Many rural point-water sources in developing countries consist of wells or boreholes equipped with handpumps. Various estimates have been made of the functionality of such water points, and functionality is now routinely monitored in national and local surveys of service performance. We argue, however, that a single binary (functional/non-functional) indicator is crude and insufficient to provide much information about service sustainability. We set out a categorization of functionality which includes three sub-categories of functional water points and five non-functional sub-categories, with well/handpump water points in mind. We use a simple model to demonstrate that reduction of high rates of early post-construction abandonment and reduction of total downtimes would greatly improve service performance. We show that functionality levels for multi-age populations of wells or boreholes equipped with handpumps would not normally be expected to exceed about 85 per cent. We recommend going beyond functionality monitoring via the collection of quantitative data on rates of abandonment, frequency and duration of breakdown, combined with descriptive narratives of actions to manage and repair water points, in order to generate more nuanced understanding of service performance.

Abrams, L., Palmer, I. and Hart, T. (no date) ‘Sustainability management guidelines for water supply in developing communities’, South Africa: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry <http://www.africanwater.org/Documents/Sustainability%20_Management_Guidelines.PDF>.

Adank, M., Kumasi, T.C., Chimbar, T.L., Atengdem, J., Agbemor, B.D., Dickinson, N. and Abbey, E. (2014) ‘The state of handpump water services in Ghana: findings from three districts’, 37th WEDC International Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/37/Adank-1976.pdf>.

Arlosoroff, S., Tschannerl, G., Grey, D., Journey, W., Karp, A., Langenegger, O. and Roche, R. (1987) Community Water Supply: The Handpump Option, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1996) ‘Strategies for handpump water supply programmes in less developed countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 10 (2): 130–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1996.tb00022.x>

Chilton, J. (2015) The Hidden Crisis project [online] <https://vimeo.com/114133055> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Curtis, V. (1986) ‘Women and the transport of water’, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Driscoll, F. (1986) Groundwater and Wells, 2nd edn, St Paul, MN: Johnson Division.

Duti, V. (2012) ‘Tracking functionality for sustainability’, presented at the 2011 Annual Review Conference of the Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Kumasi, Ghana <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/media/publications/tracking_functionality_for_sustainability> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Foster, T. (2013) ‘Predictors of sustainability for community-managed handpumps in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda’, Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (21): 12037–46. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402086n>.

Hunter, P.R., MacDonald, A.M. and Carter, R.C. (2010) ‘Water supply and health’, PLoS Medicine 7 (11): e1000361 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000361>.

Improve International (2015) ‘Statistics on water point failures’ [online] <https://improveinternational.wordpress.com/handy-resources/sad-stats/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) (2009) ‘Handpump data 2009: selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/203> [accessed 29 August 2015].

RWSN (2015) ‘Smart handpumps: handpumps can be better – who is leading the way?’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/projekts/details/78> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Tincani, L., Ross, I., Mujica, A. and Zaman, R. (forthcoming) ‘Regional Assessment of operational sustainability of rural WASH services’, Oxford: Oxford Policy Management.

UPGro (no date, a) ‘Hidden crisis: strengthening the evidence base on the sustainability of rural groundwater services’ [online] <http://upgro.org/catalyst-projects/hidden-crisis1/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

UPGro (no date, b) ‘Hidden crisis: unravelling current failures for future success in rural groundwater supply’ [online] <http://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Walters, J.P. and Javernick-Will, A.N. (2015) ‘Long-term functionality of rural water services in developing countries: a system dynamics approach to understanding the dynamic interaction of factors’, Environmental Science & Technology, 49: 5035–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es505975h>.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1983) ‘Minimum evaluation procedure for water supply and sanitation projects’, Geneva: WHO <http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/61594>.

