Innovative designs and approaches in sanitation when responding to challenging and complex humanitarian contexts in urban areas
As recent emergencies have shown, there are still significant challenges in the timely provision of safe sanitation in natural disasters or conflict situations. In urban emergencies or areas where it is impossible to dig simple pit latrines because of high water tables, hard rock, or lack of permission, it takes agencies considerable time to construct elevated latrines or alternative designs such as urine diversion toilets. This paper describes the challenges often faced in the rapid construction of latrines in emergencies and then looks at a number of case studies, from the Haiti earthquake and the 2010 floods in the Philippines, of how these obstacles were overcome. It also documents some of the recent innovations and improvements suppliers have made in increasing the scope of their emergency sanitation equipment.Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5:42-52, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
JMP (2008) Estimates for the use of improved drinking-water sources and improved sanitation facilities, WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Geneva, updated March 2010.
Oxfam GB Technical Brief 2 Vulnerability and Socio-cultural Considerations for PHE in Emergencies [website], Oxfam GB http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf
Oxfam GB (2010a) Technical Brief 19: The Use of Poo Bags for Safe Excreta Disposal in Emergency Settings [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535
Oxfam GB (2010b) ‘Enquête sur les moyens d’existence et le marché local de l’eau dans l’aire métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince’, http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf
Oxfam GB (2011) Technical Brief 20: Urban WASH Lessons Learned from Post-Earthquake Response in Haiti [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538
Oxfam International (2011a) Haiti Progress Report 2010 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010
Oxfam International (2011b) ‘From relief to recovery: Supporting good governance in post-earthquake Haiti’, Oxfam Briefing Paper 142 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery
Patel, D., Brooks, N. and Bastable, A. (2011) ‘Excreta disposal in emergencies: Bag and Peepoo trials with internally displaced people in Port-au-Prince’, Waterlines 30(1): 61-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2011.006
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5:42-52, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
JMP (2008) Estimates for the use of improved drinking-water sources and improved sanitation facilities, WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Geneva, updated March 2010.
Oxfam GB Technical Brief 2 Vulnerability and Socio-cultural Considerations for PHE in Emergencies [website], Oxfam GB http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf
Oxfam GB (2010a) Technical Brief 19: The Use of Poo Bags for Safe Excreta Disposal in Emergency Settings [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535
Oxfam GB (2010b) ‘Enquête sur les moyens d’existence et le marché local de l’eau dans l’aire métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince’, http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf
Oxfam GB (2011) Technical Brief 20: Urban WASH Lessons Learned from Post-Earthquake Response in Haiti [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538
Oxfam International (2011a) Haiti Progress Report 2010 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010
Oxfam International (2011b) ‘From relief to recovery: Supporting good governance in post-earthquake Haiti’, Oxfam Briefing Paper 142 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery
Patel, D., Brooks, N. and Bastable, A. (2011) ‘Excreta disposal in emergencies: Bag and Peepoo trials with internally displaced people in Port-au-Prince’, Waterlines 30(1): 61-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2011.006
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5:42-52, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
JMP (2008) Estimates for the use of improved drinking-water sources and improved sanitation facilities, WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Geneva, updated March 2010.
Oxfam GB Technical Brief 2 Vulnerability and Socio-cultural Considerations for PHE in Emergencies [website], Oxfam GB http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf
Oxfam GB (2010a) Technical Brief 19: The Use of Poo Bags for Safe Excreta Disposal in Emergency Settings [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535
Oxfam GB (2010b) ‘Enquête sur les moyens d’existence et le marché local de l’eau dans l’aire métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince’, http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf
Oxfam GB (2011) Technical Brief 20: Urban WASH Lessons Learned from Post-Earthquake Response in Haiti [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538
Oxfam International (2011a) Haiti Progress Report 2010 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010
Oxfam International (2011b) ‘From relief to recovery: Supporting good governance in post-earthquake Haiti’, Oxfam Briefing Paper 142 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery
Patel, D., Brooks, N. and Bastable, A. (2011) ‘Excreta disposal in emergencies: Bag and Peepoo trials with internally displaced people in Port-au-Prince’, Waterlines 30(1): 61-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2011.006
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J.M. Jr (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5:42-52, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
JMP (2008) Estimates for the use of improved drinking-water sources and improved sanitation facilities, WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Geneva, updated March 2010.
Oxfam GB Technical Brief 2 Vulnerability and Socio-cultural Considerations for PHE in Emergencies [website], Oxfam GB http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_sociocultural.pdf
Oxfam GB (2010a) Technical Brief 19: The Use of Poo Bags for Safe Excreta Disposal in Emergency Settings [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-use-of-poo-bags-for-safe-excreta-disposal-in-emergency-settings-136535
Oxfam GB (2010b) ‘Enquête sur les moyens d’existence et le marché local de l’eau dans l’aire métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince’, http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/oxfam_enquete_marche_de_leau_port_au_prince_haiti_fr.pdf
Oxfam GB (2011) Technical Brief 20: Urban WASH Lessons Learned from Post-Earthquake Response in Haiti [website], Oxfam GB http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/urban-wash-lessons-learned-from-post-earthquake-response-in-haiti-136538
Oxfam International (2011a) Haiti Progress Report 2010 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010 [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010
Oxfam International (2011b) ‘From relief to recovery: Supporting good governance in post-earthquake Haiti’, Oxfam Briefing Paper 142 [website], Oxfam International http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery [accessed 22 November 2011]. http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/relief-recovery
Patel, D., Brooks, N. and Bastable, A. (2011) ‘Excreta disposal in emergencies: Bag and Peepoo trials with internally displaced people in Port-au-Prince’, Waterlines 30(1): 61-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2011.006
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