Bad smell from human waste carries so many social, moral, aesthetic, and disease-related concerns that it represents a major barrier to successful sanitation adaptation for people all over the world. This paper summarizes the author's experiences from sanitation research in low- and middle-income settings from several continents and research disciplines, and addresses the often-overlooked issue of reduction of smell for effective sanitation promotion. The paper argues that people therefore have developed strategies to avoid smell, some of these being of concern to public health specialists. It is recommended that smell and smellavoiding strategies are integrated into all phases of sanitation promotion programmes, from investigatory, to design, and maintenance planning.

Brikké, F. and Bredero, M. (2003) Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the Context of Community Water Supply and Sanitation: A Reference Document for Planners and Project Staff, pp. 103-112, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and IRC. <www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf≯ www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf

Curtis, V. (2001) ‘Hygiene: how myths, monsters, and mothers-in-law can promote behaviour change’, Journal of Infection 43: 75-79. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2001.0862≯

Curtis, V. and Biran, A. (2001) ‘Dirt, disgust, and disease: is hygiene in our genes?’ Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44: 17-31. <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html≯ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html

Diallo, M.O., Hopkins, D.R., Kane, M.S., Niandou, S., Amadou, A., Kadri, B., Amza, A., Emerson, P.M. and Zingeser, J.A. (2007) ‘Household latrine use, maintenance and acceptability in rural Zinder, Niger’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 17: 443-52. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120701633529≯

Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concept of Pollution and Taboo, reprint, New York: Routledge Classics, 2002.

Evans, B., Bjerre, J., Calopietro, M.J., Peal, A.J. and Konradsen, F. (2010) Hooked on Sanitation Subsidies, Copenhagen: Danida Good Practice Notes.

Grimason, A.M., Davison, K., Tembo, K.C., Jabu, G.C. and Jackson, M.H. (2000) ‘Problems associated with the use of pit latrines in Blantyre, Republic of Malawi’, Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 120: 175-82. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400012000307≯

Jenkins, M.W. and Curtis, V. (2005) ‘Achieving the “good life”: why some people want latrines in rural Benin’, Social Science & Medicine 61: 2446-59. <www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078≯ www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078

Jenkins, M.W. and Scott, B. (2007) ‘Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana’, Social Science & Medicine 64: 2427-42. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010≯ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010

Knudsen, L.G., Phuc, P.D., Hiep, N.T., Samuelsen, H., Jensen, P.K., Dalsgaard, A., Raschid-Sally, L. and Konradsen, F. (2008) ‘The fear of awful smell: risk perceptions among farmers in Vietnam using wastewater and human excreta in agriculture’, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39: 341-52. <www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf≯ www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf

Lundblad, B. and Hellstrom, A.L. (2005) ‘Perceptions of school toilets as a cause for irregular toilet habits among schoolchildren aged 6 to 16 years’, Journal of School Health 75: 125-28. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00009.x≯

Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) (2006) Smart Sanitation Solutions: Examples of Innovative, Low-cost Technologies for Toilets, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Use of Sanitation Products, The Hague: Netherlands Water Partnership Report.

Rheinländer, T., Samuelsen, H., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2010) ‘Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam: does government promotion match community priorities?’ Social Science & Medicine 71: 994-1001. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.014≯

Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) Can Hygiene be Cool and Fun? Insights from School Children in Senegal, Fieldnote, Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation Program.

Tilley, E., Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Zurbrügg, C. and Schertenleib, R. (2008) Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG).

Van Der Geest, S. (2007) ‘Not knowing about defecation’, in R. Littlewood (ed.), On Knowing and Not Knowing in the Anthropology of Medicine, pp. 75-87, Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2012) Sanitation Marketing Lessons from Cambodia: A Market-based Approach to Delivering Sanitation [online] <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Sanitation-marketing-lessons-Cambodia-Market-based-delivering-Sanitation.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013].