All accessed 8 September 2015

Improve International <www.improveinternational.com>

Triple-S, IRC <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/>

UPGro <www.upgro.org>

VFM-WASH <www.vfm-wash.org>

WASHCost, IRC <http://www.ircwash.org/washcost>

Water Point Data Exchange <http://www.waterpointdata.org>

Abrams, L., Palmer, I. and Hart, T. (no date) ‘Sustainability management guidelines for water supply in developing communities’, South Africa: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry <http://www.africanwater.org/Documents/Sustainability%20_Management_Guidelines.PDF>.

Adank, M., Kumasi, T.C., Chimbar, T.L., Atengdem, J., Agbemor, B.D., Dickinson, N. and Abbey, E. (2014) ‘The state of handpump water services in Ghana: findings from three districts’, 37th WEDC International Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/37/Adank-1976.pdf>.

Arlosoroff, S., Tschannerl, G., Grey, D., Journey, W., Karp, A., Langenegger, O. and Roche, R. (1987) Community Water Supply: The Handpump Option, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1996) ‘Strategies for handpump water supply programmes in less developed countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 10 (2): 130–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1996.tb00022.x>

Chilton, J. (2015) The Hidden Crisis project [online] <https://vimeo.com/114133055> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Curtis, V. (1986) ‘Women and the transport of water’, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Driscoll, F. (1986) Groundwater and Wells, 2nd edn, St Paul, MN: Johnson Division.

Duti, V. (2012) ‘Tracking functionality for sustainability’, presented at the 2011 Annual Review Conference of the Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Kumasi, Ghana <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/media/publications/tracking_functionality_for_sustainability> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Foster, T. (2013) ‘Predictors of sustainability for community-managed handpumps in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda’, Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (21): 12037–46. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402086n>.

Hunter, P.R., MacDonald, A.M. and Carter, R.C. (2010) ‘Water supply and health’, PLoS Medicine 7 (11): e1000361 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000361>.

Improve International (2015) ‘Statistics on water point failures’ [online] <https://improveinternational.wordpress.com/handy-resources/sad-stats/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) (2009) ‘Handpump data 2009: selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/203> [accessed 29 August 2015].

RWSN (2015) ‘Smart handpumps: handpumps can be better – who is leading the way?’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/projekts/details/78> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Tincani, L., Ross, I., Mujica, A. and Zaman, R. (forthcoming) ‘Regional Assessment of operational sustainability of rural WASH services’, Oxford: Oxford Policy Management.

UPGro (no date, a) ‘Hidden crisis: strengthening the evidence base on the sustainability of rural groundwater services’ [online] <http://upgro.org/catalyst-projects/hidden-crisis1/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

UPGro (no date, b) ‘Hidden crisis: unravelling current failures for future success in rural groundwater supply’ [online] <http://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Walters, J.P. and Javernick-Will, A.N. (2015) ‘Long-term functionality of rural water services in developing countries: a system dynamics approach to understanding the dynamic interaction of factors’, Environmental Science & Technology, 49: 5035–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es505975h>.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1983) ‘Minimum evaluation procedure for water supply and sanitation projects’, Geneva: WHO <http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/61594>.

All accessed 8 September 2015

Improve International <www.improveinternational.com>

Triple-S, IRC <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/>

UPGro <www.upgro.org>

VFM-WASH <www.vfm-wash.org>

WASHCost, IRC <http://www.ircwash.org/washcost>

Water Point Data Exchange <http://www.waterpointdata.org>

Abrams, L., Palmer, I. and Hart, T. (no date) ‘Sustainability management guidelines for water supply in developing communities’, South Africa: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry <http://www.africanwater.org/Documents/Sustainability%20_Management_Guidelines.PDF>.

Adank, M., Kumasi, T.C., Chimbar, T.L., Atengdem, J., Agbemor, B.D., Dickinson, N. and Abbey, E. (2014) ‘The state of handpump water services in Ghana: findings from three districts’, 37th WEDC International Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/37/Adank-1976.pdf>.

