The limitations of roofwater harvesting in developing countries
Many tropical countries often have poorly performing or absent piped-water supplies in their rural and suburban areas. Fetching water from point sources such as wells is often arduous and such sources are vulnerable to pollution. Domestic roofwater harvesting (DRWH in this article) is a promising alternative self-supply technology and is supported by many agencies and associations. However take-up of DRWH has been very limited due to the six constraints discussed in this article. These are: inadequacy of annual roof run-off volume; excessive cost; difficulty of water management; uncertain water quality; poor installation/maintenance/longevity; and ugliness. While these constraints rule against DRWH becoming a universal first choice for less economically developed countries, (LEDC) domestic water supply, there are many specific scenarios where it outperforms, or is cheaper than, the alternatives. The paper identifies some of these scenarios and also how the constraints can be minimized by prudent application and ongoing R&D.International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (n.d.) ‘International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conferences’, [online] <www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html≯ [accessed November 2013]. www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html
Thomas, T.H. and Martinson, D.B. (2007) Roofwater Harvesting: A Handbook for Practitioners [online], Delft: IRC <www.irc.nl/page/37471≯ [accessed 20 March 2014]. www.irc.nl/page/37471
WaterAid (2013) Rainwater Harvesting: Technical Brief <http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx≯ [accessed November 2013]. http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx
Warwick School of Engineering, Rainwater tank performance calculator <http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/≯. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/
SamSamWater Rainwater Harvesting Tool <http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9≯. http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9
International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (n.d.) ‘International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conferences’, [online] <www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html≯ [accessed November 2013]. www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html
Thomas, T.H. and Martinson, D.B. (2007) Roofwater Harvesting: A Handbook for Practitioners [online], Delft: IRC <www.irc.nl/page/37471≯ [accessed 20 March 2014]. www.irc.nl/page/37471
WaterAid (2013) Rainwater Harvesting: Technical Brief <http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx≯ [accessed November 2013]. http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx
Warwick School of Engineering, Rainwater tank performance calculator <http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/≯. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/
SamSamWater Rainwater Harvesting Tool <http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9≯. http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9
International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (n.d.) ‘International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conferences’, [online] <www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html≯ [accessed November 2013]. www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html
Thomas, T.H. and Martinson, D.B. (2007) Roofwater Harvesting: A Handbook for Practitioners [online], Delft: IRC <www.irc.nl/page/37471≯ [accessed 20 March 2014]. www.irc.nl/page/37471
WaterAid (2013) Rainwater Harvesting: Technical Brief <http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx≯ [accessed November 2013]. http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx
Warwick School of Engineering, Rainwater tank performance calculator <http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/≯. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/
SamSamWater Rainwater Harvesting Tool <http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9≯. http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9
International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (n.d.) ‘International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conferences’, [online] <www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html≯ [accessed November 2013]. www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/conference_abstracts.html
Thomas, T.H. and Martinson, D.B. (2007) Roofwater Harvesting: A Handbook for Practitioners [online], Delft: IRC <www.irc.nl/page/37471≯ [accessed 20 March 2014]. www.irc.nl/page/37471
WaterAid (2013) Rainwater Harvesting: Technical Brief <http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx≯ [accessed November 2013]. http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Rainwater-harvesting.ashx
Warwick School of Engineering, Rainwater tank performance calculator <http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/≯. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/rwh/model/
SamSamWater Rainwater Harvesting Tool <http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9≯. http://bit.ly/13Wx5g9
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