Urban community-led total sanitation: a potential way forward for co-producing sanitation services
Abramovsky, L., Augsubrg, B., Flynn, E. and Oteiza, F. (2016) Improving CLTS Targeting: Evidence from Nigeria [pdf], London: Institute for Fiscal Studies <www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/BN183.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Azafady (2015) Adapting Rural CLTS for Urban Settings: Azafady UK’s Experience in Fort-Dauphin, South East Madagascar [pdf], London: Azafady <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Azafady_Adapting_rural_CLTS_for_urban_settings.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bhatta, D. (2015) ‘Gender equality and social inclusion in ODF Gulariya project’ [online], Rugby, UK: Practical Action <http://practicalaction.org/blog/news/gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in-odf-gulariya-project/> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bright-Davis, L., Lüthi, C. and Jachnow, A. (2015) ‘DEWATS for urban Nepal: a comparative assessment for community wastewater management’, Waterlines 34(2): 119–138 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2015.012>.
Cameron, L., Olivia, S. and Shah, M. (2015) Initial Conditions Matter: Social Capital and Participatory Development [pdf], Discussion Paper No. 9563, Bonn: IZA <http://ftp.iza.org/dp9563.pdf> [accessed 6 September 2016].
Hasan, A. (2010) Participatory Development: The Story of the Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute, and the Urban Resource Centre, Karachi, Pakistan, New York: Oxford University Press.
IUWASH (2015) Improving Lifestyle and Health: A Guide to Urban Sanitation Promotion, <http://iuwash.or.id/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2016/02/Guide-to-Urban-Sanitation-Promotion-EN1.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016]
Lüthi, C., McConville, J. and Kvarnström, E. (2010) ‘Community-based approaches for addressing the urban sanitation challenges’, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 1: 49–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463131003654764>.
Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Tilley, E. and Ulrich, L. (2011) Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning: CLUES [pdf], Dübendorf: Eawag-Sandec/WSSCC/UN-HABITAT <https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/sesp/CLUES/CLUES_Guidelines.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
McGranahan, G. (2013) Community-Driven Sanitation Improvement in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Meeting the Challenges of Local Collective Action, Co-production, Affordability and a Trans-sectoral Approach, London: SHARE Research.
McGranahan, G. (2015) ‘Realizing the right to sanitation in deprived urban communities: meeting the challenge of collective action, coproduction, affordability, and housing tenure’, World Development 68: 242–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.008>.
McGranahan, G. and Mitlin, D. (2016) ‘Learning from sustained success: how community-driven initiatives to improve urban sanitation can meet the challenges’, World Development 87: 307–17 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.06.019>.
Myers, J. (2016) ‘Using a CLTS approach and/or CLTS tools in urban environments: themes and trends’, 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11–15 July [pdf], Loughborough: WEDC <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/39/Myers-2425.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Myers, J., Pasteur, K. and Cavill, S. (2016) The Addis Agreement: Using CLTS in Peri-Urban and Urban Areas [pdf], CLTS Knowledge Hub Learning Paper, Brighton: IDS <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/The_Addis_Agreement_CLTS_urban_0.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (2016) National Guidelines for Urban Community Led Total Sanitation (U-CLTS), Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam <http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/URBAN_CLTS_Tanzania.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016].
Ostrom, E. (1996) ‘Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development’, World Development 24(6): 1073–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X>.
Pasteur, K. and Prabhakaran, P. (2015) Lessons in Urban Community-Led Total Sanitation from Nakuru, Kenya [pdf], Rugby: Practical Action <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/PracticalAction_LessonsOnUrbanCLTSNakuruKenya_Apr2015.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Pervaiz, A., Rahman, R. and Hasan, A. (2008) Lessons from Karachi: The Role of Demonstration, Documentation, Mapping and Relationship Building in Advocacy for Improved Urban Sanitation and Water Services, Human Settlements Working Paper 6, Water Series, London: IIED.
