Filling the knowledge gap: Monitoring post-construction water and sanitation sustainability
While progress is being made towards MDG 7, emerging research is documenting disturbing failure rates of water and sanitation systems around the world. One step in the right direction to documenting and understanding the challenges of sustainability – defined simply as continuing to function and be used over time – would be post-construction monitoring of functionality and use of systems. Although frequently recommended for the success of sustainable development efforts, post-construction monitoring activities have not been prioritized by international development organizations. This paper describes the post-construction monitoring programme of one international non-governmental organization, Water For People; how it is done, what has been learned, and what programmatic and strategic changes it has produced.Breslin, E. (2009) ‘Can we talk about monitoring?’ Asian Water 25: 27-28.
Cairncross, S. and Feacham, R. (1993) Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text, 2nd edn, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1999) ‘Impact and sustainability of community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 13: 292-6.
Clasen, T. and Cairncross, S. (2004) ‘Household water management: refining the dominant paradigm’, Tropical Medicine and International Health 9: 1-5.
DFID (1998) DFID Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52.
Howard, G. (2002) Water Quality Surveillance, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Hunter, P.R., Zmirou-Navier, D. and Hartemann, P. (2009) ‘Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries’, Science of the Total Environment 407: 2621-4.
IRC (2009) Triple S Briefing: Providing Reliable Water Services That Last [online]. Available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/45530 [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/45530
Lockwood, H. (2002) Institutional Support Mechanisms for Community-managed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems in Latin America, Environmental Health Project, USAID, Washington, DC.
Pruss-Usten, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safe Water, Better Health, WHO, Geneva.
Skinner, J. (2009) Where Every Drop Counts: Tackling Rural Africa's Water Crisis [online], available from: http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf
Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) (2005) Making Water a Part of Economic Development [online]. Available from: http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf [accessed 10 June 2009]. http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf
UNESCO (2006) Water: A Shared Responsibility, UNESCO, Paris.
WashCost (2009) Social Factors Affecting Water Pump Life Span in South and Northern Provinces [online]. Available from: http://www.washcost.info/page/358 [accessed 17 January 2010]. http://www.washcost.info/page/358
Winpenny, J. (2009) Investing in Information, Knowledge, and Monitoring, UNESCO, Paris.
World Bank (2006) A Guide to Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluations, World Bank, Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2000) The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment, WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008) Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, UNICEF, New York/WHO, Geneva.
Breslin, E. (2009) ‘Can we talk about monitoring?’ Asian Water 25: 27-28.
Cairncross, S. and Feacham, R. (1993) Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text, 2nd edn, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1999) ‘Impact and sustainability of community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 13: 292-6.
Clasen, T. and Cairncross, S. (2004) ‘Household water management: refining the dominant paradigm’, Tropical Medicine and International Health 9: 1-5.
DFID (1998) DFID Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52.
Howard, G. (2002) Water Quality Surveillance, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Hunter, P.R., Zmirou-Navier, D. and Hartemann, P. (2009) ‘Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries’, Science of the Total Environment 407: 2621-4.
IRC (2009) Triple S Briefing: Providing Reliable Water Services That Last [online]. Available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/45530 [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/45530
Lockwood, H. (2002) Institutional Support Mechanisms for Community-managed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems in Latin America, Environmental Health Project, USAID, Washington, DC.
Pruss-Usten, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safe Water, Better Health, WHO, Geneva.
Skinner, J. (2009) Where Every Drop Counts: Tackling Rural Africa's Water Crisis [online], available from: http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf
Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) (2005) Making Water a Part of Economic Development [online]. Available from: http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf [accessed 10 June 2009]. http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf
UNESCO (2006) Water: A Shared Responsibility, UNESCO, Paris.
WashCost (2009) Social Factors Affecting Water Pump Life Span in South and Northern Provinces [online]. Available from: http://www.washcost.info/page/358 [accessed 17 January 2010]. http://www.washcost.info/page/358
Winpenny, J. (2009) Investing in Information, Knowledge, and Monitoring, UNESCO, Paris.
