This paper presents the results of research conducted in Accra, Ghana, aimed at understanding how access to water allows small-scale, water-dependent livelihoods to contribute to the household income of urban and peri-urban communities. Ten communities were selected in Accra and its surrounding communities to reflect different levels of infrastructure provision and conditions of water supply. Focus group discussions were held in each community. Issues which emerged were investigated further in a structured household questionnaire survey involving 443 respondents. A wide range of small-scale water dependent occupations were observed. Among the households surveyed, 59.14 per cent were engaged in a water-dependent occupation which contributed over 80 per cent of household income in some cases. Small-scale, water-dependent occupations, thus, constitute an important source of income for urban and peri-urban households.

Abraham, E.M., van Rooijen, D., Cofie, O. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2007) ‘Planning urban water dependent livelihood opportunities for the poor in Accra, Ghana’, in Proceedings of SWITCH Scientific Meeting, University of Birmingham, UK.

Amoah, P., Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R.C. (2005) ‘Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogenic contamination and health risk elimination’, Irrigation and Drainage 54, S49–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.185>.

Backman, K. and Kyngas, H.A. (1999) ‘Challenges of the grounded theory approach to a novice researcher’, Nursing and Health Science 1: 147–53.

Bhawana, U. (2005) ‘Gendered livelihoods and multiple water use in North Gujarat’, Agriculture and Human Values 22(4): 411–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-005-3396-6>.

Biney, C.A. (1991) ‘The threat of pollution to the coastal zone of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana’, Ghana Journal of Science 31: 47–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v31i1.15817>.

Brocklehurst, C. (ed.) (2002) New Designs for Water and Sanitation Transactions: Making Private Sector Participation Work for the Poor, Washington, DC: PPIAF and Water and Sanitation Programme.

Budds, J. and McGranahan, G. (2003) ‘Are the debates on water privatization missing the point? Experiences from Africa, Asia, and Latin America’, Environment and Urbanization 15: 87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500222>.

Carney, D. (1998) ‘Implementing the sustainable rural livelihoods approach’, in D. Carney (ed.), Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? Papers Presented at the Department for International Development’s Natural Resources Advisers’ Conference, pp. 3–23, London: DFID.

Centre for Geographic and Information System (CERSGIS) (2003) Map of Odaw-Korle River Catchment, Accra, Ghana: CERSGIS.

Cornish, G.A., Mensah, E. and Ghesquire, P.I. (1999) An Assessment of Surface Water Quality for Irrigation and its Implication for Human Health in the Peri-Urban Zone of Kumasi, Ghana, Report OD/TN 95, Wallingford, UK: HR Wallingford.

de Haan, L. and Zoomers, A. (2003) ‘Development geography at the crossroads of livelihood and globalisation’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 94(3): 350–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00262>.

Department for International Development (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, London: DFID.

Department for International Development & United Nations-HABITAT (2002) Sustainable Urbanization: Achieving Agenda 21, Nairobi: UN-HABITAT; London: DFID.

General Accounting Office (GAO) (1992) Quantitative Data Analysis: An Introduction, Report to Programme Evaluation and Methodology Division. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2002) 2000 Population and Housing Census; Summary Report of Final Results, Accra Ghana: GSS.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2013) 2010 Population and Housing Census: National Analytical Report, Accra, Ghana: GSS.

Howard, G. and Bartram, J. (2005) ‘Effective water supply surveillance in urban areas of developing countries’, Journal of Water and Health 3: 31–43.

Jaglin, S. (2002) ‘The right to water versus cost recovery: participation, urban water supply and the poor in sub-Saharan Africa’, Environment and Urbanization 14: 231–245 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400119>.

Kaag, M., van Berkel, R., Brons, J., de Bruijn, M., van Dijk, H., de Haan, L., Nooteboom, G. and Zoomers, A. (2004) ‘Ways forward in livelihood research’, in D. Kalb W. Pansters and H. Siebers (eds), Globalization and Development: Themes and Concepts in Current Research, pp. 49–74, Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Lipton, M. and Litchfield, J. (2003) Preliminary Review of the Impact of Irrigation on Poverty, with Special Emphasis on Asia, AGL/MISC/34/2003, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation.