Plan Netherlands (2016) Plan Netherlands’ Experience of Using a CLTS Approach in Urban Environments [pdf], Amsterdam: Plan International Netherlands <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Urban_CLTS_Plan.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Satterthwaite, D. (2016) ‘Missing the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation in urban areas’, Environment and Urbanization 28(1): 1–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816628435>.
Satterthwaite, D. and Mitlin, D. (2013) A Future that Low-Income Urban Dwellers Want, and Can Help Secure [pdf], Human Settlements Working Paper Series, London: IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10626IIED.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Thomas, A. and Alvestegui, A. (2015) Sanitation in Small Towns: Experience from Mozambique [pdf], Eastern and Southern Africa Learning Series, Nairobi: UNICEF <www.unicef.org/esaro/WASH-Field-Small-Towns-low-res.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Watson, G. (1995) Good Sewers Cheap? Agency – Customer Interactions in Low-Cost Urban Sanitation in Brazil, Washington, DC: World Bank Water and Sanitation Division.
Abramovsky, L., Augsubrg, B., Flynn, E. and Oteiza, F. (2016) Improving CLTS Targeting: Evidence from Nigeria [pdf], London: Institute for Fiscal Studies <www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/BN183.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Azafady (2015) Adapting Rural CLTS for Urban Settings: Azafady UK’s Experience in Fort-Dauphin, South East Madagascar [pdf], London: Azafady <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Azafady_Adapting_rural_CLTS_for_urban_settings.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bhatta, D. (2015) ‘Gender equality and social inclusion in ODF Gulariya project’ [online], Rugby, UK: Practical Action <http://practicalaction.org/blog/news/gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in-odf-gulariya-project/> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bright-Davis, L., Lüthi, C. and Jachnow, A. (2015) ‘DEWATS for urban Nepal: a comparative assessment for community wastewater management’, Waterlines 34(2): 119–138 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2015.012>.
Cameron, L., Olivia, S. and Shah, M. (2015) Initial Conditions Matter: Social Capital and Participatory Development [pdf], Discussion Paper No. 9563, Bonn: IZA <http://ftp.iza.org/dp9563.pdf> [accessed 6 September 2016].
Hasan, A. (2010) Participatory Development: The Story of the Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute, and the Urban Resource Centre, Karachi, Pakistan, New York: Oxford University Press.
IUWASH (2015) Improving Lifestyle and Health: A Guide to Urban Sanitation Promotion, <http://iuwash.or.id/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2016/02/Guide-to-Urban-Sanitation-Promotion-EN1.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016]
Lüthi, C., McConville, J. and Kvarnström, E. (2010) ‘Community-based approaches for addressing the urban sanitation challenges’, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 1: 49–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463131003654764>.
Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Tilley, E. and Ulrich, L. (2011) Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning: CLUES [pdf], Dübendorf: Eawag-Sandec/WSSCC/UN-HABITAT <https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/sesp/CLUES/CLUES_Guidelines.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
McGranahan, G. (2013) Community-Driven Sanitation Improvement in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Meeting the Challenges of Local Collective Action, Co-production, Affordability and a Trans-sectoral Approach, London: SHARE Research.
McGranahan, G. (2015) ‘Realizing the right to sanitation in deprived urban communities: meeting the challenge of collective action, coproduction, affordability, and housing tenure’, World Development 68: 242–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.008>.
McGranahan, G. and Mitlin, D. (2016) ‘Learning from sustained success: how community-driven initiatives to improve urban sanitation can meet the challenges’, World Development 87: 307–17 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.06.019>.
Myers, J. (2016) ‘Using a CLTS approach and/or CLTS tools in urban environments: themes and trends’, 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11–15 July [pdf], Loughborough: WEDC <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/39/Myers-2425.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Myers, J., Pasteur, K. and Cavill, S. (2016) The Addis Agreement: Using CLTS in Peri-Urban and Urban Areas [pdf], CLTS Knowledge Hub Learning Paper, Brighton: IDS <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/The_Addis_Agreement_CLTS_urban_0.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (2016) National Guidelines for Urban Community Led Total Sanitation (U-CLTS), Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam <http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/URBAN_CLTS_Tanzania.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016].
