The use of untreated household greywater for home garden irrigation is an increasingly common phenomenon in the water-stressed Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, particularly among the poor. Most decentralized systems to date have proven to be relatively costly with doubts over their long-term financial viability. This paper describes some decentralized approaches to treating greywater and reducing health risk. It examines financial and social obstacles to wider greywater system uptake, and policy and regulatory incentives that are needed to allow water-stressed communities to use their greywater legally and with controlled risks. Comments are also included on the implications of the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Policy makers also need to commit to either encouraging or discouraging greywater use as part of water resource optimization and demand management measures.

Abu-Madi, M., Rashed Al-Sa’ed, Mahmoud, N. and Burnat, J. (2010) ‘Comparative socioeconomic study of greywater and cesspit systems in Ramallah, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Al-Jayyousi, O.R. (2010) ‘Greywater use: Islamic perspectives’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Allen, J.A. (2001) The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy, IB Taurus, London.

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (2001) ‘Direct Use of Reclaimed Water (01/16/01), 7 AAR 758’, http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001 [accessed 30 October 2009]. http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001

Ashour, J. and Jamrah, A. (2008) ‘Survival of bacteria in soil subsequent to greywater application’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 51-6.

Bino, M., Al Beiruti, S. and Ayesh, M. (2010) ‘Greywater use in rural home gardens in Karak, Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Buildings Standards Commission (2007) California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 5 - California Plumbing Code, Graywater Systems for Single Family Dwellings, State of California, Sacramento.

Burnat, J. and Eshtayah, I. (2010) ‘On-site greywater treatment in Qebia Village, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2005) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (1): Quantifying the greywater generated and assessing its quality’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2007) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (2): Greywater management options’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) (2003) Greywater reuse in other countries and its applicability to Jordan [online], available from: http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf

EAWAG (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) (2006) Greywater Management in Low and Middle-income Countries, EAWAG, Dubendorf, Switzerland.

Faruqui, N. and Bino, M. (2001) Water Management in Islam, United Nations Press, Tokyo.

Gross, A., Azulai, N., Oron, G., Ronen, Z., Arnold, M. and Nejidat, A. (2005) ‘Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study’, Water Science and Technology 52(8): 161-9.

Gross, A., Wiel-Shafran, A., Bondarenko, N. and Ronen, Z. (2008) ‘Reliability of small scale greywater treatment systems and the impact of its effluent on soil properties’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 41-50.

Haddad El-Hajj, N. (2010) ‘Greywater use as a gender empowerment project in Tannoura, Lebanon’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Homer-Dixon, T. (1994) ‘Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases’, International Security 19(1): 5-40.

Laban, P. (2010) Can local people accept greywater technology?’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Mara, D. and Cairncross, S. (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture, World Health Organization, Geneva.

Mara, D. and Kramer, A. (2008) ‘The 2006 WHO guidelines for wastewater and greywater use in agriculture: a practical interpretation’, in I. Al Baz, R. Otterpohl and C. Wendland (eds), Efficient Management of Wastewater: Its Treatment and Reuse in Water-Scarce Countries, pp. 1-17, Springer, Berlin.

McIlwaine, S.J. and Redwood, M. (eds) (2010) Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, Jordan.

Memon, F.A., Butler, D., Han W., Liu, S., Makropoulos, C., Avery L.M. and Pidou, M. (2005) ‘Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems’, Engineering Sustainability 158(3): 155-61.

Oasis Design (2005) Greywater Policy Packet [online], available from: http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf

Otterpohl, R. (2002) ‘Options for alternative types of sewerage and treatment systems directed to the overall performance’, Water Science and Technology 45(3): 149-58.

Redwood, M. (2008) ‘The application of pilot research on greywater in the Middle East North Africa region (MENA)’, Journal of Environmental Studies 65: 109-17.

Selby, J. (2004) Water, Power and Politics in the Middle East: The Other Israel- Palestine Conflict, IB Taurus, London.