McGivern, Y. (2006) The Practice of Market and Social Research: An Introduction, 2nd edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Madanat, S. and Humplick, F. (1993) ‘A model of household choice of water system in developing countries’, Water Resources Research 29(5): 1353–8.

Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source Book, 2nd edn, London: Sage.

Nicol, A. (2000) Adopting a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Water: Implications for Policy and Practice, Working Paper 133, London: Overseas Development Institute.

Obuobie, E., Keraita, B., Danso, G., Amoah, P., Cofie, O.O., Raschid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. (2006) Irrigated Vegetable Production in Ghana: Characteristics, Benefits, and Risks, Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute.

Polak, P., Adhikari, D., Nanes, B. and Suryawanshi, S. (2002) Transforming Village Water Access into Profitable Business Opportunities, Lakewood, CO: International Development Enterprises.

Postel, S.L. (2000) ‘Entering an era of water scarcity’, Ecological Applications 10: 941–48.

Richmond, M.D., De Villiers, A. and Mkenda, A.F. (2003) Livelihoods Assets Required for an East Africa FADs Programme, Final Technical Report [pdf], Fisheries Science Management Programme (FMSP) (Project R8249), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Samanki Consultants Limited <www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/2027/R8249_FTR.pdf> [accessed 2 May 2014].

Saleth, R.M. and Dinar, A. (2005) ‘Water institutional reform and practice’, Water Policy 7: 1–19.

Soussan, J. (2003) ‘Poverty, water security and household use of water’, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Water, Poverty and Productive Uses of Water at the Household Level, Muldersdrift, South Africa.

Spratt, C., Walker, R. and Robinson, B. (2004) ‘Practitioner research and evaluation skills training’, in Commonwealth of Learning (ed.), Open and Distance Learning: Mixed Methods, Module, Burnaby, BC: Commonwealth of Learning.

Strauss, A.L. (1987) Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

United Nations (UN) (2009a) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, File 3: Urban Population by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950–2050 (thousands), POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2009/1/F3, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

United Nations (UN) (2009b) Urban Agglomerations, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division.

United Nations (UN) (2010) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision: Highlights [pdf], Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat <www.ctc-health.org.cn/file/2011061610.pdf> [accessed 11 February 2015].

UNCHS/HABITAT (1996) An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, London: Oxford University Press.

United Nations Development Programme & Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONROE) (2009) Building Resilience: Adaptive Strategies for Coastal Livelihoods Most at Risk to Climate Change Impact in Central Vietnam, Policy Brief, New York: UNDP; Ha Noi, Vietnam: MONROE.

van Veenhuizen, R. (ed.) (2006) Cities Farming for the Future: Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Philippines: RUAF Foundation, IDRC and IRRR.

Winpenny, J. (2003) Financing Water for All: Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure, Marseille, France: World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership.

Abraham, E.M., van Rooijen, D., Cofie, O. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2007) ‘Planning urban water dependent livelihood opportunities for the poor in Accra, Ghana’, in Proceedings of SWITCH Scientific Meeting, University of Birmingham, UK.

Amoah, P., Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R.C. (2005) ‘Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogenic contamination and health risk elimination’, Irrigation and Drainage 54, S49–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.185>.

Backman, K. and Kyngas, H.A. (1999) ‘Challenges of the grounded theory approach to a novice researcher’, Nursing and Health Science 1: 147–53.

Bhawana, U. (2005) ‘Gendered livelihoods and multiple water use in North Gujarat’, Agriculture and Human Values 22(4): 411–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-005-3396-6>.

Biney, C.A. (1991) ‘The threat of pollution to the coastal zone of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana’, Ghana Journal of Science 31: 47–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v31i1.15817>.

Brocklehurst, C. (ed.) (2002) New Designs for Water and Sanitation Transactions: Making Private Sector Participation Work for the Poor, Washington, DC: PPIAF and Water and Sanitation Programme.

Budds, J. and McGranahan, G. (2003) ‘Are the debates on water privatization missing the point? Experiences from Africa, Asia, and Latin America’, Environment and Urbanization 15: 87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500222>.