Arlosoroff, S., Tschannerl, G., Grey, D., Journey, W., Karp, A., Langenegger, O. and Roche, R. (1987) Community Water Supply: The Handpump Option, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1996) ‘Strategies for handpump water supply programmes in less developed countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 10 (2): 130–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1996.tb00022.x>

Chilton, J. (2015) The Hidden Crisis project [online] <https://vimeo.com/114133055> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Curtis, V. (1986) ‘Women and the transport of water’, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Driscoll, F. (1986) Groundwater and Wells, 2nd edn, St Paul, MN: Johnson Division.

Duti, V. (2012) ‘Tracking functionality for sustainability’, presented at the 2011 Annual Review Conference of the Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Kumasi, Ghana <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/media/publications/tracking_functionality_for_sustainability> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Foster, T. (2013) ‘Predictors of sustainability for community-managed handpumps in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda’, Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (21): 12037–46. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402086n>.

Hunter, P.R., MacDonald, A.M. and Carter, R.C. (2010) ‘Water supply and health’, PLoS Medicine 7 (11): e1000361 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000361>.

Improve International (2015) ‘Statistics on water point failures’ [online] <https://improveinternational.wordpress.com/handy-resources/sad-stats/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) (2009) ‘Handpump data 2009: selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/203> [accessed 29 August 2015].

RWSN (2015) ‘Smart handpumps: handpumps can be better – who is leading the way?’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/projekts/details/78> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Tincani, L., Ross, I., Mujica, A. and Zaman, R. (forthcoming) ‘Regional Assessment of operational sustainability of rural WASH services’, Oxford: Oxford Policy Management.

UPGro (no date, a) ‘Hidden crisis: strengthening the evidence base on the sustainability of rural groundwater services’ [online] <http://upgro.org/catalyst-projects/hidden-crisis1/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

UPGro (no date, b) ‘Hidden crisis: unravelling current failures for future success in rural groundwater supply’ [online] <http://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Walters, J.P. and Javernick-Will, A.N. (2015) ‘Long-term functionality of rural water services in developing countries: a system dynamics approach to understanding the dynamic interaction of factors’, Environmental Science & Technology, 49: 5035–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es505975h>.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1983) ‘Minimum evaluation procedure for water supply and sanitation projects’, Geneva: WHO <http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/61594>.

All accessed 8 September 2015

Improve International <www.improveinternational.com>

Triple-S, IRC <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/>

UPGro <www.upgro.org>

VFM-WASH <www.vfm-wash.org>

WASHCost, IRC <http://www.ircwash.org/washcost>

Water Point Data Exchange <http://www.waterpointdata.org>

Abrams, L., Palmer, I. and Hart, T. (no date) ‘Sustainability management guidelines for water supply in developing communities’, South Africa: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry <http://www.africanwater.org/Documents/Sustainability%20_Management_Guidelines.PDF>.

Adank, M., Kumasi, T.C., Chimbar, T.L., Atengdem, J., Agbemor, B.D., Dickinson, N. and Abbey, E. (2014) ‘The state of handpump water services in Ghana: findings from three districts’, 37th WEDC International Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/37/Adank-1976.pdf>.

Arlosoroff, S., Tschannerl, G., Grey, D., Journey, W., Karp, A., Langenegger, O. and Roche, R. (1987) Community Water Supply: The Handpump Option, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1996) ‘Strategies for handpump water supply programmes in less developed countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 10 (2): 130–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1996.tb00022.x>

Chilton, J. (2015) The Hidden Crisis project [online] <https://vimeo.com/114133055> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Curtis, V. (1986) ‘Women and the transport of water’, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Driscoll, F. (1986) Groundwater and Wells, 2nd edn, St Paul, MN: Johnson Division.

Duti, V. (2012) ‘Tracking functionality for sustainability’, presented at the 2011 Annual Review Conference of the Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Kumasi, Ghana <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/media/publications/tracking_functionality_for_sustainability> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Foster, T. (2013) ‘Predictors of sustainability for community-managed handpumps in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda’, Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (21): 12037–46. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402086n>.

Hunter, P.R., MacDonald, A.M. and Carter, R.C. (2010) ‘Water supply and health’, PLoS Medicine 7 (11): e1000361 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000361>.