Suleiman, W., Al-Hayek, B., Assayed, M., Dalahmeh, S. and Al-Hmoud, N. (2010) ‘Greywater management in the northeastern Badia of Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

UN-Habitat (2008) The State of African Cities Report, UN-Habitat, Nairobi.

Wiel-Shafran, A., Ronen, Z., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E. and Gross, A. (2006) ‘Potential changes in soil properties following irrigation with surfactant-rich greywater’, Ecological Engineering 26(4): 348-54.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture (Technical Report Series 778), WHO, Geneva.

WHO (2006a) Overview of Greywater Management Health Considerations (Report WHO-EM/CEH/125/E), WHO, Geneva.

WHO (2006b) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater (vols 1-4), WHO, Geneva.

WHO, IDRC and FAO (2008) Non-Treatment Options for Safe Wastewater Use for Poor Urban Communities [West Africa and Jordan] [online], available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/poor_urban_communities.pdf [accessed 27 October 2009]. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/poor_urban_communities.pdf

World Bank (2004) World Development Report: Making Services Work for Poor People, World Bank, Washington, DC.

World Resources Institute (2008) EarthTrends: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems [online], available from: http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/wat2_2005.pdf [accessed 6 January 2008]. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/wat2_2005.pdf

Abu-Madi, M., Rashed Al-Sa’ed, Mahmoud, N. and Burnat, J. (2010) ‘Comparative socioeconomic study of greywater and cesspit systems in Ramallah, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Al-Jayyousi, O.R. (2010) ‘Greywater use: Islamic perspectives’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Allen, J.A. (2001) The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy, IB Taurus, London.

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (2001) ‘Direct Use of Reclaimed Water (01/16/01), 7 AAR 758’, http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001 [accessed 30 October 2009]. http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001

Ashour, J. and Jamrah, A. (2008) ‘Survival of bacteria in soil subsequent to greywater application’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 51-6.

Bino, M., Al Beiruti, S. and Ayesh, M. (2010) ‘Greywater use in rural home gardens in Karak, Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Buildings Standards Commission (2007) California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 5 - California Plumbing Code, Graywater Systems for Single Family Dwellings, State of California, Sacramento.

Burnat, J. and Eshtayah, I. (2010) ‘On-site greywater treatment in Qebia Village, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2005) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (1): Quantifying the greywater generated and assessing its quality’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2007) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (2): Greywater management options’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) (2003) Greywater reuse in other countries and its applicability to Jordan [online], available from: http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf

EAWAG (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) (2006) Greywater Management in Low and Middle-income Countries, EAWAG, Dubendorf, Switzerland.

Faruqui, N. and Bino, M. (2001) Water Management in Islam, United Nations Press, Tokyo.

Gross, A., Azulai, N., Oron, G., Ronen, Z., Arnold, M. and Nejidat, A. (2005) ‘Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study’, Water Science and Technology 52(8): 161-9.

Gross, A., Wiel-Shafran, A., Bondarenko, N. and Ronen, Z. (2008) ‘Reliability of small scale greywater treatment systems and the impact of its effluent on soil properties’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 41-50.

Haddad El-Hajj, N. (2010) ‘Greywater use as a gender empowerment project in Tannoura, Lebanon’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Homer-Dixon, T. (1994) ‘Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases’, International Security 19(1): 5-40.

Laban, P. (2010) Can local people accept greywater technology?’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Mara, D. and Cairncross, S. (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture, World Health Organization, Geneva.

Mara, D. and Kramer, A. (2008) ‘The 2006 WHO guidelines for wastewater and greywater use in agriculture: a practical interpretation’, in I. Al Baz, R. Otterpohl and C. Wendland (eds), Efficient Management of Wastewater: Its Treatment and Reuse in Water-Scarce Countries, pp. 1-17, Springer, Berlin.

McIlwaine, S.J. and Redwood, M. (eds) (2010) Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, Jordan.

Memon, F.A., Butler, D., Han W., Liu, S., Makropoulos, C., Avery L.M. and Pidou, M. (2005) ‘Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems’, Engineering Sustainability 158(3): 155-61.

