With over 2 billion people lacking access to improved sanitation, governments, especially in developing countries, have an enormous challenge to roll out services, increase and correctly target investment and financing mechanisms, and to create opportunities for and manage service providers. Pockets of experience in countries throughout Africa and Asia show that the public and private sectors can partner to deliver affordable, sustainable, high-quality water and sanitation services, linked to the capacity and financial sustainability of providers and authorities (e.g. the existence of an enabling regulatory and institutional framework). Where public services do not reach the poorest, private providers, NGOs or CBOs have stepped into the gap, often without government knowledge or support. To coordinate, provide oversight, and fulfil their legislative mandate, governments need to create an accountable and enabling policy and regulatory environment for non-state entities that ensures they provide affordable services and strengthen demand from their constituencies for sanitation services. This is one of the conclusions of the recent ‘Unclogging the Blockages in Sanitation’ conference that took place in Kampala in February 2014, which provides the basis for this paper and the thematic edition on linkages between the public and private sectors in sanitation services delivery.

Agyei, A., Awuah, E., and Oduro-Kwarteng, S. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge management in Madina, Ghana’, West Africa Regional Sanitation and Hygiene Symposium [online], 10-12 November 2009, Accra, Ghana <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc

de Albuquerque, C. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation as human rights’, in J. Lundqvist (ed.), On the Water Front: Selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm [pdf], Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute <www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf

Andres, L., Briceño, B., Claire Chase, C., and Echenique, J. (2014) Sanitation and Externalities: Evidence from Early Childhood Health in Rural India [pdf], The World Bank South Asia Region Sustainable Development Unit & Sustainable Development Network Water and Sanitation Program, January 2014, <www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf

Baetings, E. (2012) ‘The sanitation life cycle: a comprehensive approach to ensure sanitation for all forever’, Den Haag: IRC (unpublished internal paper).

Duke University (2012) Supercritical Sanitation Systems: Neighborhood-Scale Sewage Treatment [pdf] Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University <http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf

de la Harpe, J. (2007) ‘Strengthening local governance for improved water and sanitation services’ [online], IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, unpublished document <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28-33.

London, T. (2008) ‘The base-of-the-pyramid perspective: a new approach to poverty alleviation’, in G.T. Solomon (ed.), Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, Chicago, IL: Academy of Management.

Potter, A., Klutse, A., Snehalatha, M., Batchelor, C., Uandela, A., Naafs, A., Fonseca, C. and Moriarty, P. (2011) Assessing Sanitation Service Levels [pdf], 2nd edn, WASHCost Working paper 3, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf

Prahalad, C.K. (2004) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Shah, A. and Thathachari, J. (2013) A Market Led, Evidence Based, Approach to Rural Sanitation, Cambridge, MA: Monitor Deloitte for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Spears, D. (2013) ‘How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain?’ [online] Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 6351, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0

WASHCost (2012) ‘The cost of sustaining sanitation services for 20 years can be 5-20 times the cost of building a latrine’, WASHCost Infosheet 2 [pdf] <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2013) ‘Infographic: what's a toilet worth?’ [online] World Bank <www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic

Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) (2014) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Fact Sheet [pdf] <www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet

WHO (2008) Sanitation is an Investment with High Economic Returns. Factsheet 2 [pdf] UN-Water <http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf

WHO/UNICEF (2014) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water 2014 Update [pdf] <www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf

Sy, J., Warner, R. and Jamieson, J. (2014) Tapping the Markets: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Sanitation for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Unclogging the Blockages, Sanitation Conference February 18-20th 2014 in Kampala, Uganda <http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Policies and legal aspects’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Water Utility Partnership’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html

Agyei, A., Awuah, E., and Oduro-Kwarteng, S. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge management in Madina, Ghana’, West Africa Regional Sanitation and Hygiene Symposium [online], 10-12 November 2009, Accra, Ghana <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc

de Albuquerque, C. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation as human rights’, in J. Lundqvist (ed.), On the Water Front: Selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm [pdf], Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute <www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf

Andres, L., Briceño, B., Claire Chase, C., and Echenique, J. (2014) Sanitation and Externalities: Evidence from Early Childhood Health in Rural India [pdf], The World Bank South Asia Region Sustainable Development Unit & Sustainable Development Network Water and Sanitation Program, January 2014, <www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf

Baetings, E. (2012) ‘The sanitation life cycle: a comprehensive approach to ensure sanitation for all forever’, Den Haag: IRC (unpublished internal paper).