Improve International (2015) ‘Statistics on water point failures’ [online] <https://improveinternational.wordpress.com/handy-resources/sad-stats/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) (2009) ‘Handpump data 2009: selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/203> [accessed 29 August 2015].

RWSN (2015) ‘Smart handpumps: handpumps can be better – who is leading the way?’ [online] <http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/projekts/details/78> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Tincani, L., Ross, I., Mujica, A. and Zaman, R. (forthcoming) ‘Regional Assessment of operational sustainability of rural WASH services’, Oxford: Oxford Policy Management.

UPGro (no date, a) ‘Hidden crisis: strengthening the evidence base on the sustainability of rural groundwater services’ [online] <http://upgro.org/catalyst-projects/hidden-crisis1/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

UPGro (no date, b) ‘Hidden crisis: unravelling current failures for future success in rural groundwater supply’ [online] <http://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/> [accessed 29 August 2015].

Walters, J.P. and Javernick-Will, A.N. (2015) ‘Long-term functionality of rural water services in developing countries: a system dynamics approach to understanding the dynamic interaction of factors’, Environmental Science & Technology, 49: 5035–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es505975h>.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1983) ‘Minimum evaluation procedure for water supply and sanitation projects’, Geneva: WHO <http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/61594>.

All accessed 8 September 2015

Improve International <www.improveinternational.com>

Triple-S, IRC <http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/>

UPGro <www.upgro.org>

VFM-WASH <www.vfm-wash.org>

WASHCost, IRC <http://www.ircwash.org/washcost>

Water Point Data Exchange <http://www.waterpointdata.org>

Improving Monitoring and Water Point Functionality in Rural Ethiopia

Anthonj, Carmen

Fleming, Lisa

Cronk, Ryan

Godfrey, Samuel

Ambelu, Argaw

Bevan, Jane

Sozzi, Emanuele

Bartram, Jamie

Water, Vol. 10 (2018), Iss. 11 P.1591

https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111591 [Citations: 13]

Comparative performance evaluation of handpump water-supply technologies in northern Kenya and The Gambia

Foster, Tim

McSorley, Brian

Willetts, Juliet

Hydrogeology Journal, Vol. 27 (2019), Iss. 2 P.535

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1865-4 [Citations: 6]

Factors associated with operational sustainability of rural water supplies in Cambodia

Foster, Tim

Shantz, Andrew

Lala, Sunetra

Willetts, Juliet

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, Vol. 4 (2018), Iss. 10 P.1577

https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EW00087E [Citations: 9]

Factors Influencing Water System Functionality in Nigeria and Tanzania: A Regression and Bayesian Network Analysis

Cronk, Ryan

Bartram, Jamie

Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 51 (2017), Iss. 19 P.11336

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03287 [Citations: 45]

Reflecting SDG 6.1 in Rural Water Supply Tariffs: Considering ‘Affordability’ Versus ‘Operations and Maintenance Costs’ in Malawi

Truslove, Jonathan

Coulson, Andrea

Nhlema, Muthi

Mbalame, Emma

Kalin, Robert

Sustainability, Vol. 12 (2020), Iss. 2 P.744

https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020744 [Citations: 11]

Better the devil you know? A relational reading of risk and innovation in the rural water sector

Brown, Julia

van den Broek, Marije

The Geographical Journal, Vol. 183 (2017), Iss. 3 P.210

https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12215 [Citations: 2]

Scenario-based life-cycle cost assessment to support sustainable investment in rural communal sanitation facilities: application to a school-based sanitation facility

Koseoglu, N. M.

Ellis, R.

Biswas, D.

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol. 11 (2021), Iss. 5 P.771

https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.230 [Citations: 1]

A categorization of water system breakdowns: Evidence from Liberia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda

Klug, Tori

Cronk, Ryan

Shields, Katherine F.

Bartram, Jamie

Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 619-620 (2018), Iss. P.1126

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.183 [Citations: 28]

Global Water Funding

Addressing Capital Costs

Lloyd Owen, David

2020

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49454-4_7 [Citations: 0]

Low-cost water-lifting from groundwater sources: a comparison of the EMAS Pump with the Rope Pump

MacCarthy, Michael F.

