Transforming cassava peel waste to quality feeds fast-tracked by private sector in Nigeria’, CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish [online] <https://livestockfish.cgiar.org/> [accessed 10 June 2016].

Kabeer, N. (1994) Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, London: Verso.

Mohammed, A. (2009) Production of Ethanol from Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, M.Tech. thesis, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.

Nasidi, M., Blackwood, D., Akunna, J. and Walker, G.M. (2010) ‘Bioethanol in Nigeria: comparison of sugarcane and sweet sorghum feedstocks’, Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 5: 164–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00084A>.

National Population Commission (NPC) (2006) ‘Estimated population figures’, Abuja, Nigeria: NPC Nigeria.

Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B., Sanni, L.O. and Abiola, S.S. (2006) ‘Fungal enrichment of cassava peels proteins’, African Journal of Biotechnology 5(3): 302–4.

Odedina, S.A. and Adebayo, K. (2012) Commercial Production of Cassava in the Humid Tropics, Abeokuta, Nigeria: Amstys Books and Publishing.

Odediran, O.F., Ashimolowo, O.R., Sodiya, C.I., Sanni, L.O., Adebayo, K., Ojebiyi, W.G. and Adeoye, A.S. (2015) ‘Awareness of cassava peel utilization forms among cassava processors in rural communities of southwest, Nigeria’, International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research 11(1/2): 93–102.

Okike, I. (2014) ‘Nigeria, others to save $4.63bn annually by adopting cassava feed’, Thisday Live, 25 February 2014 <www.rtb.cgiar.org/blog/tag/cassava/page/3/> [accessed 4 March 2014].

Olanbiwoninu, A.A. and Odunfa, S.A. (2012) ‘Enhancing the production of reducing sugars from cassava peels by pretreatment methods’, International Journal of Science and Technology 2(9): 650–2.

Olowofeso, O. and Omisanmi, O.O. (2008) ‘Utilization of cassava peels treated with yeast culture by egg-laying chickens’, Proceedings of 33rd Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), pp. 492–5, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Onuoha, C.I., Uchechi, U. and Onuoha, B.C. (2009) ‘Cultivation of Pleutrotus pulmonarius (mushroom) using some agrowaste materials’, Agricultural Journal 4(2): 109–12.

Pascoe, S., Kirkley, J.E., Gréboval, D. and Morrison-Paul, C.J. (2003) Measuring and Assessing Capacity in Fisheries. 2. Issues and Methods, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 433/2, Rome: FAO.

Pitcha, W., Pramoch, R. and Sumeath, C. (2012) ‘Production of glucose from the hydrolysis of cassava residue using bacteria isolates from Thai higher termites’, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 353–4.

Ratnadewi, A.A.I., Santoso, A.B., Erma, S. and Wuryanti, H. (2016) ‘Application of cassava peel and waste as raw materials for xylooligosaccharide production using endoxylanase from Bacillussubtilis of soil termite abdomen’, Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences: Infectious Diseases, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, 2015 Conference, Procedia Chemistry 18: 31–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.01.007>.

Siwoku, B.O., Adebowale, R., Abdulsalam-Sagir, P., Osuntade, B. and Sanni, L. (2012) ‘Cassava and yam value chain analysis for south-west Nigeria’ [online], Final VCA for Yam and Cassava <www.fp7-gratitude.eu> [accessed 7 May 2014].

Zadrazil, F. (1980) ‘Influence of ammonium nitrate and organic supplements on the yield of Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr.) Sing. Eur. J.’, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 9: 31–5.

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Macnamara, L. (2012) People and Permaculture: Caring and Designing for Ourselves, Each Other and the Planet, East Meon: Permanent Publications.

Mendoza, A. (2017) ‘Fairtrade’s impact: how do we measure up?’ 26 September 2017 [online] <https://medium.com/@fairtrade/fairtrades-impact-how-do-we-measure-up-4db266b317b0> [accessed 10 December 2017].

