Putting menstrual hygiene management on to the school water and sanitation agenda
The water and sanitation community, in partnership with the educator sector, is long overdue in taking ownership of the menstrual hygiene management agenda for schools in low-income settings. While the global community writ large is implementing numerous interventions aimed at closing the gender gap in education, attention to assuring schools are non-discriminating structural environments where both girls and boys can succeed academically continues to be limited. Engaging schoolgirls in the assessment process to determine the essential water and sanitation interventions needed to enable comfortable school attendance and participation during monthly menses is critical. Solutions can be cost effective, but must be grounded in the local context, and designed according to the recommendations of school-going girls.Adinma, E. and Adinma, J. (2008) ‘Perceptions and practices on menstruation amongst Nigerian secondary school girls’, African Journal of Reproductive Health 12: 74-82.
Castaneda, X., Garcia, C. and Langer, A. (1996) ‘Ethnography of fertility and menstruation in rural Mexico’, Social Science & Medicine 42: 133-40.
El-Gilany, A., Badawi, K. and El-Fedawy, S. (2005) ‘Menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls in Mansoura, Egypt’, Reproductive Health Matters 13: 147-52.
FAWE (2008) Menstruation and gender disparities in education [online], Forum for African Women Educationalists, AWID website, available from: http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education [accessed 12 August 2010]. http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education
Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16-25.
Insights Education (2004) Menstruation as a barrier to gender equality in Uganda [online], available from: http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html [accessed 5 December 2006]. http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html
Kirumira, E. (ed.) (2004) Life skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Uganda, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Lloyd, C. (2009) New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls, Population Council, New York.
Marvin, L. and Bejarano, J. (2005) ‘Premenarcheal Mexican girls’ and their teachers’ perceptions of preparation students receive about menstruation at school’, Journal of School Health 75: 86-9.
Millennium Promise (2010) Harvests of Development in Rural Africa: The Millennium Villages after Three Years, Millennium Promise, New York.
NUEW and CRS (2002) ‘Baseline survey for the practice of high school students on reproductive health and personal hygiene’, National Union of Eritrean Women and Catholic Relief Services, Internal report, Asmara: CRS.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009a) Menstruation and Education in Nepal, Working Paper 14853, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009b) Determinants of Technology Adoption: Peer Effects in Menstrual Cup Uptake, Working Paper 14282, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Quest (2001) ‘Growing Up and Sexual Maturation (GUSM) in Zimbabwe's Primary Schools’ available at http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx [accessed online 20 August 2010] http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx
Scott, L., Dopson, S., Montgomery, P., Dolan, C. and Ryus, C. (2009) Impact of Providing Sanitary Pads to Poor Girls in Africa, Internal report, SAID Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sommer, M. (2009a) ‘Ideologies on sexuality, menstruation and risk: Girls’ experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania’, Culture, Health and Sexuality 11: 383-98.
Sommer, M. (2009b) ‘Where the education system and women's bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls’ experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania’, Journal of Adolescence 33(4): 521-529 available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971 [accessed 23 April 2009]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971
Sommer, M. (2010) ‘Using participatory and quantitative methodologies for effective menstrual-hygiene management policy and programming’, paper presented at the GPIA-UNICEF Adolescent Girls Conference, New York, April 2010.
Sommer, M. and Kirk, J. (2008) ‘“Menstruation is on her mind”: Girl-centered, holistic thinking for school sanitation’, WASH in Schools Notes and News, International Water and Sanitation Centre, pp. 4-6, available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/39859 [accessed 21 July 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/39859
Stewart, J. (ed.) (2004) Life Skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Zimbabwe, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Adinma, E. and Adinma, J. (2008) ‘Perceptions and practices on menstruation amongst Nigerian secondary school girls’, African Journal of Reproductive Health 12: 74-82.
Castaneda, X., Garcia, C. and Langer, A. (1996) ‘Ethnography of fertility and menstruation in rural Mexico’, Social Science & Medicine 42: 133-40.
El-Gilany, A., Badawi, K. and El-Fedawy, S. (2005) ‘Menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls in Mansoura, Egypt’, Reproductive Health Matters 13: 147-52.
FAWE (2008) Menstruation and gender disparities in education [online], Forum for African Women Educationalists, AWID website, available from: http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education [accessed 12 August 2010]. http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education
Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16-25.