Carpenter, Jacob D.

Mihelcic, James R.

Hydrogeology Journal, Vol. 25 (2017), Iss. 5 P.1477

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1580-6 [Citations: 2]

The need for a standard approach to assessing the functionality of rural community water supplies

Bonsor, Helen

MacDonald, Alan

Casey, Vincent

Carter, Richard

Wilson, Paul

Hydrogeology Journal, Vol. 26 (2018), Iss. 2 P.367

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1711-0 [Citations: 18]

Why do water points fail? Learning from open-ended failure descriptions in the WPDx dataset

Cook, Joseph

Lahren, Sheena

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol. 7 (2017), Iss. 4 P.535

https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.022 [Citations: 2]

Functionality of handpump water supplies: a review of data from sub-Saharan Africa and the Asia-Pacific region

Foster, Tim

Furey, Sean

Banks, Brian

Willetts, Juliet

International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 36 (2020), Iss. 5 P.855

https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1543117 [Citations: 26]

Contribution of physical factors to handpump borehole functionality in Africa

MacAllister, D.J.

Nedaw, D.

Kebede, S.

Mkandawire, T.

Makuluni, P.

Shaba, C.

Okullo, J.

Owor, M.

Carter, R.

Chilton, J.

Casey, V.

Fallas, H.

MacDonald, A.M.

Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 851 (2022), Iss. P.158343

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158343 [Citations: 0]

Risk factors associated with rural water supply failure: A 30-year retrospective study of handpumps on the south coast of Kenya

Foster, Tim

Willetts, Juliet

Lane, Mike

Thomson, Patrick

Katuva, Jacob

Hope, Rob

Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 626 (2018), Iss. P.156

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.302 [Citations: 36]

Factors Associated with Water Service Continuity for the Rural Populations of Bangladesh, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Mozambique

DuChanois, Ryan M.

Liddle, Elisabeth S.

Fenner, Richard A.

Jeuland, Marc

Evans, Barbara

Cumming, Oliver

Zaman, Rashid U.

Mujica-Pereira, Ana V.

Ross, Ian

Gribble, Matthew O.

Brown, Joe

Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 53 (2019), Iss. 8 P.4355

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b07173 [Citations: 10]

Can ‘functionality’ save the community management model of rural water supply?

Whaley, Luke

Cleaver, Frances

Water Resources and Rural Development, Vol. 9 (2017), Iss. P.56

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2017.04.001 [Citations: 58]

Evaluating waterpoint sustainability and access implications of revenue collection approaches in rural K enya

Foster, T.

Hope, R.

Water Resources Research, Vol. 53 (2017), Iss. 2 P.1473

https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019634 [Citations: 37]

Understanding the Functionality and Burden on Decentralised Rural Water Supply: Influence of Millennium Development Goal 7c Coverage Targets

Truslove, Jonathan

V. M. Miller, Alexandra

Mannix, Nicholas

Nhlema, Muthi

Rivett, Michael

Coulson, Andrea

Mleta, Prince

Kalin, Robert

Water, Vol. 11 (2019), Iss. 3 P.494

https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030494 [Citations: 22]

Factors Influencing the Awareness and Adoption of Borehole-Garden Permaculture in Malawi: Lessons for the Promotion of Sustainable Practices

Hinton, Rebekah G. K.

Macleod, Christopher J. A.

Troldborg, Mads

Wanangwa, Gift

Kanjaye, Modesta

Mbalame, Emma

Mleta, Prince

Harawa, Kettie

Kumwenda, Steve

Kalin, Robert M.

Sustainability, Vol. 13 (2021), Iss. 21 P.12196

https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112196 [Citations: 0]

Community-Managed Water Supply Systems in Rural Uganda: The Role of Participation and Capacity Development

Etongo, Daniel

Fagan, G.