Moxham, C. and Kauppi, K. (2014) ‘Using organisational theories to further our understanding of socially sustainable supply chains: the case of fair trade’, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 19(4): 413−20 <https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-09-2013-0332>.

O’Meara, K., Eatman, T. and Petersen, S. (2015) ‘Advancing engaged scholarship in promotion and tenure: a roadmap and call for reform’, Liberal Education 101(3) [online] <https://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/2015/summer/o%27meara> [accessed 20 December 2018].

Oya, C., Schaefer, F. and Skalidou, D. (2018) ‘The effectiveness of agricultural certification in developing countries: a systematic review’, World Development 112: 282−312 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.001>.

Pohl, C., Rist, S., Zimmerman, A., Fry, P., Gurang, G.S., Schneider, F., Speranza, C.I., Kiteme, B., Boillat, S., Serrano, E., Hirsch Hadron, G. and Wiesman, U. (2010) ‘Researchers’ roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal’, Science and Public Policy 37(4): 267−81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234210X496628>.

Raelin, J.A. (2002) ‘“I don’t have time to think!” versus the art of reflective practice’, Reflections 4(1): 66−79 <www.researchgate.net/publication/240275477_I_Don't_Have_Time_to_Think_versus_the_Art_of_Reflective_Practice>.

Roper, L. (2002) ‘Achieving successful academic-practitioner research collaborations’, Development in Practice 12(3/4): 338−45 <https://doi.org/10.1080/0961450220149717>.

Schoen, V., Durrant, R., Fishpool, M. and Dooris, M. (2017) CSO-Academic Collaboration: Theory and Practice [pdf], Food Research Collaboration <http://foodresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/01/FRC-collaboration-briefing-paper-final-4-January-2017-1.pdf> [accessed 20 December 2018].

Shucksmith, M. (2016) InterAction: How Can Academics and the Third Sector Work Together to Influence Policy and Practice? [pdf], Carnegie UK Trust <https://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/publications/interaction/> [accessed 19 November 2017].

Smith, A.M. (2009) ‘Evaluating the criticisms of Fair Trade: how strong is the argument that consumers and businesses should abandon Fair Trade as a means to socialise their economic decisions?’ Economic Affairs 19(4): 50−3 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2009.01944.x>.

Stevens, D., Hayman, R. and Mdee, A. (2013) ‘“Cracking collaboration” between NGOs and academics in development research’, Development in Practice 23(8): 1071−7 <https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2013.840266>.

Aniekwe, C.C., Hayman, R. and Mdee, A. with Akuni, J., Lall, J. and Stevens, D. (2012) Academic-NGO Collaboration in International Development Research: A Reflection On the Issues [online], Oxford: INTRAC <https://www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Academic-NGO-Collaboration-in-International-Development_September-2012.pdf> [accessed 12 February 2017].

Bäckstrand, K. (2006) ‘Multi-stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: rethinking legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness’, Environmental Policy and Governance 16(5): 290−306 <https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.425>.

Brewer, J. (2013) The Public Value of the Social Sciences, London: Bloomsbury.

Cooke, W. and Kothari, U. (eds) (2001) Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed Books.

Cornish, H., Fransman, J. and Newman, K. (2017) Rethinking Research Partnerships: Discussion Guide and Toolkit [pdf], Rethinking Research Partnerships Collaboration <https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/discussion-guide-ngo-academic-research-oct2017.pdf> [accessed 12 February 2018].

Cramer, C., Johnston, D., Oya, C. and Sender, J. (2017) ‘Fairtrade and labour markets in Ethiopia and Uganda’, Journal of Development Studies 53(6): 841−56 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1208175>.

Denis, J-L. and Lomas, J. (2003) ‘Convergent evolution: the academic and policy roots of collaborative research’, Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 8(suppl. 2): 1−6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135581903322405108>.

Fairtrade International (2015) Journeys to Change: Fairtrade Theory of Change [pdf] <https://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/1612-Fairtrade_Theory_of_Change.pdf> [accessed 10 January 2016].