World Bank (2006) A Guide to Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluations, World Bank, Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2000) The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment, WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008) Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, UNICEF, New York/WHO, Geneva.
Breslin, E. (2009) ‘Can we talk about monitoring?’ Asian Water 25: 27-28.
Cairncross, S. and Feacham, R. (1993) Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text, 2nd edn, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1999) ‘Impact and sustainability of community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 13: 292-6.
Clasen, T. and Cairncross, S. (2004) ‘Household water management: refining the dominant paradigm’, Tropical Medicine and International Health 9: 1-5.
DFID (1998) DFID Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52.
Howard, G. (2002) Water Quality Surveillance, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Hunter, P.R., Zmirou-Navier, D. and Hartemann, P. (2009) ‘Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries’, Science of the Total Environment 407: 2621-4.
IRC (2009) Triple S Briefing: Providing Reliable Water Services That Last [online]. Available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/45530 [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/45530
Lockwood, H. (2002) Institutional Support Mechanisms for Community-managed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems in Latin America, Environmental Health Project, USAID, Washington, DC.
Pruss-Usten, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safe Water, Better Health, WHO, Geneva.
Skinner, J. (2009) Where Every Drop Counts: Tackling Rural Africa's Water Crisis [online], available from: http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf
Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) (2005) Making Water a Part of Economic Development [online]. Available from: http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf [accessed 10 June 2009]. http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf
UNESCO (2006) Water: A Shared Responsibility, UNESCO, Paris.
WashCost (2009) Social Factors Affecting Water Pump Life Span in South and Northern Provinces [online]. Available from: http://www.washcost.info/page/358 [accessed 17 January 2010]. http://www.washcost.info/page/358
Winpenny, J. (2009) Investing in Information, Knowledge, and Monitoring, UNESCO, Paris.
World Bank (2006) A Guide to Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluations, World Bank, Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2000) The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment, WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008) Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, UNICEF, New York/WHO, Geneva.
Breslin, E. (2009) ‘Can we talk about monitoring?’ Asian Water 25: 27-28.
Cairncross, S. and Feacham, R. (1993) Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text, 2nd edn, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
Carter, R.C., Tyrrel, S.F. and Howsam, P. (1999) ‘Impact and sustainability of community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries’, Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 13: 292-6.
Clasen, T. and Cairncross, S. (2004) ‘Household water management: refining the dominant paradigm’, Tropical Medicine and International Health 9: 1-5.
DFID (1998) DFID Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Shiff, C. (1991) ‘Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69: 609-21.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford, J. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 42-52.
Howard, G. (2002) Water Quality Surveillance, WEDC, Leicestershire, UK.
Hunter, P.R., Zmirou-Navier, D. and Hartemann, P. (2009) ‘Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries’, Science of the Total Environment 407: 2621-4.
IRC (2009) Triple S Briefing: Providing Reliable Water Services That Last [online]. Available from: http://www.irc.nl/page/45530 [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.irc.nl/page/45530
Lockwood, H. (2002) Institutional Support Mechanisms for Community-managed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems in Latin America, Environmental Health Project, USAID, Washington, DC.
Pruss-Usten, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safe Water, Better Health, WHO, Geneva.
Skinner, J. (2009) Where Every Drop Counts: Tackling Rural Africa's Water Crisis [online], available from: http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf [accessed 15 January 2010]. http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/17055IIED.pdf
Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) (2005) Making Water a Part of Economic Development [online]. Available from: http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf [accessed 10 June 2009]. http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/CSD_Making_water_part_of_economic_development_2005.pdf
UNESCO (2006) Water: A Shared Responsibility, UNESCO, Paris.
WashCost (2009) Social Factors Affecting Water Pump Life Span in South and Northern Provinces [online]. Available from: http://www.washcost.info/page/358 [accessed 17 January 2010]. http://www.washcost.info/page/358
Winpenny, J. (2009) Investing in Information, Knowledge, and Monitoring, UNESCO, Paris.
World Bank (2006) A Guide to Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluations, World Bank, Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2000) The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment, WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008) Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, UNICEF, New York/WHO, Geneva.
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