Carney, D. (1998) ‘Implementing the sustainable rural livelihoods approach’, in D. Carney (ed.), Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? Papers Presented at the Department for International Development’s Natural Resources Advisers’ Conference, pp. 3–23, London: DFID.

Centre for Geographic and Information System (CERSGIS) (2003) Map of Odaw-Korle River Catchment, Accra, Ghana: CERSGIS.

Cornish, G.A., Mensah, E. and Ghesquire, P.I. (1999) An Assessment of Surface Water Quality for Irrigation and its Implication for Human Health in the Peri-Urban Zone of Kumasi, Ghana, Report OD/TN 95, Wallingford, UK: HR Wallingford.

de Haan, L. and Zoomers, A. (2003) ‘Development geography at the crossroads of livelihood and globalisation’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 94(3): 350–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00262>.

Department for International Development (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, London: DFID.

Department for International Development & United Nations-HABITAT (2002) Sustainable Urbanization: Achieving Agenda 21, Nairobi: UN-HABITAT; London: DFID.

General Accounting Office (GAO) (1992) Quantitative Data Analysis: An Introduction, Report to Programme Evaluation and Methodology Division. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2002) 2000 Population and Housing Census; Summary Report of Final Results, Accra Ghana: GSS.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2013) 2010 Population and Housing Census: National Analytical Report, Accra, Ghana: GSS.

Howard, G. and Bartram, J. (2005) ‘Effective water supply surveillance in urban areas of developing countries’, Journal of Water and Health 3: 31–43.

Jaglin, S. (2002) ‘The right to water versus cost recovery: participation, urban water supply and the poor in sub-Saharan Africa’, Environment and Urbanization 14: 231–245 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400119>.

Kaag, M., van Berkel, R., Brons, J., de Bruijn, M., van Dijk, H., de Haan, L., Nooteboom, G. and Zoomers, A. (2004) ‘Ways forward in livelihood research’, in D. Kalb W. Pansters and H. Siebers (eds), Globalization and Development: Themes and Concepts in Current Research, pp. 49–74, Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Lipton, M. and Litchfield, J. (2003) Preliminary Review of the Impact of Irrigation on Poverty, with Special Emphasis on Asia, AGL/MISC/34/2003, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation.

McGivern, Y. (2006) The Practice of Market and Social Research: An Introduction, 2nd edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Madanat, S. and Humplick, F. (1993) ‘A model of household choice of water system in developing countries’, Water Resources Research 29(5): 1353–8.

Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source Book, 2nd edn, London: Sage.

Nicol, A. (2000) Adopting a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Water: Implications for Policy and Practice, Working Paper 133, London: Overseas Development Institute.

Obuobie, E., Keraita, B., Danso, G., Amoah, P., Cofie, O.O., Raschid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. (2006) Irrigated Vegetable Production in Ghana: Characteristics, Benefits, and Risks, Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute.

Polak, P., Adhikari, D., Nanes, B. and Suryawanshi, S. (2002) Transforming Village Water Access into Profitable Business Opportunities, Lakewood, CO: International Development Enterprises.

Postel, S.L. (2000) ‘Entering an era of water scarcity’, Ecological Applications 10: 941–48.

Richmond, M.D., De Villiers, A. and Mkenda, A.F. (2003) Livelihoods Assets Required for an East Africa FADs Programme, Final Technical Report [pdf], Fisheries Science Management Programme (FMSP) (Project R8249), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Samanki Consultants Limited <www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/2027/R8249_FTR.pdf> [accessed 2 May 2014].

Saleth, R.M. and Dinar, A. (2005) ‘Water institutional reform and practice’, Water Policy 7: 1–19.

Soussan, J. (2003) ‘Poverty, water security and household use of water’, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Water, Poverty and Productive Uses of Water at the Household Level, Muldersdrift, South Africa.

Spratt, C., Walker, R. and Robinson, B. (2004) ‘Practitioner research and evaluation skills training’, in Commonwealth of Learning (ed.), Open and Distance Learning: Mixed Methods, Module, Burnaby, BC: Commonwealth of Learning.

Strauss, A.L. (1987) Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

United Nations (UN) (2009a) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, File 3: Urban Population by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950–2050 (thousands), POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2009/1/F3, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

United Nations (UN) (2009b) Urban Agglomerations, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division.

