The usage of urinals in Kenyan schools
Matthew Freeman, Marielle Snel, Mohamed El-Fatih Yousif, Samuel Gitahi, Farooq Khan, Samuel Wachira, Ingeborg Krukkert
Blanton, E., Ombeki, S., Oluoch, G., Mwaki, A., Wannemuehler, K. and Quick, R. (2010) ‘Evaluation of the role of school children in the promotion of point-of-use water treatment and handwashing in schools and households: Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82: 664-671 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0422≯.
Brooker, S. and Bundy, D.A.P. (2008) ‘Soil-transmitted helminths (geohelminths)’, in G.C. Cook and A.I. Zumla (eds), Manson's Tropical Diseases, 22nd edn, Elsevier, London.
Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) (2008) Lessons from Kenya's Introduction of Free Primary Education, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, UK.
Crompton, D.W. (1999) ‘How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?’ Journal of Parasitology 85: 397-403.
Emory University (2006) SWASH+ Baseline Report, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Esrey, S.A., Feachem, R.G. and Hughes, J.M. (1985) ‘Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63: 757-72.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and metaanalysis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8≯.
Freeman, M., Greene, L., Dreibelbis, R., Saboori, S., Muga, R., Brumback, B. and Rheingans, R. (2012) ‘Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 17: 380-391 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x≯.
Government of Kenya (2008) Sector Plan for Environment, Water and Sanitation: 2008-2012. Government of Kenya.
Hotez, P.J., Bundy, D.A.P., Beegle, K., Brooker, S., Drake, L., Silva, N.D., Montresor, A., Engels, D., Jukes, M., Chitsulo, L., Chow, J., Laxminarayan, R., Michaud, C.M., Bethony, J., Correa-Oliveira, R., Shu-Hua, X., Fenwick, A. and Savioli, L. (2006) ‘Helminth infections: Soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis’, in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York.
Njuguna, V., Karanja, B., Thuranira, M., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A. and Schmidt, W.-P. (2009) The Impact and Sustainability of WASH in Schools Research, IRC, The Hague and UNICEF, Geneva.
O’Reilly, C., Freeman, M., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, M.R. and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807008060≯.
Pearson, J. and McPhedran, K. (2008) ‘A literature review of the non-health impacts of sanitation’, Waterlines 27: 48-61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2008.005≯.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A. and Rheingans, R. (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29: 329-336 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2010.035≯.
UNICEF (2006) Progress for children: A report card on water and sanitation (No. 5), UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2009) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report, 2008, UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, Geneva.
WSCC and WHO (2005) Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion, Programming Guidance, Water and Sanitation Collaborative Council and World Health Organization, Geneva.
Ziegelbauer, K., Speich, B., Mausezahl, D., Bos, R., Keiser, J. and Utzinger, J. (2012) ‘Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLoS Med 9: e1001162 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162≯.
Blanton, E., Ombeki, S., Oluoch, G., Mwaki, A., Wannemuehler, K. and Quick, R. (2010) ‘Evaluation of the role of school children in the promotion of point-of-use water treatment and handwashing in schools and households: Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82: 664-671 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0422≯.
Brooker, S. and Bundy, D.A.P. (2008) ‘Soil-transmitted helminths (geohelminths)’, in G.C. Cook and A.I. Zumla (eds), Manson's Tropical Diseases, 22nd edn, Elsevier, London.
Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) (2008) Lessons from Kenya's Introduction of Free Primary Education, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, UK.
Crompton, D.W. (1999) ‘How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?’ Journal of Parasitology 85: 397-403.
Emory University (2006) SWASH+ Baseline Report, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Esrey, S.A., Feachem, R.G. and Hughes, J.M. (1985) ‘Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63: 757-72.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and metaanalysis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8≯.
Freeman, M., Greene, L., Dreibelbis, R., Saboori, S., Muga, R., Brumback, B. and Rheingans, R. (2012) ‘Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 17: 380-391 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x≯.
Government of Kenya (2008) Sector Plan for Environment, Water and Sanitation: 2008-2012. Government of Kenya.