WSP East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) (2002) Selling Sanitation in Vietnam: What Works? Jakarta: WSP-EAP. <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf≯ www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf

Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) (2011) Clean Team: A Human-centred Approach to Sanitation: Initial Trials in Ghana [online], Practice Note No. 8, pp. 1-2, London: WSUP <http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013]. http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf

Xuan, L.T., Hoat, L.N., Rheinländer, T., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2012) ‘Sanitation behavior among schoolchildren in a multi-ethnic area of northern rural Vietnam’, BMC Public Health 12: 140. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-140≯

Brikké, F. and Bredero, M. (2003) Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the Context of Community Water Supply and Sanitation: A Reference Document for Planners and Project Staff, pp. 103-112, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and IRC. <www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf≯ www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf

Curtis, V. (2001) ‘Hygiene: how myths, monsters, and mothers-in-law can promote behaviour change’, Journal of Infection 43: 75-79. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2001.0862≯

Curtis, V. and Biran, A. (2001) ‘Dirt, disgust, and disease: is hygiene in our genes?’ Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44: 17-31. <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html≯ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html

Diallo, M.O., Hopkins, D.R., Kane, M.S., Niandou, S., Amadou, A., Kadri, B., Amza, A., Emerson, P.M. and Zingeser, J.A. (2007) ‘Household latrine use, maintenance and acceptability in rural Zinder, Niger’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 17: 443-52. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120701633529≯

Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concept of Pollution and Taboo, reprint, New York: Routledge Classics, 2002.

Evans, B., Bjerre, J., Calopietro, M.J., Peal, A.J. and Konradsen, F. (2010) Hooked on Sanitation Subsidies, Copenhagen: Danida Good Practice Notes.

Grimason, A.M., Davison, K., Tembo, K.C., Jabu, G.C. and Jackson, M.H. (2000) ‘Problems associated with the use of pit latrines in Blantyre, Republic of Malawi’, Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 120: 175-82. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400012000307≯

Jenkins, M.W. and Curtis, V. (2005) ‘Achieving the “good life”: why some people want latrines in rural Benin’, Social Science & Medicine 61: 2446-59. <www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078≯ www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078

Jenkins, M.W. and Scott, B. (2007) ‘Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana’, Social Science & Medicine 64: 2427-42. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010≯ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010

Knudsen, L.G., Phuc, P.D., Hiep, N.T., Samuelsen, H., Jensen, P.K., Dalsgaard, A., Raschid-Sally, L. and Konradsen, F. (2008) ‘The fear of awful smell: risk perceptions among farmers in Vietnam using wastewater and human excreta in agriculture’, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39: 341-52. <www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf≯ www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf

Lundblad, B. and Hellstrom, A.L. (2005) ‘Perceptions of school toilets as a cause for irregular toilet habits among schoolchildren aged 6 to 16 years’, Journal of School Health 75: 125-28. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00009.x≯

Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) (2006) Smart Sanitation Solutions: Examples of Innovative, Low-cost Technologies for Toilets, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Use of Sanitation Products, The Hague: Netherlands Water Partnership Report.

Rheinländer, T., Samuelsen, H., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2010) ‘Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam: does government promotion match community priorities?’ Social Science & Medicine 71: 994-1001. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.014≯

Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) Can Hygiene be Cool and Fun? Insights from School Children in Senegal, Fieldnote, Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation Program.

Tilley, E., Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Zurbrügg, C. and Schertenleib, R. (2008) Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG).

Van Der Geest, S. (2007) ‘Not knowing about defecation’, in R. Littlewood (ed.), On Knowing and Not Knowing in the Anthropology of Medicine, pp. 75-87, Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2012) Sanitation Marketing Lessons from Cambodia: A Market-based Approach to Delivering Sanitation [online] <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Sanitation-marketing-lessons-Cambodia-Market-based-delivering-Sanitation.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013].