Fairtrade International (2017) Monitoring the Scope and Benefits of Fairtrade [online] <https://www.fairtrade.net/library/monitoring-the-scope-and-benefits-of-fairtrade-ninth-edition-2017> [accessed 12 June 2019].

Green, D. (2016a) ‘How can academics and NGOs work together? Some smart new ideas’ [blog], Oxfam <https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/how-can-academics-and-ngos-work-together-some-smart-new-ideas/> [accessed 10 January 2018].

Green, D. (2016b) ‘Academics and NGOs can work together in partnership but must do so earlier and with genuine knowledge exchange’ [blog], London School of Economics and Political Science <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/10/19/why-is-it-still-so-hard-for-academics-and-ngos-to-work-together/> [accessed 11 November 2017].

Hayman, R., King, S., Kontinen, T. and Narayanaswamy, L. (eds) (2016) Negotiating Knowledge: Evidence and Experience in Development NGOs, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Howard, R.J. (2016) Pathways to ‘Fair Carbon’: Assessing Fairness in Standard-Setting and Carbon Projects [online], PhD thesis, University of Leeds <http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15356/> [accessed 12 February 2017].

Justice, J., Tallontire, A., Hastings, J., Mendoza, A. and Kour, H. (2018) Game Play as a Safe Critical Space for Exploring Research Collaboration [pdf], SRI Briefing Paper 17, University of Leeds <http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/fileadmin/Documents/research/sri/briefingnotes/Justice_et_al.__2018_SRI_Briefing_Note_No._17.pdf> [accessed 10 December 2018].

Kirkpatrick, K. (2015) Fairtrade and Research, Fair Trade International Symposium, Milan, May 2015.

Kontinen, T. (2016) ‘What sense does it make? Vocabularies of practice and knowledge creation in a development NGO’, in R. Hayman, S. King, T. Kontinen and L. Narayanaswamy (eds), Negotiating Knowledge: Evidence and Experience in Development NGOs, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Lottholz, P. and Kluczewska, K. (2017) ‘Ever wondered why practitioners treat researchers like a nuisance? The challenges of accessing expert knowledge, from two perspectives’ [blog], Field Research Method Lab <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/fieldresearch/2017/10/30/why-practitioners-treat-researchers-like-a-nuisance/> [accessed 15 May 2018].

Macnamara, L. (2012) People and Permaculture: Caring and Designing for Ourselves, Each Other and the Planet, East Meon: Permanent Publications.

Mendoza, A. (2017) ‘Fairtrade’s impact: how do we measure up?’ 26 September 2017 [online] <https://medium.com/@fairtrade/fairtrades-impact-how-do-we-measure-up-4db266b317b0> [accessed 10 December 2017].

Moxham, C. and Kauppi, K. (2014) ‘Using organisational theories to further our understanding of socially sustainable supply chains: the case of fair trade’, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 19(4): 413−20 <https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-09-2013-0332>.

O’Meara, K., Eatman, T. and Petersen, S. (2015) ‘Advancing engaged scholarship in promotion and tenure: a roadmap and call for reform’, Liberal Education 101(3) [online] <https://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/2015/summer/o%27meara> [accessed 20 December 2018].

Oya, C., Schaefer, F. and Skalidou, D. (2018) ‘The effectiveness of agricultural certification in developing countries: a systematic review’, World Development 112: 282−312 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.001>.

Pohl, C., Rist, S., Zimmerman, A., Fry, P., Gurang, G.S., Schneider, F., Speranza, C.I., Kiteme, B., Boillat, S., Serrano, E., Hirsch Hadron, G. and Wiesman, U. (2010) ‘Researchers’ roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal’, Science and Public Policy 37(4): 267−81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234210X496628>.

Raelin, J.A. (2002) ‘“I don’t have time to think!” versus the art of reflective practice’, Reflections 4(1): 66−79 <www.researchgate.net/publication/240275477_I_Don't_Have_Time_to_Think_versus_the_Art_of_Reflective_Practice>.