Ostrom, E. (1996) ‘Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development’, World Development 24(6): 1073–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X>.
Pasteur, K. and Prabhakaran, P. (2015) Lessons in Urban Community-Led Total Sanitation from Nakuru, Kenya [pdf], Rugby: Practical Action <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/PracticalAction_LessonsOnUrbanCLTSNakuruKenya_Apr2015.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Pervaiz, A., Rahman, R. and Hasan, A. (2008) Lessons from Karachi: The Role of Demonstration, Documentation, Mapping and Relationship Building in Advocacy for Improved Urban Sanitation and Water Services, Human Settlements Working Paper 6, Water Series, London: IIED.
Plan Netherlands (2016) Plan Netherlands’ Experience of Using a CLTS Approach in Urban Environments [pdf], Amsterdam: Plan International Netherlands <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Urban_CLTS_Plan.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Satterthwaite, D. (2016) ‘Missing the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation in urban areas’, Environment and Urbanization 28(1): 1–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816628435>.
Satterthwaite, D. and Mitlin, D. (2013) A Future that Low-Income Urban Dwellers Want, and Can Help Secure [pdf], Human Settlements Working Paper Series, London: IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10626IIED.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Thomas, A. and Alvestegui, A. (2015) Sanitation in Small Towns: Experience from Mozambique [pdf], Eastern and Southern Africa Learning Series, Nairobi: UNICEF <www.unicef.org/esaro/WASH-Field-Small-Towns-low-res.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Watson, G. (1995) Good Sewers Cheap? Agency – Customer Interactions in Low-Cost Urban Sanitation in Brazil, Washington, DC: World Bank Water and Sanitation Division.
Abramovsky, L., Augsubrg, B., Flynn, E. and Oteiza, F. (2016) Improving CLTS Targeting: Evidence from Nigeria [pdf], London: Institute for Fiscal Studies <www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/BN183.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Azafady (2015) Adapting Rural CLTS for Urban Settings: Azafady UK’s Experience in Fort-Dauphin, South East Madagascar [pdf], London: Azafady <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Azafady_Adapting_rural_CLTS_for_urban_settings.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bhatta, D. (2015) ‘Gender equality and social inclusion in ODF Gulariya project’ [online], Rugby, UK: Practical Action <http://practicalaction.org/blog/news/gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in-odf-gulariya-project/> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bright-Davis, L., Lüthi, C. and Jachnow, A. (2015) ‘DEWATS for urban Nepal: a comparative assessment for community wastewater management’, Waterlines 34(2): 119–138 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2015.012>.
Cameron, L., Olivia, S. and Shah, M. (2015) Initial Conditions Matter: Social Capital and Participatory Development [pdf], Discussion Paper No. 9563, Bonn: IZA <http://ftp.iza.org/dp9563.pdf> [accessed 6 September 2016].
Hasan, A. (2010) Participatory Development: The Story of the Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute, and the Urban Resource Centre, Karachi, Pakistan, New York: Oxford University Press.
IUWASH (2015) Improving Lifestyle and Health: A Guide to Urban Sanitation Promotion, <http://iuwash.or.id/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2016/02/Guide-to-Urban-Sanitation-Promotion-EN1.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016]
Lüthi, C., McConville, J. and Kvarnström, E. (2010) ‘Community-based approaches for addressing the urban sanitation challenges’, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 1: 49–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463131003654764>.
Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Tilley, E. and Ulrich, L. (2011) Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning: CLUES [pdf], Dübendorf: Eawag-Sandec/WSSCC/UN-HABITAT <https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/sesp/CLUES/CLUES_Guidelines.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
McGranahan, G. (2013) Community-Driven Sanitation Improvement in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Meeting the Challenges of Local Collective Action, Co-production, Affordability and a Trans-sectoral Approach, London: SHARE Research.