WSP East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) (2002) Selling Sanitation in Vietnam: What Works? Jakarta: WSP-EAP. <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf≯ www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf

Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) (2011) Clean Team: A Human-centred Approach to Sanitation: Initial Trials in Ghana [online], Practice Note No. 8, pp. 1-2, London: WSUP <http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013]. http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf

Xuan, L.T., Hoat, L.N., Rheinländer, T., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2012) ‘Sanitation behavior among schoolchildren in a multi-ethnic area of northern rural Vietnam’, BMC Public Health 12: 140. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-140≯

Brikké, F. and Bredero, M. (2003) Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the Context of Community Water Supply and Sanitation: A Reference Document for Planners and Project Staff, pp. 103-112, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and IRC. <www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf≯ www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf

Curtis, V. (2001) ‘Hygiene: how myths, monsters, and mothers-in-law can promote behaviour change’, Journal of Infection 43: 75-79. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2001.0862≯

Curtis, V. and Biran, A. (2001) ‘Dirt, disgust, and disease: is hygiene in our genes?’ Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44: 17-31. <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html≯ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html

Diallo, M.O., Hopkins, D.R., Kane, M.S., Niandou, S., Amadou, A., Kadri, B., Amza, A., Emerson, P.M. and Zingeser, J.A. (2007) ‘Household latrine use, maintenance and acceptability in rural Zinder, Niger’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 17: 443-52. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120701633529≯

Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concept of Pollution and Taboo, reprint, New York: Routledge Classics, 2002.

Evans, B., Bjerre, J., Calopietro, M.J., Peal, A.J. and Konradsen, F. (2010) Hooked on Sanitation Subsidies, Copenhagen: Danida Good Practice Notes.

Grimason, A.M., Davison, K., Tembo, K.C., Jabu, G.C. and Jackson, M.H. (2000) ‘Problems associated with the use of pit latrines in Blantyre, Republic of Malawi’, Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 120: 175-82. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400012000307≯

Jenkins, M.W. and Curtis, V. (2005) ‘Achieving the “good life”: why some people want latrines in rural Benin’, Social Science & Medicine 61: 2446-59. <www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078≯ www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078

Jenkins, M.W. and Scott, B. (2007) ‘Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana’, Social Science & Medicine 64: 2427-42. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010≯ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010

Knudsen, L.G., Phuc, P.D., Hiep, N.T., Samuelsen, H., Jensen, P.K., Dalsgaard, A., Raschid-Sally, L. and Konradsen, F. (2008) ‘The fear of awful smell: risk perceptions among farmers in Vietnam using wastewater and human excreta in agriculture’, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39: 341-52. <www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf≯ www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf

Lundblad, B. and Hellstrom, A.L. (2005) ‘Perceptions of school toilets as a cause for irregular toilet habits among schoolchildren aged 6 to 16 years’, Journal of School Health 75: 125-28. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00009.x≯

Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) (2006) Smart Sanitation Solutions: Examples of Innovative, Low-cost Technologies for Toilets, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Use of Sanitation Products, The Hague: Netherlands Water Partnership Report.

Rheinländer, T., Samuelsen, H., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2010) ‘Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam: does government promotion match community priorities?’ Social Science & Medicine 71: 994-1001. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.014≯

Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) Can Hygiene be Cool and Fun? Insights from School Children in Senegal, Fieldnote, Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation Program.

Tilley, E., Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Zurbrügg, C. and Schertenleib, R. (2008) Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG).

Van Der Geest, S. (2007) ‘Not knowing about defecation’, in R. Littlewood (ed.), On Knowing and Not Knowing in the Anthropology of Medicine, pp. 75-87, Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2012) Sanitation Marketing Lessons from Cambodia: A Market-based Approach to Delivering Sanitation [online] <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Sanitation-marketing-lessons-Cambodia-Market-based-delivering-Sanitation.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013].