Roper, L. (2002) ‘Achieving successful academic-practitioner research collaborations’, Development in Practice 12(3/4): 338−45 <https://doi.org/10.1080/0961450220149717>.

Schoen, V., Durrant, R., Fishpool, M. and Dooris, M. (2017) CSO-Academic Collaboration: Theory and Practice [pdf], Food Research Collaboration <http://foodresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/01/FRC-collaboration-briefing-paper-final-4-January-2017-1.pdf> [accessed 20 December 2018].

Shucksmith, M. (2016) InterAction: How Can Academics and the Third Sector Work Together to Influence Policy and Practice? [pdf], Carnegie UK Trust <https://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/publications/interaction/> [accessed 19 November 2017].

Smith, A.M. (2009) ‘Evaluating the criticisms of Fair Trade: how strong is the argument that consumers and businesses should abandon Fair Trade as a means to socialise their economic decisions?’ Economic Affairs 19(4): 50−3 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2009.01944.x>.

Stevens, D., Hayman, R. and Mdee, A. (2013) ‘“Cracking collaboration” between NGOs and academics in development research’, Development in Practice 23(8): 1071−7 <https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2013.840266>.

Aniekwe, C.C., Hayman, R. and Mdee, A. with Akuni, J., Lall, J. and Stevens, D. (2012) Academic-NGO Collaboration in International Development Research: A Reflection On the Issues [online], Oxford: INTRAC <https://www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Academic-NGO-Collaboration-in-International-Development_September-2012.pdf> [accessed 12 February 2017].

Bäckstrand, K. (2006) ‘Multi-stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: rethinking legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness’, Environmental Policy and Governance 16(5): 290−306 <https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.425>.

Brewer, J. (2013) The Public Value of the Social Sciences, London: Bloomsbury.

Cooke, W. and Kothari, U. (eds) (2001) Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed Books.

Cornish, H., Fransman, J. and Newman, K. (2017) Rethinking Research Partnerships: Discussion Guide and Toolkit [pdf], Rethinking Research Partnerships Collaboration <https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/discussion-guide-ngo-academic-research-oct2017.pdf> [accessed 12 February 2018].

Cramer, C., Johnston, D., Oya, C. and Sender, J. (2017) ‘Fairtrade and labour markets in Ethiopia and Uganda’, Journal of Development Studies 53(6): 841−56 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1208175>.

Denis, J-L. and Lomas, J. (2003) ‘Convergent evolution: the academic and policy roots of collaborative research’, Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 8(suppl. 2): 1−6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135581903322405108>.

Fairtrade International (2015) Journeys to Change: Fairtrade Theory of Change [pdf] <https://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/1612-Fairtrade_Theory_of_Change.pdf> [accessed 10 January 2016].

Fairtrade International (2017) Monitoring the Scope and Benefits of Fairtrade [online] <https://www.fairtrade.net/library/monitoring-the-scope-and-benefits-of-fairtrade-ninth-edition-2017> [accessed 12 June 2019].

Green, D. (2016a) ‘How can academics and NGOs work together? Some smart new ideas’ [blog], Oxfam <https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/how-can-academics-and-ngos-work-together-some-smart-new-ideas/> [accessed 10 January 2018].

Green, D. (2016b) ‘Academics and NGOs can work together in partnership but must do so earlier and with genuine knowledge exchange’ [blog], London School of Economics and Political Science <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/10/19/why-is-it-still-so-hard-for-academics-and-ngos-to-work-together/> [accessed 11 November 2017].

Hayman, R., King, S., Kontinen, T. and Narayanaswamy, L. (eds) (2016) Negotiating Knowledge: Evidence and Experience in Development NGOs, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Howard, R.J. (2016) Pathways to ‘Fair Carbon’: Assessing Fairness in Standard-Setting and Carbon Projects [online], PhD thesis, University of Leeds <http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15356/> [accessed 12 February 2017].

