China’s relationship with Africa is changing. From what was once a narrative built on the sale of primary commodities, to fuel China’s booming economic growth, it is increasingly being defined by an emerging, confident Africa with its own socio-economic and political priorities. Many African countries now want tangible and credible benefits beyond the revenues from natural resource exports. In short, China’s relationship with Africa has transformed into one defined by dynamism and African agency, lessening the hold the former previously had.

Alden, C. and Alves, C. (2008) ‘History and identity in the construction of China’s Africa policy’, Review of African Political Economy 35 (115): 43–58.

Allison, S. (2013) ‘Fixing China’s image in Africa, one student at a time’, Guardian <www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/china-africa-students-scholarship-programme> (posted 5 July 2013) [accessed 16 May 2015].

Barchfield, J. (2010) ‘China energy consumption surpasses US, now highest in the world’, Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/20/china-energy-consumption_n_652921.html> (posted 20 July 2010) [accessed 23 November 2015].

Besada, H., Wang, Y. and Whalley, J. (2008) ‘China’s growing economic activity in Africa’, NBER Working Paper 14024, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research <http://asiandrivers.open.ac.uk/China%20Africa.pdf> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Bodomo, A. (2010) ‘The African trading community in Guangzhou: an emerging bridge for Africa–China relations’, China Quarterly 203: 693–707.

Bodomo, A. (2012) Africans in China: A Sociocultural Study and its Implications on Africa-China Relations, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.

Chun, Z. (2013) ‘The Sino–Africa relationship: toward a new strategic partnership’, in Emerging Powers in Africa, London: London School of Economics and Political Science <www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SR016/SR-016-Chun.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Gov.cn (2012a) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_3.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Gov.cn (2012b) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_4.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Haugen, H.Ø. (2012) ‘Nigerians in China: a second state of immobility’, International Migration 50 (2): 65–80.

Kennedy, W. (2006) ‘Angola beats Saudi Arabia as China’s top oil supplier (update 3)’, Bloomberg (posted 29 March 2006).

Keqiang, L. (2014) ‘Bring about a better future for China–Africa cooperation’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China <www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1154397.shtml> (posted 6 May 2014) [accessed 15 May 2015].

Li, Z., Ma, L.J.C. and Xue, D. (2009) ‘An African enclave in China: the making of a new transnational urban space’, Eurasian Geography and Economics 50 (6): 699–719.

Rebol, M. (2010) ‘Public perceptions and reactions: gauging African views of China in Africa’, African Journal of Agricultural Research 5 (25): 3524–35.

Schiere, R. (2011) ‘China and Africa: an emerging partnership for development?’, in R. Schiere et al. (eds), China and Africa: An Emerging Partnership for Development, Tunis: African Development Bank Group.

The Southern Times (2013) ‘Chinese FDI stock in Africa trivial’, The Southern Times <http://southernafrican.news/2013/06/03/chinese-fdi-stock-in-africa-trivial/> (posted 3 June 2013) [accessed 23 November 2015].

UN Comtrade (2015) ‘United Nations commodity trade statistics database’, New York: United Nations.

UNECA (2015) Economic Report for Africa: Industrializing Through Trade, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

US EIA (2015) ‘China country report’, Washington DC: Energy Information Administration (EIA) (last updated May 2015).

Wang, Q. (2010) ‘Oil imports hit alarming level in China: study’, China Daily <www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-01/14/content_9317926.htm> (posted 14 January 2014) [accessed 23 November 2015].

Alden, C. and Alves, C. (2008) ‘History and identity in the construction of China’s Africa policy’, Review of African Political Economy 35 (115): 43–58.

Allison, S. (2013) ‘Fixing China’s image in Africa, one student at a time’, Guardian <www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/china-africa-students-scholarship-programme> (posted 5 July 2013) [accessed 16 May 2015].

Barchfield, J. (2010) ‘China energy consumption surpasses US, now highest in the world’, Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/20/china-energy-consumption_n_652921.html> (posted 20 July 2010) [accessed 23 November 2015].

Besada, H., Wang, Y. and Whalley, J. (2008) ‘China’s growing economic activity in Africa’, NBER Working Paper 14024, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research <http://asiandrivers.open.ac.uk/China%20Africa.pdf> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Bodomo, A. (2010) ‘The African trading community in Guangzhou: an emerging bridge for Africa–China relations’, China Quarterly 203: 693–707.