Hotez, P.J., Bundy, D.A.P., Beegle, K., Brooker, S., Drake, L., Silva, N.D., Montresor, A., Engels, D., Jukes, M., Chitsulo, L., Chow, J., Laxminarayan, R., Michaud, C.M., Bethony, J., Correa-Oliveira, R., Shu-Hua, X., Fenwick, A. and Savioli, L. (2006) ‘Helminth infections: Soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis’, in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York.
Njuguna, V., Karanja, B., Thuranira, M., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A. and Schmidt, W.-P. (2009) The Impact and Sustainability of WASH in Schools Research, IRC, The Hague and UNICEF, Geneva.
O’Reilly, C., Freeman, M., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, M.R. and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807008060≯.
Pearson, J. and McPhedran, K. (2008) ‘A literature review of the non-health impacts of sanitation’, Waterlines 27: 48-61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2008.005≯.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A. and Rheingans, R. (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29: 329-336 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2010.035≯.
UNICEF (2006) Progress for children: A report card on water and sanitation (No. 5), UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2009) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report, 2008, UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, Geneva.
WSCC and WHO (2005) Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion, Programming Guidance, Water and Sanitation Collaborative Council and World Health Organization, Geneva.
Ziegelbauer, K., Speich, B., Mausezahl, D., Bos, R., Keiser, J. and Utzinger, J. (2012) ‘Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLoS Med 9: e1001162 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162≯.
Blanton, E., Ombeki, S., Oluoch, G., Mwaki, A., Wannemuehler, K. and Quick, R. (2010) ‘Evaluation of the role of school children in the promotion of point-of-use water treatment and handwashing in schools and households: Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82: 664-671 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0422≯.
Brooker, S. and Bundy, D.A.P. (2008) ‘Soil-transmitted helminths (geohelminths)’, in G.C. Cook and A.I. Zumla (eds), Manson's Tropical Diseases, 22nd edn, Elsevier, London.
Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) (2008) Lessons from Kenya's Introduction of Free Primary Education, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, UK.
Crompton, D.W. (1999) ‘How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?’ Journal of Parasitology 85: 397-403.
Emory University (2006) SWASH+ Baseline Report, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Esrey, S.A., Feachem, R.G. and Hughes, J.M. (1985) ‘Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63: 757-72.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and metaanalysis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8≯.
Freeman, M., Greene, L., Dreibelbis, R., Saboori, S., Muga, R., Brumback, B. and Rheingans, R. (2012) ‘Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 17: 380-391 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x≯.
Government of Kenya (2008) Sector Plan for Environment, Water and Sanitation: 2008-2012. Government of Kenya.
Hotez, P.J., Bundy, D.A.P., Beegle, K., Brooker, S., Drake, L., Silva, N.D., Montresor, A., Engels, D., Jukes, M., Chitsulo, L., Chow, J., Laxminarayan, R., Michaud, C.M., Bethony, J., Correa-Oliveira, R., Shu-Hua, X., Fenwick, A. and Savioli, L. (2006) ‘Helminth infections: Soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis’, in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York.
Njuguna, V., Karanja, B., Thuranira, M., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A. and Schmidt, W.-P. (2009) The Impact and Sustainability of WASH in Schools Research, IRC, The Hague and UNICEF, Geneva.
O’Reilly, C., Freeman, M., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, M.R. and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807008060≯.
Pearson, J. and McPhedran, K. (2008) ‘A literature review of the non-health impacts of sanitation’, Waterlines 27: 48-61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2008.005≯.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A. and Rheingans, R. (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29: 329-336 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2010.035≯.
UNICEF (2006) Progress for children: A report card on water and sanitation (No. 5), UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2009) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report, 2008, UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, Geneva.
WSCC and WHO (2005) Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion, Programming Guidance, Water and Sanitation Collaborative Council and World Health Organization, Geneva.
Ziegelbauer, K., Speich, B., Mausezahl, D., Bos, R., Keiser, J. and Utzinger, J. (2012) ‘Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLoS Med 9: e1001162 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162≯.
