Assessing demand for faecal sludge management (FSM) services in Freetown
Priti Parikh | Joana da Cunha Forte | Jonathan Parkinson | Niall Boot
‘Achieving sustained environmental health improvements in Freetown through faecal sludge management enterprises’ was a partnership project between Freetown City Council (FCC), International Water Association (IWA), and GOAL. This project aimed to improve faecal sludge management (FSM) through public – private partnerships and improved financial flows to ensure viability of businesses. A market assessment was conducted in Freetown which considered demand and supply for FSM services. This paper discusses findings from the household survey which was a key component of the market assessment. While the households felt that they were getting value for money for existing services, they were not satisfied with existing services and hence were willing to pay higher prices for improved services. This highlights the importance of quality service provision in relation to revenue generation. Improved pit emptying services was noted to be of high priority to households. In order to improve pit emptying services the FSM strategy proposed intermediate transfer stations and formation of a Sanitation Unit and Contact Centre within FCC.Anand, P.B. (1999) ‘Waste management in Madras revisited’, Environment and Urbanisation 11(2): 161–76.
Anand, P.B. (2002) Consumer Preferences for Water Supply? An Application of Choice Models to Urban India, Discussion Paper 2001-145, UNU-WIDER Discussion Papers Series, Helsinki: The United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Bennett, A., Thompson, D. and van Ginneken, M. (2012) Sierra Leone, Public Expenditure Review for Water and Sanitation 2002 to 2009, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Blinker, L. (2006) Country Environmental Profile (CEP): Sierra Leone, UK: Consortium Parsons Brinckerhoff.
Boot, N. and Scott, R.E. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge in Accra, Ghana: problems of urban provision’, Water Science and Technology 60(3): 623–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.441>.
Heinss, U., Larmie, S.A. and Strauss, M. (1998) Solids Separation and Pond Systems for the Treatment of Faecal Sludges in the Tropics, Sandec Report No. 05/98, Dübendorf/Accra: Eawag/Sandec.
Islam, N., Nurul, H., Narayan, F.B. and Rana, P.B. (eds) (1997) Addressing Urban Poverty Agenda in Bangladesh, Critical Issues and the 1995 Survey Findings, for Asian Development Bank, Manila, University Press, Dhaka.
McPhail, A. (1993) ‘“The five percent rule” for improved water service: can households afford more?’ World Development 21(6): 963–73.
Mikhael, G. (2010) Volume 1: Demand Assessment for Sanitary Facilities and Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Mikhael, G. (2011) Volume 2: Assessment of Faecal Sludge Emptying Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Oxfam/3BMD/Atkins (2008) Freetown Sanitation Improvement Plan – Guma Valley Water Company, Freetown, supported by DFID.
Parikh, P. and McRobie, A. (2009) ‘Engineering as a tool for improving human habitat’, International Journal of Management and Decision Making 10: 270–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMDM.2009.024993>.
Parikh, P., Parikh, H. and McRobie, A. (2012) ‘Role of infrastructure in improving human settlements’, Proceedings of the ICE-Urban Design and Planning 166(2): 101–18 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.10.00038>.
Parikh, P., Fu, K., Parikh, H., McRobie, A. and George, G. (2015) ‘Infrastructure provision, gender, and poverty in Indian slums’, World Development 66: 468–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.014>.
Parkinson, J. and Tayler, K. (2003) ‘Decentralized wastewater management in peri-urban areas in low-income countries’, Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 75–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500119>.
Trémolet, S. (2012) ‘Sanitation economics: understanding why sanitation markets fail and how they can improve’, Waterlines 32(4): 273–85 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2013.029>.
Tumwebaze, I., Orach, C., Niwagaba, C., Luthi, C. and Mosler, H. (2013) ‘Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users ‘satisfaction and determinant factors’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 23(3): 191–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2012.713095>.
Vodounhessi, A. (2006) ‘Ghana: financial and institutional challenges to make faecal sludge management an integrated part of the ecological sanitation approach’, in M. Snel and J. Smet (eds), The Value of Environmental Sanitation: Case Studies, Occasional paper series 42, Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Agency.
World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF (2014) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Joint Monitoring Programme Update 2014, Geneva: WHO and UNICEF.
ENA for SMART <www.nutrisurvey.de/ena2011> [accessed 20 November 2015].
RAOSOFT <www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html> [accessed 20 November 2015].
Anand, P.B. (1999) ‘Waste management in Madras revisited’, Environment and Urbanisation 11(2): 161–76.
Anand, P.B. (2002) Consumer Preferences for Water Supply? An Application of Choice Models to Urban India, Discussion Paper 2001-145, UNU-WIDER Discussion Papers Series, Helsinki: The United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Bennett, A., Thompson, D. and van Ginneken, M. (2012) Sierra Leone, Public Expenditure Review for Water and Sanitation 2002 to 2009, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Blinker, L. (2006) Country Environmental Profile (CEP): Sierra Leone, UK: Consortium Parsons Brinckerhoff.