Bodomo, A. (2012) Africans in China: A Sociocultural Study and its Implications on Africa-China Relations, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.

Chun, Z. (2013) ‘The Sino–Africa relationship: toward a new strategic partnership’, in Emerging Powers in Africa, London: London School of Economics and Political Science <www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SR016/SR-016-Chun.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Gov.cn (2012a) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_3.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Gov.cn (2012b) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_4.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Haugen, H.Ø. (2012) ‘Nigerians in China: a second state of immobility’, International Migration 50 (2): 65–80.

Kennedy, W. (2006) ‘Angola beats Saudi Arabia as China’s top oil supplier (update 3)’, Bloomberg (posted 29 March 2006).

Keqiang, L. (2014) ‘Bring about a better future for China–Africa cooperation’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China <www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1154397.shtml> (posted 6 May 2014) [accessed 15 May 2015].

Li, Z., Ma, L.J.C. and Xue, D. (2009) ‘An African enclave in China: the making of a new transnational urban space’, Eurasian Geography and Economics 50 (6): 699–719.

Rebol, M. (2010) ‘Public perceptions and reactions: gauging African views of China in Africa’, African Journal of Agricultural Research 5 (25): 3524–35.

Schiere, R. (2011) ‘China and Africa: an emerging partnership for development?’, in R. Schiere et al. (eds), China and Africa: An Emerging Partnership for Development, Tunis: African Development Bank Group.

The Southern Times (2013) ‘Chinese FDI stock in Africa trivial’, The Southern Times <http://southernafrican.news/2013/06/03/chinese-fdi-stock-in-africa-trivial/> (posted 3 June 2013) [accessed 23 November 2015].

UN Comtrade (2015) ‘United Nations commodity trade statistics database’, New York: United Nations.

UNECA (2015) Economic Report for Africa: Industrializing Through Trade, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

US EIA (2015) ‘China country report’, Washington DC: Energy Information Administration (EIA) (last updated May 2015).

Wang, Q. (2010) ‘Oil imports hit alarming level in China: study’, China Daily <www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-01/14/content_9317926.htm> (posted 14 January 2014) [accessed 23 November 2015].

Alden, C. and Alves, C. (2008) ‘History and identity in the construction of China’s Africa policy’, Review of African Political Economy 35 (115): 43–58.

Allison, S. (2013) ‘Fixing China’s image in Africa, one student at a time’, Guardian <www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/china-africa-students-scholarship-programme> (posted 5 July 2013) [accessed 16 May 2015].

Barchfield, J. (2010) ‘China energy consumption surpasses US, now highest in the world’, Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/20/china-energy-consumption_n_652921.html> (posted 20 July 2010) [accessed 23 November 2015].

Besada, H., Wang, Y. and Whalley, J. (2008) ‘China’s growing economic activity in Africa’, NBER Working Paper 14024, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research <http://asiandrivers.open.ac.uk/China%20Africa.pdf> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Bodomo, A. (2010) ‘The African trading community in Guangzhou: an emerging bridge for Africa–China relations’, China Quarterly 203: 693–707.

Bodomo, A. (2012) Africans in China: A Sociocultural Study and its Implications on Africa-China Relations, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.

Chun, Z. (2013) ‘The Sino–Africa relationship: toward a new strategic partnership’, in Emerging Powers in Africa, London: London School of Economics and Political Science <www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SR016/SR-016-Chun.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Gov.cn (2012a) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_3.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Gov.cn (2012b) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_4.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Haugen, H.Ø. (2012) ‘Nigerians in China: a second state of immobility’, International Migration 50 (2): 65–80.

Kennedy, W. (2006) ‘Angola beats Saudi Arabia as China’s top oil supplier (update 3)’, Bloomberg (posted 29 March 2006).

Keqiang, L. (2014) ‘Bring about a better future for China–Africa cooperation’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China <www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1154397.shtml> (posted 6 May 2014) [accessed 15 May 2015].

Li, Z., Ma, L.J.C. and Xue, D. (2009) ‘An African enclave in China: the making of a new transnational urban space’, Eurasian Geography and Economics 50 (6): 699–719.