Justice, J., Tallontire, A., Hastings, J., Mendoza, A. and Kour, H. (2018) Game Play as a Safe Critical Space for Exploring Research Collaboration [pdf], SRI Briefing Paper 17, University of Leeds <http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/fileadmin/Documents/research/sri/briefingnotes/Justice_et_al.__2018_SRI_Briefing_Note_No._17.pdf> [accessed 10 December 2018].

Kirkpatrick, K. (2015) Fairtrade and Research, Fair Trade International Symposium, Milan, May 2015.

Kontinen, T. (2016) ‘What sense does it make? Vocabularies of practice and knowledge creation in a development NGO’, in R. Hayman, S. King, T. Kontinen and L. Narayanaswamy (eds), Negotiating Knowledge: Evidence and Experience in Development NGOs, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Lottholz, P. and Kluczewska, K. (2017) ‘Ever wondered why practitioners treat researchers like a nuisance? The challenges of accessing expert knowledge, from two perspectives’ [blog], Field Research Method Lab <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/fieldresearch/2017/10/30/why-practitioners-treat-researchers-like-a-nuisance/> [accessed 15 May 2018].

Macnamara, L. (2012) People and Permaculture: Caring and Designing for Ourselves, Each Other and the Planet, East Meon: Permanent Publications.

Mendoza, A. (2017) ‘Fairtrade’s impact: how do we measure up?’ 26 September 2017 [online] <https://medium.com/@fairtrade/fairtrades-impact-how-do-we-measure-up-4db266b317b0> [accessed 10 December 2017].

Moxham, C. and Kauppi, K. (2014) ‘Using organisational theories to further our understanding of socially sustainable supply chains: the case of fair trade’, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 19(4): 413−20 <https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-09-2013-0332>.

O’Meara, K., Eatman, T. and Petersen, S. (2015) ‘Advancing engaged scholarship in promotion and tenure: a roadmap and call for reform’, Liberal Education 101(3) [online] <https://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/2015/summer/o%27meara> [accessed 20 December 2018].

Oya, C., Schaefer, F. and Skalidou, D. (2018) ‘The effectiveness of agricultural certification in developing countries: a systematic review’, World Development 112: 282−312 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.001>.

Pohl, C., Rist, S., Zimmerman, A., Fry, P., Gurang, G.S., Schneider, F., Speranza, C.I., Kiteme, B., Boillat, S., Serrano, E., Hirsch Hadron, G. and Wiesman, U. (2010) ‘Researchers’ roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal’, Science and Public Policy 37(4): 267−81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234210X496628>.

Raelin, J.A. (2002) ‘“I don’t have time to think!” versus the art of reflective practice’, Reflections 4(1): 66−79 <www.researchgate.net/publication/240275477_I_Don't_Have_Time_to_Think_versus_the_Art_of_Reflective_Practice>.

Roper, L. (2002) ‘Achieving successful academic-practitioner research collaborations’, Development in Practice 12(3/4): 338−45 <https://doi.org/10.1080/0961450220149717>.

Schoen, V., Durrant, R., Fishpool, M. and Dooris, M. (2017) CSO-Academic Collaboration: Theory and Practice [pdf], Food Research Collaboration <http://foodresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/01/FRC-collaboration-briefing-paper-final-4-January-2017-1.pdf> [accessed 20 December 2018].

Shucksmith, M. (2016) InterAction: How Can Academics and the Third Sector Work Together to Influence Policy and Practice? [pdf], Carnegie UK Trust <https://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/publications/interaction/> [accessed 19 November 2017].

Smith, A.M. (2009) ‘Evaluating the criticisms of Fair Trade: how strong is the argument that consumers and businesses should abandon Fair Trade as a means to socialise their economic decisions?’ Economic Affairs 19(4): 50−3 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2009.01944.x>.

Stevens, D., Hayman, R. and Mdee, A. (2013) ‘“Cracking collaboration” between NGOs and academics in development research’, Development in Practice 23(8): 1071−7 <https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2013.840266>.