McGranahan, G. (2015) ‘Realizing the right to sanitation in deprived urban communities: meeting the challenge of collective action, coproduction, affordability, and housing tenure’, World Development 68: 242–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.008>.
McGranahan, G. and Mitlin, D. (2016) ‘Learning from sustained success: how community-driven initiatives to improve urban sanitation can meet the challenges’, World Development 87: 307–17 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.06.019>.
Myers, J. (2016) ‘Using a CLTS approach and/or CLTS tools in urban environments: themes and trends’, 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11–15 July [pdf], Loughborough: WEDC <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/39/Myers-2425.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Myers, J., Pasteur, K. and Cavill, S. (2016) The Addis Agreement: Using CLTS in Peri-Urban and Urban Areas [pdf], CLTS Knowledge Hub Learning Paper, Brighton: IDS <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/The_Addis_Agreement_CLTS_urban_0.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (2016) National Guidelines for Urban Community Led Total Sanitation (U-CLTS), Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam <http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/URBAN_CLTS_Tanzania.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016].
Ostrom, E. (1996) ‘Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development’, World Development 24(6): 1073–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X>.
Pasteur, K. and Prabhakaran, P. (2015) Lessons in Urban Community-Led Total Sanitation from Nakuru, Kenya [pdf], Rugby: Practical Action <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/PracticalAction_LessonsOnUrbanCLTSNakuruKenya_Apr2015.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Pervaiz, A., Rahman, R. and Hasan, A. (2008) Lessons from Karachi: The Role of Demonstration, Documentation, Mapping and Relationship Building in Advocacy for Improved Urban Sanitation and Water Services, Human Settlements Working Paper 6, Water Series, London: IIED.
Plan Netherlands (2016) Plan Netherlands’ Experience of Using a CLTS Approach in Urban Environments [pdf], Amsterdam: Plan International Netherlands <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Urban_CLTS_Plan.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Satterthwaite, D. (2016) ‘Missing the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation in urban areas’, Environment and Urbanization 28(1): 1–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816628435>.
Satterthwaite, D. and Mitlin, D. (2013) A Future that Low-Income Urban Dwellers Want, and Can Help Secure [pdf], Human Settlements Working Paper Series, London: IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10626IIED.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Thomas, A. and Alvestegui, A. (2015) Sanitation in Small Towns: Experience from Mozambique [pdf], Eastern and Southern Africa Learning Series, Nairobi: UNICEF <www.unicef.org/esaro/WASH-Field-Small-Towns-low-res.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Watson, G. (1995) Good Sewers Cheap? Agency – Customer Interactions in Low-Cost Urban Sanitation in Brazil, Washington, DC: World Bank Water and Sanitation Division.
Abramovsky, L., Augsubrg, B., Flynn, E. and Oteiza, F. (2016) Improving CLTS Targeting: Evidence from Nigeria [pdf], London: Institute for Fiscal Studies <www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/BN183.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Azafady (2015) Adapting Rural CLTS for Urban Settings: Azafady UK’s Experience in Fort-Dauphin, South East Madagascar [pdf], London: Azafady <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Azafady_Adapting_rural_CLTS_for_urban_settings.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bhatta, D. (2015) ‘Gender equality and social inclusion in ODF Gulariya project’ [online], Rugby, UK: Practical Action <http://practicalaction.org/blog/news/gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in-odf-gulariya-project/> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Bright-Davis, L., Lüthi, C. and Jachnow, A. (2015) ‘DEWATS for urban Nepal: a comparative assessment for community wastewater management’, Waterlines 34(2): 119–138 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2015.012>.
Cameron, L., Olivia, S. and Shah, M. (2015) Initial Conditions Matter: Social Capital and Participatory Development [pdf], Discussion Paper No. 9563, Bonn: IZA <http://ftp.iza.org/dp9563.pdf> [accessed 6 September 2016].