Rebol, M. (2010) ‘Public perceptions and reactions: gauging African views of China in Africa’, African Journal of Agricultural Research 5 (25): 3524–35.

Schiere, R. (2011) ‘China and Africa: an emerging partnership for development?’, in R. Schiere et al. (eds), China and Africa: An Emerging Partnership for Development, Tunis: African Development Bank Group.

The Southern Times (2013) ‘Chinese FDI stock in Africa trivial’, The Southern Times <http://southernafrican.news/2013/06/03/chinese-fdi-stock-in-africa-trivial/> (posted 3 June 2013) [accessed 23 November 2015].

UN Comtrade (2015) ‘United Nations commodity trade statistics database’, New York: United Nations.

UNECA (2015) Economic Report for Africa: Industrializing Through Trade, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

US EIA (2015) ‘China country report’, Washington DC: Energy Information Administration (EIA) (last updated May 2015).

Wang, Q. (2010) ‘Oil imports hit alarming level in China: study’, China Daily <www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-01/14/content_9317926.htm> (posted 14 January 2014) [accessed 23 November 2015].

Alden, C. and Alves, C. (2008) ‘History and identity in the construction of China’s Africa policy’, Review of African Political Economy 35 (115): 43–58.

Allison, S. (2013) ‘Fixing China’s image in Africa, one student at a time’, Guardian <www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/china-africa-students-scholarship-programme> (posted 5 July 2013) [accessed 16 May 2015].

Barchfield, J. (2010) ‘China energy consumption surpasses US, now highest in the world’, Huffington Post <www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/20/china-energy-consumption_n_652921.html> (posted 20 July 2010) [accessed 23 November 2015].

Besada, H., Wang, Y. and Whalley, J. (2008) ‘China’s growing economic activity in Africa’, NBER Working Paper 14024, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research <http://asiandrivers.open.ac.uk/China%20Africa.pdf> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Bodomo, A. (2010) ‘The African trading community in Guangzhou: an emerging bridge for Africa–China relations’, China Quarterly 203: 693–707.

Bodomo, A. (2012) Africans in China: A Sociocultural Study and its Implications on Africa-China Relations, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.

Chun, Z. (2013) ‘The Sino–Africa relationship: toward a new strategic partnership’, in Emerging Powers in Africa, London: London School of Economics and Political Science <www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SR016/SR-016-Chun.pdf> [accessed 16 May 2015].

Gov.cn (2012a) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_3.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Gov.cn (2012b) ‘China–Africa economic and trade cooperation’ <www.gov.cn/english/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603_4.htm> [accessed 23 November 2015].

Haugen, H.Ø. (2012) ‘Nigerians in China: a second state of immobility’, International Migration 50 (2): 65–80.

Kennedy, W. (2006) ‘Angola beats Saudi Arabia as China’s top oil supplier (update 3)’, Bloomberg (posted 29 March 2006).

Keqiang, L. (2014) ‘Bring about a better future for China–Africa cooperation’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China <www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1154397.shtml> (posted 6 May 2014) [accessed 15 May 2015].

Li, Z., Ma, L.J.C. and Xue, D. (2009) ‘An African enclave in China: the making of a new transnational urban space’, Eurasian Geography and Economics 50 (6): 699–719.

Rebol, M. (2010) ‘Public perceptions and reactions: gauging African views of China in Africa’, African Journal of Agricultural Research 5 (25): 3524–35.

Schiere, R. (2011) ‘China and Africa: an emerging partnership for development?’, in R. Schiere et al. (eds), China and Africa: An Emerging Partnership for Development, Tunis: African Development Bank Group.

The Southern Times (2013) ‘Chinese FDI stock in Africa trivial’, The Southern Times <http://southernafrican.news/2013/06/03/chinese-fdi-stock-in-africa-trivial/> (posted 3 June 2013) [accessed 23 November 2015].

UN Comtrade (2015) ‘United Nations commodity trade statistics database’, New York: United Nations.

UNECA (2015) Economic Report for Africa: Industrializing Through Trade, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

US EIA (2015) ‘China country report’, Washington DC: Energy Information Administration (EIA) (last updated May 2015).

Wang, Q. (2010) ‘Oil imports hit alarming level in China: study’, China Daily <www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-01/14/content_9317926.htm> (posted 14 January 2014) [accessed 23 November 2015].