United Nations (UN) (2010) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision: Highlights [pdf], Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat <www.ctc-health.org.cn/file/2011061610.pdf> [accessed 11 February 2015].

UNCHS/HABITAT (1996) An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, London: Oxford University Press.

United Nations Development Programme & Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONROE) (2009) Building Resilience: Adaptive Strategies for Coastal Livelihoods Most at Risk to Climate Change Impact in Central Vietnam, Policy Brief, New York: UNDP; Ha Noi, Vietnam: MONROE.

van Veenhuizen, R. (ed.) (2006) Cities Farming for the Future: Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Philippines: RUAF Foundation, IDRC and IRRR.

Winpenny, J. (2003) Financing Water for All: Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure, Marseille, France: World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership.

Abraham, E.M., van Rooijen, D., Cofie, O. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2007) ‘Planning urban water dependent livelihood opportunities for the poor in Accra, Ghana’, in Proceedings of SWITCH Scientific Meeting, University of Birmingham, UK.

Amoah, P., Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R.C. (2005) ‘Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogenic contamination and health risk elimination’, Irrigation and Drainage 54, S49–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.185>.

Backman, K. and Kyngas, H.A. (1999) ‘Challenges of the grounded theory approach to a novice researcher’, Nursing and Health Science 1: 147–53.

Bhawana, U. (2005) ‘Gendered livelihoods and multiple water use in North Gujarat’, Agriculture and Human Values 22(4): 411–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-005-3396-6>.

Biney, C.A. (1991) ‘The threat of pollution to the coastal zone of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana’, Ghana Journal of Science 31: 47–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v31i1.15817>.

Brocklehurst, C. (ed.) (2002) New Designs for Water and Sanitation Transactions: Making Private Sector Participation Work for the Poor, Washington, DC: PPIAF and Water and Sanitation Programme.

Budds, J. and McGranahan, G. (2003) ‘Are the debates on water privatization missing the point? Experiences from Africa, Asia, and Latin America’, Environment and Urbanization 15: 87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500222>.

Carney, D. (1998) ‘Implementing the sustainable rural livelihoods approach’, in D. Carney (ed.), Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? Papers Presented at the Department for International Development’s Natural Resources Advisers’ Conference, pp. 3–23, London: DFID.

Centre for Geographic and Information System (CERSGIS) (2003) Map of Odaw-Korle River Catchment, Accra, Ghana: CERSGIS.

Cornish, G.A., Mensah, E. and Ghesquire, P.I. (1999) An Assessment of Surface Water Quality for Irrigation and its Implication for Human Health in the Peri-Urban Zone of Kumasi, Ghana, Report OD/TN 95, Wallingford, UK: HR Wallingford.

de Haan, L. and Zoomers, A. (2003) ‘Development geography at the crossroads of livelihood and globalisation’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 94(3): 350–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00262>.

Department for International Development (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, London: DFID.

Department for International Development & United Nations-HABITAT (2002) Sustainable Urbanization: Achieving Agenda 21, Nairobi: UN-HABITAT; London: DFID.

General Accounting Office (GAO) (1992) Quantitative Data Analysis: An Introduction, Report to Programme Evaluation and Methodology Division. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2002) 2000 Population and Housing Census; Summary Report of Final Results, Accra Ghana: GSS.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2013) 2010 Population and Housing Census: National Analytical Report, Accra, Ghana: GSS.

Howard, G. and Bartram, J. (2005) ‘Effective water supply surveillance in urban areas of developing countries’, Journal of Water and Health 3: 31–43.

Jaglin, S. (2002) ‘The right to water versus cost recovery: participation, urban water supply and the poor in sub-Saharan Africa’, Environment and Urbanization 14: 231–245 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400119>.

Kaag, M., van Berkel, R., Brons, J., de Bruijn, M., van Dijk, H., de Haan, L., Nooteboom, G. and Zoomers, A. (2004) ‘Ways forward in livelihood research’, in D. Kalb W. Pansters and H. Siebers (eds), Globalization and Development: Themes and Concepts in Current Research, pp. 49–74, Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Lipton, M. and Litchfield, J. (2003) Preliminary Review of the Impact of Irrigation on Poverty, with Special Emphasis on Asia, AGL/MISC/34/2003, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation.