Insights Education (2004) Menstruation as a barrier to gender equality in Uganda [online], available from: http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html [accessed 5 December 2006]. http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html
Kirumira, E. (ed.) (2004) Life skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Uganda, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Lloyd, C. (2009) New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls, Population Council, New York.
Marvin, L. and Bejarano, J. (2005) ‘Premenarcheal Mexican girls’ and their teachers’ perceptions of preparation students receive about menstruation at school’, Journal of School Health 75: 86-9.
Millennium Promise (2010) Harvests of Development in Rural Africa: The Millennium Villages after Three Years, Millennium Promise, New York.
NUEW and CRS (2002) ‘Baseline survey for the practice of high school students on reproductive health and personal hygiene’, National Union of Eritrean Women and Catholic Relief Services, Internal report, Asmara: CRS.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009a) Menstruation and Education in Nepal, Working Paper 14853, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009b) Determinants of Technology Adoption: Peer Effects in Menstrual Cup Uptake, Working Paper 14282, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Quest (2001) ‘Growing Up and Sexual Maturation (GUSM) in Zimbabwe's Primary Schools’ available at http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx [accessed online 20 August 2010] http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx
Scott, L., Dopson, S., Montgomery, P., Dolan, C. and Ryus, C. (2009) Impact of Providing Sanitary Pads to Poor Girls in Africa, Internal report, SAID Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sommer, M. (2009a) ‘Ideologies on sexuality, menstruation and risk: Girls’ experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania’, Culture, Health and Sexuality 11: 383-98.
Sommer, M. (2009b) ‘Where the education system and women's bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls’ experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania’, Journal of Adolescence 33(4): 521-529 available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971 [accessed 23 April 2009]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971
Sommer, M. (2010) ‘Using participatory and quantitative methodologies for effective menstrual-hygiene management policy and programming’, paper presented at the GPIA-UNICEF Adolescent Girls Conference, New York, April 2010.
Sommer, M. and Kirk, J. (2008) ‘“Menstruation is on her mind”: Girl-centered, holistic thinking for school sanitation’, WASH in Schools Notes and News, International Water and Sanitation Centre, pp. 4-6, available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/39859 [accessed 21 July 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/39859
Stewart, J. (ed.) (2004) Life Skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Zimbabwe, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Adinma, E. and Adinma, J. (2008) ‘Perceptions and practices on menstruation amongst Nigerian secondary school girls’, African Journal of Reproductive Health 12: 74-82.
Castaneda, X., Garcia, C. and Langer, A. (1996) ‘Ethnography of fertility and menstruation in rural Mexico’, Social Science & Medicine 42: 133-40.
El-Gilany, A., Badawi, K. and El-Fedawy, S. (2005) ‘Menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls in Mansoura, Egypt’, Reproductive Health Matters 13: 147-52.
FAWE (2008) Menstruation and gender disparities in education [online], Forum for African Women Educationalists, AWID website, available from: http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education [accessed 12 August 2010]. http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education
Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16-25.
Insights Education (2004) Menstruation as a barrier to gender equality in Uganda [online], available from: http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html [accessed 5 December 2006]. http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html
Kirumira, E. (ed.) (2004) Life skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Uganda, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Lloyd, C. (2009) New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls, Population Council, New York.
Marvin, L. and Bejarano, J. (2005) ‘Premenarcheal Mexican girls’ and their teachers’ perceptions of preparation students receive about menstruation at school’, Journal of School Health 75: 86-9.
Millennium Promise (2010) Harvests of Development in Rural Africa: The Millennium Villages after Three Years, Millennium Promise, New York.
NUEW and CRS (2002) ‘Baseline survey for the practice of high school students on reproductive health and personal hygiene’, National Union of Eritrean Women and Catholic Relief Services, Internal report, Asmara: CRS.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009a) Menstruation and Education in Nepal, Working Paper 14853, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009b) Determinants of Technology Adoption: Peer Effects in Menstrual Cup Uptake, Working Paper 14282, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Quest (2001) ‘Growing Up and Sexual Maturation (GUSM) in Zimbabwe's Primary Schools’ available at http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx [accessed online 20 August 2010] http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx
Scott, L., Dopson, S., Montgomery, P., Dolan, C. and Ryus, C. (2009) Impact of Providing Sanitary Pads to Poor Girls in Africa, Internal report, SAID Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sommer, M. (2009a) ‘Ideologies on sexuality, menstruation and risk: Girls’ experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania’, Culture, Health and Sexuality 11: 383-98.