Hasan, A. (2010) Participatory Development: The Story of the Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute, and the Urban Resource Centre, Karachi, Pakistan, New York: Oxford University Press.
IUWASH (2015) Improving Lifestyle and Health: A Guide to Urban Sanitation Promotion, <http://iuwash.or.id/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2016/02/Guide-to-Urban-Sanitation-Promotion-EN1.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016]
Lüthi, C., McConville, J. and Kvarnström, E. (2010) ‘Community-based approaches for addressing the urban sanitation challenges’, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 1: 49–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463131003654764>.
Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Tilley, E. and Ulrich, L. (2011) Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning: CLUES [pdf], Dübendorf: Eawag-Sandec/WSSCC/UN-HABITAT <https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/sesp/CLUES/CLUES_Guidelines.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
McGranahan, G. (2013) Community-Driven Sanitation Improvement in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Meeting the Challenges of Local Collective Action, Co-production, Affordability and a Trans-sectoral Approach, London: SHARE Research.
McGranahan, G. (2015) ‘Realizing the right to sanitation in deprived urban communities: meeting the challenge of collective action, coproduction, affordability, and housing tenure’, World Development 68: 242–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.008>.
McGranahan, G. and Mitlin, D. (2016) ‘Learning from sustained success: how community-driven initiatives to improve urban sanitation can meet the challenges’, World Development 87: 307–17 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.06.019>.
Myers, J. (2016) ‘Using a CLTS approach and/or CLTS tools in urban environments: themes and trends’, 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11–15 July [pdf], Loughborough: WEDC <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/39/Myers-2425.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Myers, J., Pasteur, K. and Cavill, S. (2016) The Addis Agreement: Using CLTS in Peri-Urban and Urban Areas [pdf], CLTS Knowledge Hub Learning Paper, Brighton: IDS <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/The_Addis_Agreement_CLTS_urban_0.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (2016) National Guidelines for Urban Community Led Total Sanitation (U-CLTS), Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam <http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/URBAN_CLTS_Tanzania.pdf> [accessed 26 September 2016].
Ostrom, E. (1996) ‘Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development’, World Development 24(6): 1073–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X>.
Pasteur, K. and Prabhakaran, P. (2015) Lessons in Urban Community-Led Total Sanitation from Nakuru, Kenya [pdf], Rugby: Practical Action <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/PracticalAction_LessonsOnUrbanCLTSNakuruKenya_Apr2015.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Pervaiz, A., Rahman, R. and Hasan, A. (2008) Lessons from Karachi: The Role of Demonstration, Documentation, Mapping and Relationship Building in Advocacy for Improved Urban Sanitation and Water Services, Human Settlements Working Paper 6, Water Series, London: IIED.
Plan Netherlands (2016) Plan Netherlands’ Experience of Using a CLTS Approach in Urban Environments [pdf], Amsterdam: Plan International Netherlands <www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/Urban_CLTS_Plan.pdf> [accessed 5 September 2016].
Satterthwaite, D. (2016) ‘Missing the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation in urban areas’, Environment and Urbanization 28(1): 1–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816628435>.
Satterthwaite, D. and Mitlin, D. (2013) A Future that Low-Income Urban Dwellers Want, and Can Help Secure [pdf], Human Settlements Working Paper Series, London: IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10626IIED.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Thomas, A. and Alvestegui, A. (2015) Sanitation in Small Towns: Experience from Mozambique [pdf], Eastern and Southern Africa Learning Series, Nairobi: UNICEF <www.unicef.org/esaro/WASH-Field-Small-Towns-low-res.pdf> [accessed 9 September 2016].
Watson, G. (1995) Good Sewers Cheap? Agency – Customer Interactions in Low-Cost Urban Sanitation in Brazil, Washington, DC: World Bank Water and Sanitation Division.
Effect of a behaviour change intervention on the quality of peri-urban sanitation in Lusaka, Zambia: a randomised controlled trial
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