McGivern, Y. (2006) The Practice of Market and Social Research: An Introduction, 2nd edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Madanat, S. and Humplick, F. (1993) ‘A model of household choice of water system in developing countries’, Water Resources Research 29(5): 1353–8.

Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source Book, 2nd edn, London: Sage.

Nicol, A. (2000) Adopting a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Water: Implications for Policy and Practice, Working Paper 133, London: Overseas Development Institute.

Obuobie, E., Keraita, B., Danso, G., Amoah, P., Cofie, O.O., Raschid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. (2006) Irrigated Vegetable Production in Ghana: Characteristics, Benefits, and Risks, Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute.

Polak, P., Adhikari, D., Nanes, B. and Suryawanshi, S. (2002) Transforming Village Water Access into Profitable Business Opportunities, Lakewood, CO: International Development Enterprises.

Postel, S.L. (2000) ‘Entering an era of water scarcity’, Ecological Applications 10: 941–48.

Richmond, M.D., De Villiers, A. and Mkenda, A.F. (2003) Livelihoods Assets Required for an East Africa FADs Programme, Final Technical Report [pdf], Fisheries Science Management Programme (FMSP) (Project R8249), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Samanki Consultants Limited <www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/2027/R8249_FTR.pdf> [accessed 2 May 2014].

Saleth, R.M. and Dinar, A. (2005) ‘Water institutional reform and practice’, Water Policy 7: 1–19.

Soussan, J. (2003) ‘Poverty, water security and household use of water’, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Water, Poverty and Productive Uses of Water at the Household Level, Muldersdrift, South Africa.

Spratt, C., Walker, R. and Robinson, B. (2004) ‘Practitioner research and evaluation skills training’, in Commonwealth of Learning (ed.), Open and Distance Learning: Mixed Methods, Module, Burnaby, BC: Commonwealth of Learning.

Strauss, A.L. (1987) Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

United Nations (UN) (2009a) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, File 3: Urban Population by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950–2050 (thousands), POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2009/1/F3, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

United Nations (UN) (2009b) Urban Agglomerations, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division.

United Nations (UN) (2010) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision: Highlights [pdf], Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat <www.ctc-health.org.cn/file/2011061610.pdf> [accessed 11 February 2015].

UNCHS/HABITAT (1996) An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, London: Oxford University Press.

United Nations Development Programme & Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONROE) (2009) Building Resilience: Adaptive Strategies for Coastal Livelihoods Most at Risk to Climate Change Impact in Central Vietnam, Policy Brief, New York: UNDP; Ha Noi, Vietnam: MONROE.

van Veenhuizen, R. (ed.) (2006) Cities Farming for the Future: Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Philippines: RUAF Foundation, IDRC and IRRR.

Winpenny, J. (2003) Financing Water for All: Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure, Marseille, France: World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership.

Abraham, E.M., van Rooijen, D., Cofie, O. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2007) ‘Planning urban water dependent livelihood opportunities for the poor in Accra, Ghana’, in Proceedings of SWITCH Scientific Meeting, University of Birmingham, UK.

Amoah, P., Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R.C. (2005) ‘Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogenic contamination and health risk elimination’, Irrigation and Drainage 54, S49–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.185>.

Backman, K. and Kyngas, H.A. (1999) ‘Challenges of the grounded theory approach to a novice researcher’, Nursing and Health Science 1: 147–53.

Bhawana, U. (2005) ‘Gendered livelihoods and multiple water use in North Gujarat’, Agriculture and Human Values 22(4): 411–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-005-3396-6>.

Biney, C.A. (1991) ‘The threat of pollution to the coastal zone of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana’, Ghana Journal of Science 31: 47–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v31i1.15817>.

Brocklehurst, C. (ed.) (2002) New Designs for Water and Sanitation Transactions: Making Private Sector Participation Work for the Poor, Washington, DC: PPIAF and Water and Sanitation Programme.

Budds, J. and McGranahan, G. (2003) ‘Are the debates on water privatization missing the point? Experiences from Africa, Asia, and Latin America’, Environment and Urbanization 15: 87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500222>.