Duke University (2012) Supercritical Sanitation Systems: Neighborhood-Scale Sewage Treatment [pdf] Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University <http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf

de la Harpe, J. (2007) ‘Strengthening local governance for improved water and sanitation services’ [online], IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, unpublished document <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28-33.

London, T. (2008) ‘The base-of-the-pyramid perspective: a new approach to poverty alleviation’, in G.T. Solomon (ed.), Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, Chicago, IL: Academy of Management.

Potter, A., Klutse, A., Snehalatha, M., Batchelor, C., Uandela, A., Naafs, A., Fonseca, C. and Moriarty, P. (2011) Assessing Sanitation Service Levels [pdf], 2nd edn, WASHCost Working paper 3, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf

Prahalad, C.K. (2004) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Shah, A. and Thathachari, J. (2013) A Market Led, Evidence Based, Approach to Rural Sanitation, Cambridge, MA: Monitor Deloitte for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Spears, D. (2013) ‘How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain?’ [online] Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 6351, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0

WASHCost (2012) ‘The cost of sustaining sanitation services for 20 years can be 5-20 times the cost of building a latrine’, WASHCost Infosheet 2 [pdf] <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2013) ‘Infographic: what's a toilet worth?’ [online] World Bank <www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic

Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) (2014) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Fact Sheet [pdf] <www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet

WHO (2008) Sanitation is an Investment with High Economic Returns. Factsheet 2 [pdf] UN-Water <http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf

WHO/UNICEF (2014) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water 2014 Update [pdf] <www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf

Sy, J., Warner, R. and Jamieson, J. (2014) Tapping the Markets: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Sanitation for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Unclogging the Blockages, Sanitation Conference February 18-20th 2014 in Kampala, Uganda <http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Policies and legal aspects’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Water Utility Partnership’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html

Agyei, A., Awuah, E., and Oduro-Kwarteng, S. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge management in Madina, Ghana’, West Africa Regional Sanitation and Hygiene Symposium [online], 10-12 November 2009, Accra, Ghana <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc

de Albuquerque, C. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation as human rights’, in J. Lundqvist (ed.), On the Water Front: Selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm [pdf], Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute <www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf

Andres, L., Briceño, B., Claire Chase, C., and Echenique, J. (2014) Sanitation and Externalities: Evidence from Early Childhood Health in Rural India [pdf], The World Bank South Asia Region Sustainable Development Unit & Sustainable Development Network Water and Sanitation Program, January 2014, <www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf

Baetings, E. (2012) ‘The sanitation life cycle: a comprehensive approach to ensure sanitation for all forever’, Den Haag: IRC (unpublished internal paper).

Duke University (2012) Supercritical Sanitation Systems: Neighborhood-Scale Sewage Treatment [pdf] Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University <http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf

de la Harpe, J. (2007) ‘Strengthening local governance for improved water and sanitation services’ [online], IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, unpublished document <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28-33.

London, T. (2008) ‘The base-of-the-pyramid perspective: a new approach to poverty alleviation’, in G.T. Solomon (ed.), Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, Chicago, IL: Academy of Management.

Potter, A., Klutse, A., Snehalatha, M., Batchelor, C., Uandela, A., Naafs, A., Fonseca, C. and Moriarty, P. (2011) Assessing Sanitation Service Levels [pdf], 2nd edn, WASHCost Working paper 3, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf

Prahalad, C.K. (2004) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Shah, A. and Thathachari, J. (2013) A Market Led, Evidence Based, Approach to Rural Sanitation, Cambridge, MA: Monitor Deloitte for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Spears, D. (2013) ‘How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain?’ [online] Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 6351, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0

WASHCost (2012) ‘The cost of sustaining sanitation services for 20 years can be 5-20 times the cost of building a latrine’, WASHCost Infosheet 2 [pdf] <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2013) ‘Infographic: what's a toilet worth?’ [online] World Bank <www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic

Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) (2014) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Fact Sheet [pdf] <www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet

WHO (2008) Sanitation is an Investment with High Economic Returns. Factsheet 2 [pdf] UN-Water <http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf

WHO/UNICEF (2014) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water 2014 Update [pdf] <www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf

Sy, J., Warner, R. and Jamieson, J. (2014) Tapping the Markets: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Sanitation for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Unclogging the Blockages, Sanitation Conference February 18-20th 2014 in Kampala, Uganda <http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Policies and legal aspects’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Water Utility Partnership’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html

Agyei, A., Awuah, E., and Oduro-Kwarteng, S. (2009) ‘Faecal sludge management in Madina, Ghana’, West Africa Regional Sanitation and Hygiene Symposium [online], 10-12 November 2009, Accra, Ghana <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Antwi-Agyei-2009-Faecal.doc

de Albuquerque, C. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation as human rights’, in J. Lundqvist (ed.), On the Water Front: Selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm [pdf], Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute <www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Best/Catarina_de_Albuquerque.pdf

Andres, L., Briceño, B., Claire Chase, C., and Echenique, J. (2014) Sanitation and Externalities: Evidence from Early Childhood Health in Rural India [pdf], The World Bank South Asia Region Sustainable Development Unit & Sustainable Development Network Water and Sanitation Program, January 2014, <www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/06/000158349_20140106091805/Rendered/PDF/WPS6737.pdf

Baetings, E. (2012) ‘The sanitation life cycle: a comprehensive approach to ensure sanitation for all forever’, Den Haag: IRC (unpublished internal paper).

Duke University (2012) Supercritical Sanitation Systems: Neighborhood-Scale Sewage Treatment [pdf] Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University <http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/sites/sanitation.pratt.duke.edu/files/u8/GatesSanitationPrimer%20FINAL.pdf

de la Harpe, J. (2007) ‘Strengthening local governance for improved water and sanitation services’ [online], IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, unpublished document <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Harpe-2007-Strengthening.doc

Hart, S.L. and London, T. (2005) ‘Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid’, Stanford Social Innovation Review 3(2): 28-33.

London, T. (2008) ‘The base-of-the-pyramid perspective: a new approach to poverty alleviation’, in G.T. Solomon (ed.), Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, Chicago, IL: Academy of Management.

Potter, A., Klutse, A., Snehalatha, M., Batchelor, C., Uandela, A., Naafs, A., Fonseca, C. and Moriarty, P. (2011) Assessing Sanitation Service Levels [pdf], 2nd edn, WASHCost Working paper 3, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Potter-2011-Assessing.pdf

Prahalad, C.K. (2004) Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Shah, A. and Thathachari, J. (2013) A Market Led, Evidence Based, Approach to Rural Sanitation, Cambridge, MA: Monitor Deloitte for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Spears, D. (2013) ‘How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain?’ [online] Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 6351, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://go.worldbank.org/SZE5WUJBI0

WASHCost (2012) ‘The cost of sustaining sanitation services for 20 years can be 5-20 times the cost of building a latrine’, WASHCost Infosheet 2 [pdf] <www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf≯ [accessed 14 July 2014]. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/IRC-2012-Cost.pdf

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2013) ‘Infographic: what's a toilet worth?’ [online] World Bank <www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/08/30/whats-a-toilet-worth-infographic

Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) (2014) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Fact Sheet [pdf] <www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wsscc.org/resources/resource-news-archive/water-sanitationand-hygiene-post-2015-new-fact-sheet

WHO (2008) Sanitation is an Investment with High Economic Returns. Factsheet 2 [pdf] UN-Water <http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf≯ [accessed 23 February 2014]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS%20Advocacy%20kit%20ENGLISH/Fact%20sheet%202.pdf

WHO/UNICEF (2014) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water 2014 Update [pdf] <www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf

Sy, J., Warner, R. and Jamieson, J. (2014) Tapping the Markets: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Sanitation for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Unclogging the Blockages, Sanitation Conference February 18-20th 2014 in Kampala, Uganda <http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://unclogit.blogspot.nl/

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Policies and legal aspects’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/policies/index.html

Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioners’ Companion, ‘Water Utility Partnership’, <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html≯ [accessed 3 July 2014]. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/introduction/wup.html