Kabonesa, Consolata

Asaba B., Richard

Water, Vol. 10 (2018), Iss. 9 P.1271

https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091271 [Citations: 13]

Lessons in Failure: Applying an Organizational Learning Framework to Understanding Attitudes Towards Failure in Development

Weekly, Charlotte

Environmental Health Insights, Vol. 15 (2021), Iss. P.117863022110443

https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302211044348 [Citations: 1]

Governance Drivers of Rural Water Sustainability: Collaboration in Frontline Service Delivery

2021

https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9798 [Citations: 0]

A contribution to drought resilience in East Africa through groundwater pump monitoring informed by in-situ instrumentation, remote sensing and ensemble machine learning

Thomas, Evan

Wilson, Daniel

Kathuni, Styvers

Libey, Anna

Chintalapati, Pranav

Coyle, Jeremy

Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 780 (2021), Iss. P.146486

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146486 [Citations: 5]

Smart Water Technologies and Techniques

Appropriate Technology and Development

2018

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119078678.ch6 [Citations: 0]

Distributed Inference Condition Monitoring System for Rural Infrastructure in the Developing World

Greeff, Heloise

Manandhar, Achut

Thomson, Patrick

Hope, Robert

Clifton, David A.

IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 19 (2019), Iss. 5 P.1820

https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2882866 [Citations: 8]

Nitrile cup seal robustness in the India Mark II/III hand pump system

Ottosson, Hans J.

Mattson, Christopher A.

Johnson, Oliver K.

Naylor, Thomas A.

Development Engineering, Vol. 6 (2021), Iss. P.100060

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deveng.2021.100060 [Citations: 2]

Seasonal and Annual Rainfall Variability and Their Impact on Rural Water Supply Services in the Wami River Basin, Tanzania

Twisa, Sekela

Buchroithner, Manfred F.

Water, Vol. 11 (2019), Iss. 10 P.2055

https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102055 [Citations: 14]

Barriers to handpump serviceability in Malawi: life-cycle costing for sustainable service delivery

Truslove, Jonathan P.

Coulson, Andrea B.

Mbalame, Emma

Kalin, Robert M.

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, Vol. 6 (2020), Iss. 8 P.2138

https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EW00283F [Citations: 2]

Robustness of IoT-connected e-Taps for sustainable service delivery of rural water supply

Ingram, Will

Memon, Fayyaz Ali

Water Supply, Vol. 20 (2020), Iss. 6 P.2251

https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.128 [Citations: 3]

Determinants of rural hand-pump functionality through maintenance provision in the Central African Republic

Fink, Eliza Lynn

Chintalapati, Pranav

Lane, Adrienne

Wester, Andrew

Javernick-Will, Amy

Linden, Karl

Foster, Timothy

PLOS Water, Vol. 1 (2022), Iss. 6 P.e0000024

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000024 [Citations: 0]

Responding to salinity in a rural African alluvial valley aquifer system: To boldly go beyond the world of hand-pumped groundwater supply?

Rivett, Michael O.

Budimir, Laura

Mannix, Nicholas

Miller, Alexandra V.M.

Addison, Marc J.

Moyo, Phideria

Wanangwa, Gift J.

Phiri, Owen L.

Songola, Chrispine E.

Nhlema, Muthi

Thomas, Mavuto A.S.

Polmanteer, Reid T.

Borge, Amando

Kalin, Robert M.

Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 653 (2019), Iss. P.1005

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.337 [Citations: 26]

Advances in Geoethics and Groundwater Management : Theory and Practice for a Sustainable Development

The Role of International Cooperation in Sustainable Groundwater Development

Sousa, Raquel

Fussi, Fabio

2021

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59320-9_70 [Citations: 0]

Sustainability of community-managed small town and rural water systems in northern Ghana: lessons from Upper West Region

Osumanu, Issaka Kanton

Zumayelleh, Emmanuel Ankamah

Kosoe, Enoch Akwasi

Community Development Journal, Vol. 57 (2022), Iss. 1 P.93

https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsab015 [Citations: 2]