Sommer, M. (2009b) ‘Where the education system and women's bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls’ experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania’, Journal of Adolescence 33(4): 521-529 available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971 [accessed 23 April 2009]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971
Sommer, M. (2010) ‘Using participatory and quantitative methodologies for effective menstrual-hygiene management policy and programming’, paper presented at the GPIA-UNICEF Adolescent Girls Conference, New York, April 2010.
Sommer, M. and Kirk, J. (2008) ‘“Menstruation is on her mind”: Girl-centered, holistic thinking for school sanitation’, WASH in Schools Notes and News, International Water and Sanitation Centre, pp. 4-6, available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/39859 [accessed 21 July 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/39859
Stewart, J. (ed.) (2004) Life Skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Zimbabwe, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Adinma, E. and Adinma, J. (2008) ‘Perceptions and practices on menstruation amongst Nigerian secondary school girls’, African Journal of Reproductive Health 12: 74-82.
Castaneda, X., Garcia, C. and Langer, A. (1996) ‘Ethnography of fertility and menstruation in rural Mexico’, Social Science & Medicine 42: 133-40.
El-Gilany, A., Badawi, K. and El-Fedawy, S. (2005) ‘Menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls in Mansoura, Egypt’, Reproductive Health Matters 13: 147-52.
FAWE (2008) Menstruation and gender disparities in education [online], Forum for African Women Educationalists, AWID website, available from: http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education [accessed 12 August 2010]. http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Menstruation-and-genderdisparities-in-education
Garg, S., Sharma, N. and Sahay, R. (2001) ‘Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India’, Reproductive Health Matters 9: 16-25.
Insights Education (2004) Menstruation as a barrier to gender equality in Uganda [online], available from: http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html [accessed 5 December 2006]. http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insightsissued03-art05.html
Kirumira, E. (ed.) (2004) Life skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Uganda, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Lloyd, C. (2009) New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls, Population Council, New York.
Marvin, L. and Bejarano, J. (2005) ‘Premenarcheal Mexican girls’ and their teachers’ perceptions of preparation students receive about menstruation at school’, Journal of School Health 75: 86-9.
Millennium Promise (2010) Harvests of Development in Rural Africa: The Millennium Villages after Three Years, Millennium Promise, New York.
NUEW and CRS (2002) ‘Baseline survey for the practice of high school students on reproductive health and personal hygiene’, National Union of Eritrean Women and Catholic Relief Services, Internal report, Asmara: CRS.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009a) Menstruation and Education in Nepal, Working Paper 14853, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Oster, E. and Thornton, R. (2009b) Determinants of Technology Adoption: Peer Effects in Menstrual Cup Uptake, Working Paper 14282, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Quest (2001) ‘Growing Up and Sexual Maturation (GUSM) in Zimbabwe's Primary Schools’ available at http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx [accessed online 20 August 2010] http://questafrica.org/shumba.aspx
Scott, L., Dopson, S., Montgomery, P., Dolan, C. and Ryus, C. (2009) Impact of Providing Sanitary Pads to Poor Girls in Africa, Internal report, SAID Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sommer, M. (2009a) ‘Ideologies on sexuality, menstruation and risk: Girls’ experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania’, Culture, Health and Sexuality 11: 383-98.
Sommer, M. (2009b) ‘Where the education system and women's bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls’ experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania’, Journal of Adolescence 33(4): 521-529 available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971 [accessed 23 April 2009]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971
Sommer, M. (2010) ‘Using participatory and quantitative methodologies for effective menstrual-hygiene management policy and programming’, paper presented at the GPIA-UNICEF Adolescent Girls Conference, New York, April 2010.
Sommer, M. and Kirk, J. (2008) ‘“Menstruation is on her mind”: Girl-centered, holistic thinking for school sanitation’, WASH in Schools Notes and News, International Water and Sanitation Centre, pp. 4-6, available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/39859 [accessed 21 July 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/39859
Stewart, J. (ed.) (2004) Life Skills, Sexual Maturation, and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Zimbabwe, Women's Law Center Weaver Press, Zimbabwe.
Menstrual hygiene management among Bangladeshi adolescent schoolgirls and risk factors affecting school absence: results from a cross-sectional survey
Alam, Mahbub-Ul
Luby, Stephen P
Halder, Amal K
Islam, Khairul
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Menstrual Hygiene Management
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