Boot, N. and Scott, R.E. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge in Accra, Ghana: problems of urban provision’, Water Science and Technology 60(3): 623–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.441>.
Heinss, U., Larmie, S.A. and Strauss, M. (1998) Solids Separation and Pond Systems for the Treatment of Faecal Sludges in the Tropics, Sandec Report No. 05/98, Dübendorf/Accra: Eawag/Sandec.
Islam, N., Nurul, H., Narayan, F.B. and Rana, P.B. (eds) (1997) Addressing Urban Poverty Agenda in Bangladesh, Critical Issues and the 1995 Survey Findings, for Asian Development Bank, Manila, University Press, Dhaka.
McPhail, A. (1993) ‘“The five percent rule” for improved water service: can households afford more?’ World Development 21(6): 963–73.
Mikhael, G. (2010) Volume 1: Demand Assessment for Sanitary Facilities and Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Mikhael, G. (2011) Volume 2: Assessment of Faecal Sludge Emptying Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Oxfam/3BMD/Atkins (2008) Freetown Sanitation Improvement Plan – Guma Valley Water Company, Freetown, supported by DFID.
Parikh, P. and McRobie, A. (2009) ‘Engineering as a tool for improving human habitat’, International Journal of Management and Decision Making 10: 270–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMDM.2009.024993>.
Parikh, P., Parikh, H. and McRobie, A. (2012) ‘Role of infrastructure in improving human settlements’, Proceedings of the ICE-Urban Design and Planning 166(2): 101–18 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.10.00038>.
Parikh, P., Fu, K., Parikh, H., McRobie, A. and George, G. (2015) ‘Infrastructure provision, gender, and poverty in Indian slums’, World Development 66: 468–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.014>.
Parkinson, J. and Tayler, K. (2003) ‘Decentralized wastewater management in peri-urban areas in low-income countries’, Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 75–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500119>.
Trémolet, S. (2012) ‘Sanitation economics: understanding why sanitation markets fail and how they can improve’, Waterlines 32(4): 273–85 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2013.029>.
Tumwebaze, I., Orach, C., Niwagaba, C., Luthi, C. and Mosler, H. (2013) ‘Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users ‘satisfaction and determinant factors’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 23(3): 191–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2012.713095>.
Vodounhessi, A. (2006) ‘Ghana: financial and institutional challenges to make faecal sludge management an integrated part of the ecological sanitation approach’, in M. Snel and J. Smet (eds), The Value of Environmental Sanitation: Case Studies, Occasional paper series 42, Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Agency.
World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF (2014) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Joint Monitoring Programme Update 2014, Geneva: WHO and UNICEF.
ENA for SMART <www.nutrisurvey.de/ena2011> [accessed 20 November 2015].
RAOSOFT <www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html> [accessed 20 November 2015].
Anand, P.B. (1999) ‘Waste management in Madras revisited’, Environment and Urbanisation 11(2): 161–76.
Anand, P.B. (2002) Consumer Preferences for Water Supply? An Application of Choice Models to Urban India, Discussion Paper 2001-145, UNU-WIDER Discussion Papers Series, Helsinki: The United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Bennett, A., Thompson, D. and van Ginneken, M. (2012) Sierra Leone, Public Expenditure Review for Water and Sanitation 2002 to 2009, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Blinker, L. (2006) Country Environmental Profile (CEP): Sierra Leone, UK: Consortium Parsons Brinckerhoff.
Boot, N. and Scott, R.E. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge in Accra, Ghana: problems of urban provision’, Water Science and Technology 60(3): 623–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.441>.
Heinss, U., Larmie, S.A. and Strauss, M. (1998) Solids Separation and Pond Systems for the Treatment of Faecal Sludges in the Tropics, Sandec Report No. 05/98, Dübendorf/Accra: Eawag/Sandec.
Islam, N., Nurul, H., Narayan, F.B. and Rana, P.B. (eds) (1997) Addressing Urban Poverty Agenda in Bangladesh, Critical Issues and the 1995 Survey Findings, for Asian Development Bank, Manila, University Press, Dhaka.
McPhail, A. (1993) ‘“The five percent rule” for improved water service: can households afford more?’ World Development 21(6): 963–73.
Mikhael, G. (2010) Volume 1: Demand Assessment for Sanitary Facilities and Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Mikhael, G. (2011) Volume 2: Assessment of Faecal Sludge Emptying Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Oxfam/3BMD/Atkins (2008) Freetown Sanitation Improvement Plan – Guma Valley Water Company, Freetown, supported by DFID.
Parikh, P. and McRobie, A. (2009) ‘Engineering as a tool for improving human habitat’, International Journal of Management and Decision Making 10: 270–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMDM.2009.024993>.
Parikh, P., Parikh, H. and McRobie, A. (2012) ‘Role of infrastructure in improving human settlements’, Proceedings of the ICE-Urban Design and Planning 166(2): 101–18 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.10.00038>.