Blanton, E., Ombeki, S., Oluoch, G., Mwaki, A., Wannemuehler, K. and Quick, R. (2010) ‘Evaluation of the role of school children in the promotion of point-of-use water treatment and handwashing in schools and households: Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82: 664-671 <http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0422≯.
Brooker, S. and Bundy, D.A.P. (2008) ‘Soil-transmitted helminths (geohelminths)’, in G.C. Cook and A.I. Zumla (eds), Manson's Tropical Diseases, 22nd edn, Elsevier, London.
Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) (2008) Lessons from Kenya's Introduction of Free Primary Education, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, UK.
Crompton, D.W. (1999) ‘How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?’ Journal of Parasitology 85: 397-403.
Emory University (2006) SWASH+ Baseline Report, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Esrey, S.A., Feachem, R.G. and Hughes, J.M. (1985) ‘Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63: 757-72.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and metaanalysis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8≯.
Freeman, M., Greene, L., Dreibelbis, R., Saboori, S., Muga, R., Brumback, B. and Rheingans, R. (2012) ‘Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 17: 380-391 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x≯.
Government of Kenya (2008) Sector Plan for Environment, Water and Sanitation: 2008-2012. Government of Kenya.
Hotez, P.J., Bundy, D.A.P., Beegle, K., Brooker, S., Drake, L., Silva, N.D., Montresor, A., Engels, D., Jukes, M., Chitsulo, L., Chow, J., Laxminarayan, R., Michaud, C.M., Bethony, J., Correa-Oliveira, R., Shu-Hua, X., Fenwick, A. and Savioli, L. (2006) ‘Helminth infections: Soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis’, in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York.
Njuguna, V., Karanja, B., Thuranira, M., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A. and Schmidt, W.-P. (2009) The Impact and Sustainability of WASH in Schools Research, IRC, The Hague and UNICEF, Geneva.
O’Reilly, C., Freeman, M., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, M.R. and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807008060≯.
Pearson, J. and McPhedran, K. (2008) ‘A literature review of the non-health impacts of sanitation’, Waterlines 27: 48-61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2008.005≯.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A. and Rheingans, R. (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29: 329-336 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2010.035≯.
UNICEF (2006) Progress for children: A report card on water and sanitation (No. 5), UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2009) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report, 2008, UNICEF, Geneva.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, Geneva.
WSCC and WHO (2005) Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion, Programming Guidance, Water and Sanitation Collaborative Council and World Health Organization, Geneva.
Ziegelbauer, K., Speich, B., Mausezahl, D., Bos, R., Keiser, J. and Utzinger, J. (2012) ‘Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLoS Med 9: e1001162 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162≯.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Poague, Kasandra I. H. M.
Blanford, Justine I.
Anthonj, Carmen
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19 (2022), Iss. 5 P.3124
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053124 [Citations: 0]Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools in Low Socio-Economic Regions in Nicaragua: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Jordanova, Tania
Cronk, Ryan
Obando, Wanda
Medina, Octavio
Kinoshita, Rinko
Bartram, Jamie
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 12 (2015), Iss. 6 P.6197
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606197 [Citations: 24]Factors Associated With Pupil Toilet Use in Kenyan Primary Schools
Garn, Joshua
Caruso, Bethany
Drews-Botsch, Carolyn
Kramer, Michael
Brumback, Babette
Rheingans, Richard
Freeman, Matthew
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 11 (2014), Iss. 9 P.9694
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909694 [Citations: 17]High-Resolution Spatial Distribution and Estimation of Access to Improved Sanitation in Kenya
Jia, Peng
Anderson, John D.
Leitner, Michael
Rheingans, Richard
Chen, Yanguang
PLOS ONE, Vol. 11 (2016), Iss. 7 P.e0158490
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158490 [Citations: 4]- A call to action: organizational, professional, and personal change for gender transformative WASH programming
- Providing municipal faecal sludge management services: lessons from Bangladesh
- Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia
- Global assessment of grant-funded, market-based sanitation development projects
- Adolescent schoolgirls' experiences of menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya: a qualitative study