Sustaining school hand washing and water treatment programmes: Lessons learned and to be learned
Shadi Saboori | Alex Mwaki | Sarah Porter | Ben Okech | Matthew Freeman | Richard Rheingans
In Nyanza Province, Kenya, a sustainability evaluation of 55 pilot primary schools 2.5 years after the implementation of the Safe Water System (SWS) intervention revealed that programme activities were not successfully sustained in any of the schools visited. The most common criterion met was drinking water provision. We identified six enabling environment domains: financial capacity; accountability; technical feasibility and availability; community support; school leadership and management; and student engagement. While these domains pertain to the sustaining of the SWS activities in schools, they are likely to be applicable in creating an enabling environment and serve as proxy indicators for other school water, sanitation, and hygiene initiatives as well.Bowen, A., Ma H., Ou J., Billhimer, W., Long, T., Mintz, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Luby, S. (2007) ‘A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 76(6): 1166-73.
CDC (2000) Safe Water Systems for the Developing World: A Handbook for Implementing Household-Based Water Treatment and Safe Storage Projects (SWS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
Freeman. M.C., Saboori, S., Porter, S., Rheingans, R. (2010) Assessing the sustainability and effectiveness of school WASH projects: a toolkit. Atlanta, GA, USA. Centre for Global Safe Water at Emory University http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822 http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822
Harnmeijer, J. and Sutton, S. (1993) ‘Measuring sustainability in the water sector’, Waterlines 12: 28-30.
IRC and UNICEF (2005) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education for Schools Roundtable Meeting, Oxford.
IRC and UNICEF (2007) Towards Effective Programming for WASH in Schools: A Manual on Scaling Up Programmes for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools, TP series, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, the Netherlands.
Mathew, K., Zachariah, S., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A., Schmidt, W. (2009) ‘The sustainability and impact of school sanitation, water and hygiene education in southern India’, Waterlines 28: 275-92.
Njuguna, Vincent, Karanja, Beth, Thuranira, Mishek, Shordt, Kathleen, Snel, Marielle, Cairncross, Sandy, Biran, Adam, Schmidt, Wolf-Peter (2007) The Sustainability and Impact of School Sanitation, Water and Hygiene Education in Kenya, UNICEF, New York.
Onyango-Ouma, W., Aagaard-Hansen, J., Jensen, B.B. (2005) ‘The potential of schoolchildren as health change agents in rural western Kenya’, Social Science & Medicine 61(8): 1711-22.
O'Reilly, C. E., Freeman, M. C., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, R. M., and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A., Rheingans, R.D., (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29(4): 329-36.
Sawamura, N. and Sifuna, D.N. (2008) ‘Universalizing primary education in Kenya: Is it beneficial and sustainable?’ Journal of International Cooperation in Education 11(3): 103-18.
Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) ‘Can hygiene be cool and fun? Insights from school children in Senegal’, Sanitation and Hygiene Series, WSP, Nairobi.
Snel, M. (2004) The Worth of School Sanitation and Hygiene Education, International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), Delft, the Netherlands.
UNICEF (2008) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report 2008, UNICEF, New York: 52.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, New York.
Bowen, A., Ma H., Ou J., Billhimer, W., Long, T., Mintz, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Luby, S. (2007) ‘A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 76(6): 1166-73.
CDC (2000) Safe Water Systems for the Developing World: A Handbook for Implementing Household-Based Water Treatment and Safe Storage Projects (SWS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
Freeman. M.C., Saboori, S., Porter, S., Rheingans, R. (2010) Assessing the sustainability and effectiveness of school WASH projects: a toolkit. Atlanta, GA, USA. Centre for Global Safe Water at Emory University http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822 http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822
Harnmeijer, J. and Sutton, S. (1993) ‘Measuring sustainability in the water sector’, Waterlines 12: 28-30.
IRC and UNICEF (2005) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education for Schools Roundtable Meeting, Oxford.
IRC and UNICEF (2007) Towards Effective Programming for WASH in Schools: A Manual on Scaling Up Programmes for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools, TP series, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, the Netherlands.
Mathew, K., Zachariah, S., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A., Schmidt, W. (2009) ‘The sustainability and impact of school sanitation, water and hygiene education in southern India’, Waterlines 28: 275-92.
Njuguna, Vincent, Karanja, Beth, Thuranira, Mishek, Shordt, Kathleen, Snel, Marielle, Cairncross, Sandy, Biran, Adam, Schmidt, Wolf-Peter (2007) The Sustainability and Impact of School Sanitation, Water and Hygiene Education in Kenya, UNICEF, New York.
Onyango-Ouma, W., Aagaard-Hansen, J., Jensen, B.B. (2005) ‘The potential of schoolchildren as health change agents in rural western Kenya’, Social Science & Medicine 61(8): 1711-22.
O'Reilly, C. E., Freeman, M. C., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, R. M., and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A., Rheingans, R.D., (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29(4): 329-36.
Sawamura, N. and Sifuna, D.N. (2008) ‘Universalizing primary education in Kenya: Is it beneficial and sustainable?’ Journal of International Cooperation in Education 11(3): 103-18.
Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) ‘Can hygiene be cool and fun? Insights from school children in Senegal’, Sanitation and Hygiene Series, WSP, Nairobi.