Carney, D. (1998) ‘Implementing the sustainable rural livelihoods approach’, in D. Carney (ed.), Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contributions Can We Make? Papers Presented at the Department for International Development’s Natural Resources Advisers’ Conference, pp. 3–23, London: DFID.

Centre for Geographic and Information System (CERSGIS) (2003) Map of Odaw-Korle River Catchment, Accra, Ghana: CERSGIS.

Cornish, G.A., Mensah, E. and Ghesquire, P.I. (1999) An Assessment of Surface Water Quality for Irrigation and its Implication for Human Health in the Peri-Urban Zone of Kumasi, Ghana, Report OD/TN 95, Wallingford, UK: HR Wallingford.

de Haan, L. and Zoomers, A. (2003) ‘Development geography at the crossroads of livelihood and globalisation’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 94(3): 350–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00262>.

Department for International Development (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, London: DFID.

Department for International Development & United Nations-HABITAT (2002) Sustainable Urbanization: Achieving Agenda 21, Nairobi: UN-HABITAT; London: DFID.

General Accounting Office (GAO) (1992) Quantitative Data Analysis: An Introduction, Report to Programme Evaluation and Methodology Division. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2002) 2000 Population and Housing Census; Summary Report of Final Results, Accra Ghana: GSS.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2013) 2010 Population and Housing Census: National Analytical Report, Accra, Ghana: GSS.

Howard, G. and Bartram, J. (2005) ‘Effective water supply surveillance in urban areas of developing countries’, Journal of Water and Health 3: 31–43.

Jaglin, S. (2002) ‘The right to water versus cost recovery: participation, urban water supply and the poor in sub-Saharan Africa’, Environment and Urbanization 14: 231–245 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400119>.

Kaag, M., van Berkel, R., Brons, J., de Bruijn, M., van Dijk, H., de Haan, L., Nooteboom, G. and Zoomers, A. (2004) ‘Ways forward in livelihood research’, in D. Kalb W. Pansters and H. Siebers (eds), Globalization and Development: Themes and Concepts in Current Research, pp. 49–74, Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Lipton, M. and Litchfield, J. (2003) Preliminary Review of the Impact of Irrigation on Poverty, with Special Emphasis on Asia, AGL/MISC/34/2003, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation.

McGivern, Y. (2006) The Practice of Market and Social Research: An Introduction, 2nd edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Madanat, S. and Humplick, F. (1993) ‘A model of household choice of water system in developing countries’, Water Resources Research 29(5): 1353–8.

Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source Book, 2nd edn, London: Sage.

Nicol, A. (2000) Adopting a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Water: Implications for Policy and Practice, Working Paper 133, London: Overseas Development Institute.

Obuobie, E., Keraita, B., Danso, G., Amoah, P., Cofie, O.O., Raschid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. (2006) Irrigated Vegetable Production in Ghana: Characteristics, Benefits, and Risks, Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute.

Polak, P., Adhikari, D., Nanes, B. and Suryawanshi, S. (2002) Transforming Village Water Access into Profitable Business Opportunities, Lakewood, CO: International Development Enterprises.

Postel, S.L. (2000) ‘Entering an era of water scarcity’, Ecological Applications 10: 941–48.

Richmond, M.D., De Villiers, A. and Mkenda, A.F. (2003) Livelihoods Assets Required for an East Africa FADs Programme, Final Technical Report [pdf], Fisheries Science Management Programme (FMSP) (Project R8249), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Samanki Consultants Limited <www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/2027/R8249_FTR.pdf> [accessed 2 May 2014].

Saleth, R.M. and Dinar, A. (2005) ‘Water institutional reform and practice’, Water Policy 7: 1–19.

Soussan, J. (2003) ‘Poverty, water security and household use of water’, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Water, Poverty and Productive Uses of Water at the Household Level, Muldersdrift, South Africa.

Spratt, C., Walker, R. and Robinson, B. (2004) ‘Practitioner research and evaluation skills training’, in Commonwealth of Learning (ed.), Open and Distance Learning: Mixed Methods, Module, Burnaby, BC: Commonwealth of Learning.

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