Parikh, P., Fu, K., Parikh, H., McRobie, A. and George, G. (2015) ‘Infrastructure provision, gender, and poverty in Indian slums’, World Development 66: 468–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.014>.
Parkinson, J. and Tayler, K. (2003) ‘Decentralized wastewater management in peri-urban areas in low-income countries’, Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 75–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500119>.
Trémolet, S. (2012) ‘Sanitation economics: understanding why sanitation markets fail and how they can improve’, Waterlines 32(4): 273–85 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2013.029>.
Tumwebaze, I., Orach, C., Niwagaba, C., Luthi, C. and Mosler, H. (2013) ‘Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users ‘satisfaction and determinant factors’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 23(3): 191–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2012.713095>.
Vodounhessi, A. (2006) ‘Ghana: financial and institutional challenges to make faecal sludge management an integrated part of the ecological sanitation approach’, in M. Snel and J. Smet (eds), The Value of Environmental Sanitation: Case Studies, Occasional paper series 42, Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Agency.
World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF (2014) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Joint Monitoring Programme Update 2014, Geneva: WHO and UNICEF.
ENA for SMART <www.nutrisurvey.de/ena2011> [accessed 20 November 2015].
RAOSOFT <www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html> [accessed 20 November 2015].
Anand, P.B. (1999) ‘Waste management in Madras revisited’, Environment and Urbanisation 11(2): 161–76.
Anand, P.B. (2002) Consumer Preferences for Water Supply? An Application of Choice Models to Urban India, Discussion Paper 2001-145, UNU-WIDER Discussion Papers Series, Helsinki: The United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Bennett, A., Thompson, D. and van Ginneken, M. (2012) Sierra Leone, Public Expenditure Review for Water and Sanitation 2002 to 2009, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Blinker, L. (2006) Country Environmental Profile (CEP): Sierra Leone, UK: Consortium Parsons Brinckerhoff.
Boot, N. and Scott, R.E. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge in Accra, Ghana: problems of urban provision’, Water Science and Technology 60(3): 623–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.441>.
Heinss, U., Larmie, S.A. and Strauss, M. (1998) Solids Separation and Pond Systems for the Treatment of Faecal Sludges in the Tropics, Sandec Report No. 05/98, Dübendorf/Accra: Eawag/Sandec.
Islam, N., Nurul, H., Narayan, F.B. and Rana, P.B. (eds) (1997) Addressing Urban Poverty Agenda in Bangladesh, Critical Issues and the 1995 Survey Findings, for Asian Development Bank, Manila, University Press, Dhaka.
McPhail, A. (1993) ‘“The five percent rule” for improved water service: can households afford more?’ World Development 21(6): 963–73.
Mikhael, G. (2010) Volume 1: Demand Assessment for Sanitary Facilities and Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Mikhael, G. (2011) Volume 2: Assessment of Faecal Sludge Emptying Services, Freetown, Sierra Leone: GOAL, study funded by DFID.
Oxfam/3BMD/Atkins (2008) Freetown Sanitation Improvement Plan – Guma Valley Water Company, Freetown, supported by DFID.
Parikh, P. and McRobie, A. (2009) ‘Engineering as a tool for improving human habitat’, International Journal of Management and Decision Making 10: 270–81 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMDM.2009.024993>.
Parikh, P., Parikh, H. and McRobie, A. (2012) ‘Role of infrastructure in improving human settlements’, Proceedings of the ICE-Urban Design and Planning 166(2): 101–18 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.10.00038>.
Parikh, P., Fu, K., Parikh, H., McRobie, A. and George, G. (2015) ‘Infrastructure provision, gender, and poverty in Indian slums’, World Development 66: 468–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.014>.
Parkinson, J. and Tayler, K. (2003) ‘Decentralized wastewater management in peri-urban areas in low-income countries’, Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 75–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500119>.
Trémolet, S. (2012) ‘Sanitation economics: understanding why sanitation markets fail and how they can improve’, Waterlines 32(4): 273–85 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2013.029>.
Tumwebaze, I., Orach, C., Niwagaba, C., Luthi, C. and Mosler, H. (2013) ‘Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users ‘satisfaction and determinant factors’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 23(3): 191–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2012.713095>.
Vodounhessi, A. (2006) ‘Ghana: financial and institutional challenges to make faecal sludge management an integrated part of the ecological sanitation approach’, in M. Snel and J. Smet (eds), The Value of Environmental Sanitation: Case Studies, Occasional paper series 42, Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Agency.
World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF (2014) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Joint Monitoring Programme Update 2014, Geneva: WHO and UNICEF.
ENA for SMART <www.nutrisurvey.de/ena2011> [accessed 20 November 2015].
RAOSOFT <www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html> [accessed 20 November 2015].
Safely Managed Sanitation for All Means Fecal Sludge Management for At Least 1.8 Billion People in Low and Middle Income Countries
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