Snel, M. (2004) The Worth of School Sanitation and Hygiene Education, International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), Delft, the Netherlands.
UNICEF (2008) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report 2008, UNICEF, New York: 52.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, New York.
Bowen, A., Ma H., Ou J., Billhimer, W., Long, T., Mintz, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Luby, S. (2007) ‘A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 76(6): 1166-73.
CDC (2000) Safe Water Systems for the Developing World: A Handbook for Implementing Household-Based Water Treatment and Safe Storage Projects (SWS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
Freeman. M.C., Saboori, S., Porter, S., Rheingans, R. (2010) Assessing the sustainability and effectiveness of school WASH projects: a toolkit. Atlanta, GA, USA. Centre for Global Safe Water at Emory University http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822 http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822
Harnmeijer, J. and Sutton, S. (1993) ‘Measuring sustainability in the water sector’, Waterlines 12: 28-30.
IRC and UNICEF (2005) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education for Schools Roundtable Meeting, Oxford.
IRC and UNICEF (2007) Towards Effective Programming for WASH in Schools: A Manual on Scaling Up Programmes for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools, TP series, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, the Netherlands.
Mathew, K., Zachariah, S., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A., Schmidt, W. (2009) ‘The sustainability and impact of school sanitation, water and hygiene education in southern India’, Waterlines 28: 275-92.
Njuguna, Vincent, Karanja, Beth, Thuranira, Mishek, Shordt, Kathleen, Snel, Marielle, Cairncross, Sandy, Biran, Adam, Schmidt, Wolf-Peter (2007) The Sustainability and Impact of School Sanitation, Water and Hygiene Education in Kenya, UNICEF, New York.
Onyango-Ouma, W., Aagaard-Hansen, J., Jensen, B.B. (2005) ‘The potential of schoolchildren as health change agents in rural western Kenya’, Social Science & Medicine 61(8): 1711-22.
O'Reilly, C. E., Freeman, M. C., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, R. M., and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A., Rheingans, R.D., (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29(4): 329-36.
Sawamura, N. and Sifuna, D.N. (2008) ‘Universalizing primary education in Kenya: Is it beneficial and sustainable?’ Journal of International Cooperation in Education 11(3): 103-18.
Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) ‘Can hygiene be cool and fun? Insights from school children in Senegal’, Sanitation and Hygiene Series, WSP, Nairobi.
Snel, M. (2004) The Worth of School Sanitation and Hygiene Education, International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), Delft, the Netherlands.
UNICEF (2008) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report 2008, UNICEF, New York: 52.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, New York.
Bowen, A., Ma H., Ou J., Billhimer, W., Long, T., Mintz, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Luby, S. (2007) ‘A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 76(6): 1166-73.
CDC (2000) Safe Water Systems for the Developing World: A Handbook for Implementing Household-Based Water Treatment and Safe Storage Projects (SWS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
Freeman. M.C., Saboori, S., Porter, S., Rheingans, R. (2010) Assessing the sustainability and effectiveness of school WASH projects: a toolkit. Atlanta, GA, USA. Centre for Global Safe Water at Emory University http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822 http://www.washinschools.info/docsearch/title/172822
Harnmeijer, J. and Sutton, S. (1993) ‘Measuring sustainability in the water sector’, Waterlines 12: 28-30.
IRC and UNICEF (2005) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education for Schools Roundtable Meeting, Oxford.
IRC and UNICEF (2007) Towards Effective Programming for WASH in Schools: A Manual on Scaling Up Programmes for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools, TP series, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, the Netherlands.
Mathew, K., Zachariah, S., Shordt, K., Snel, M., Cairncross, S., Biran, A., Schmidt, W. (2009) ‘The sustainability and impact of school sanitation, water and hygiene education in southern India’, Waterlines 28: 275-92.
Njuguna, Vincent, Karanja, Beth, Thuranira, Mishek, Shordt, Kathleen, Snel, Marielle, Cairncross, Sandy, Biran, Adam, Schmidt, Wolf-Peter (2007) The Sustainability and Impact of School Sanitation, Water and Hygiene Education in Kenya, UNICEF, New York.
Onyango-Ouma, W., Aagaard-Hansen, J., Jensen, B.B. (2005) ‘The potential of schoolchildren as health change agents in rural western Kenya’, Social Science & Medicine 61(8): 1711-22.
O'Reilly, C. E., Freeman, M. C., Ravani, M., Migele, J., Mwaki, A., Ayalo, M., Ombeki, S., Hoekstra, R. M., and Quick, R. (2008) ‘The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006’, Epidemiology & Infection 136: 80-91.
Saboori, S., Mwaki, A., Rheingans, R.D., (2010) ‘Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools?’ Waterlines 29(4): 329-36.
Sawamura, N. and Sifuna, D.N. (2008) ‘Universalizing primary education in Kenya: Is it beneficial and sustainable?’ Journal of International Cooperation in Education 11(3): 103-18.
Sidibe, M. and Curtis, V. (2007) ‘Can hygiene be cool and fun? Insights from school children in Senegal’, Sanitation and Hygiene Series, WSP, Nairobi.
Snel, M. (2004) The Worth of School Sanitation and Hygiene Education, International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), Delft, the Netherlands.
UNICEF (2008) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report 2008, UNICEF, New York: 52.
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health, and Participation through WASH in Schools, UNICEF, New York.
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