WSP East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) (2002) Selling Sanitation in Vietnam: What Works? Jakarta: WSP-EAP. <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf≯ www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf

Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) (2011) Clean Team: A Human-centred Approach to Sanitation: Initial Trials in Ghana [online], Practice Note No. 8, pp. 1-2, London: WSUP <http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013]. http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf

Xuan, L.T., Hoat, L.N., Rheinländer, T., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2012) ‘Sanitation behavior among schoolchildren in a multi-ethnic area of northern rural Vietnam’, BMC Public Health 12: 140. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-140≯

Brikké, F. and Bredero, M. (2003) Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the Context of Community Water Supply and Sanitation: A Reference Document for Planners and Project Staff, pp. 103-112, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and IRC. <www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf≯ www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf

Curtis, V. (2001) ‘Hygiene: how myths, monsters, and mothers-in-law can promote behaviour change’, Journal of Infection 43: 75-79. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2001.0862≯

Curtis, V. and Biran, A. (2001) ‘Dirt, disgust, and disease: is hygiene in our genes?’ Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44: 17-31. <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html≯ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/toc/pbm44.1.html

Diallo, M.O., Hopkins, D.R., Kane, M.S., Niandou, S., Amadou, A., Kadri, B., Amza, A., Emerson, P.M. and Zingeser, J.A. (2007) ‘Household latrine use, maintenance and acceptability in rural Zinder, Niger’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research 17: 443-52. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120701633529≯

Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concept of Pollution and Taboo, reprint, New York: Routledge Classics, 2002.

Evans, B., Bjerre, J., Calopietro, M.J., Peal, A.J. and Konradsen, F. (2010) Hooked on Sanitation Subsidies, Copenhagen: Danida Good Practice Notes.

Grimason, A.M., Davison, K., Tembo, K.C., Jabu, G.C. and Jackson, M.H. (2000) ‘Problems associated with the use of pit latrines in Blantyre, Republic of Malawi’, Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 120: 175-82. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400012000307≯

Jenkins, M.W. and Curtis, V. (2005) ‘Achieving the “good life”: why some people want latrines in rural Benin’, Social Science & Medicine 61: 2446-59. <www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078≯ www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002078

Jenkins, M.W. and Scott, B. (2007) ‘Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana’, Social Science & Medicine 64: 2427-42. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010≯ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010

Knudsen, L.G., Phuc, P.D., Hiep, N.T., Samuelsen, H., Jensen, P.K., Dalsgaard, A., Raschid-Sally, L. and Konradsen, F. (2008) ‘The fear of awful smell: risk perceptions among farmers in Vietnam using wastewater and human excreta in agriculture’, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39: 341-52. <www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf≯ www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2008_39_2/24-4040.pdf

Lundblad, B. and Hellstrom, A.L. (2005) ‘Perceptions of school toilets as a cause for irregular toilet habits among schoolchildren aged 6 to 16 years’, Journal of School Health 75: 125-28. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00009.x≯

Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) (2006) Smart Sanitation Solutions: Examples of Innovative, Low-cost Technologies for Toilets, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Use of Sanitation Products, The Hague: Netherlands Water Partnership Report.

Rheinländer, T., Samuelsen, H., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2010) ‘Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam: does government promotion match community priorities?’ Social Science & Medicine 71: 994-1001. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.014≯

Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) Can Hygiene be Cool and Fun? Insights from School Children in Senegal, Fieldnote, Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation Program.

Tilley, E., Lüthi, C., Morel, A., Zurbrügg, C. and Schertenleib, R. (2008) Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG).

Van Der Geest, S. (2007) ‘Not knowing about defecation’, in R. Littlewood (ed.), On Knowing and Not Knowing in the Anthropology of Medicine, pp. 75-87, Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) (2012) Sanitation Marketing Lessons from Cambodia: A Market-based Approach to Delivering Sanitation [online] <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Sanitation-marketing-lessons-Cambodia-Market-based-delivering-Sanitation.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013].

WSP East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) (2002) Selling Sanitation in Vietnam: What Works? Jakarta: WSP-EAP. <www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf≯ www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/eap_vietnam_san.pdf

Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) (2011) Clean Team: A Human-centred Approach to Sanitation: Initial Trials in Ghana [online], Practice Note No. 8, pp. 1-2, London: WSUP <http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf≯ [accessed 26 February 2013]. http://wsup.com/sharing/documents/PN008CleanTeam.pdf

Xuan, L.T., Hoat, L.N., Rheinländer, T., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2012) ‘Sanitation behavior among schoolchildren in a multi-ethnic area of northern rural Vietnam’, BMC Public Health 12: 140. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-140≯