Oasis Design (2005) Greywater Policy Packet [online], available from: http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf

Otterpohl, R. (2002) ‘Options for alternative types of sewerage and treatment systems directed to the overall performance’, Water Science and Technology 45(3): 149-58.

Redwood, M. (2008) ‘The application of pilot research on greywater in the Middle East North Africa region (MENA)’, Journal of Environmental Studies 65: 109-17.

Selby, J. (2004) Water, Power and Politics in the Middle East: The Other Israel- Palestine Conflict, IB Taurus, London.

Suleiman, W., Al-Hayek, B., Assayed, M., Dalahmeh, S. and Al-Hmoud, N. (2010) ‘Greywater management in the northeastern Badia of Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

UN-Habitat (2008) The State of African Cities Report, UN-Habitat, Nairobi.

Wiel-Shafran, A., Ronen, Z., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E. and Gross, A. (2006) ‘Potential changes in soil properties following irrigation with surfactant-rich greywater’, Ecological Engineering 26(4): 348-54.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture (Technical Report Series 778), WHO, Geneva.

WHO (2006a) Overview of Greywater Management Health Considerations (Report WHO-EM/CEH/125/E), WHO, Geneva.

WHO (2006b) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater (vols 1-4), WHO, Geneva.

WHO, IDRC and FAO (2008) Non-Treatment Options for Safe Wastewater Use for Poor Urban Communities [West Africa and Jordan] [online], available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/poor_urban_communities.pdf [accessed 27 October 2009]. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/poor_urban_communities.pdf

World Bank (2004) World Development Report: Making Services Work for Poor People, World Bank, Washington, DC.

World Resources Institute (2008) EarthTrends: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems [online], available from: http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/wat2_2005.pdf [accessed 6 January 2008]. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/wat2_2005.pdf

Abu-Madi, M., Rashed Al-Sa’ed, Mahmoud, N. and Burnat, J. (2010) ‘Comparative socioeconomic study of greywater and cesspit systems in Ramallah, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Al-Jayyousi, O.R. (2010) ‘Greywater use: Islamic perspectives’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Allen, J.A. (2001) The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy, IB Taurus, London.

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (2001) ‘Direct Use of Reclaimed Water (01/16/01), 7 AAR 758’, http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001 [accessed 30 October 2009]. http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001

Ashour, J. and Jamrah, A. (2008) ‘Survival of bacteria in soil subsequent to greywater application’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 51-6.

Bino, M., Al Beiruti, S. and Ayesh, M. (2010) ‘Greywater use in rural home gardens in Karak, Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Buildings Standards Commission (2007) California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 5 - California Plumbing Code, Graywater Systems for Single Family Dwellings, State of California, Sacramento.

Burnat, J. and Eshtayah, I. (2010) ‘On-site greywater treatment in Qebia Village, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2005) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (1): Quantifying the greywater generated and assessing its quality’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2007) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (2): Greywater management options’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) (2003) Greywater reuse in other countries and its applicability to Jordan [online], available from: http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf

EAWAG (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) (2006) Greywater Management in Low and Middle-income Countries, EAWAG, Dubendorf, Switzerland.

Faruqui, N. and Bino, M. (2001) Water Management in Islam, United Nations Press, Tokyo.

Gross, A., Azulai, N., Oron, G., Ronen, Z., Arnold, M. and Nejidat, A. (2005) ‘Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study’, Water Science and Technology 52(8): 161-9.

Gross, A., Wiel-Shafran, A., Bondarenko, N. and Ronen, Z. (2008) ‘Reliability of small scale greywater treatment systems and the impact of its effluent on soil properties’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 41-50.

Haddad El-Hajj, N. (2010) ‘Greywater use as a gender empowerment project in Tannoura, Lebanon’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Homer-Dixon, T. (1994) ‘Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases’, International Security 19(1): 5-40.

Laban, P. (2010) Can local people accept greywater technology?’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Mara, D. and Cairncross, S. (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture, World Health Organization, Geneva.

Mara, D. and Kramer, A. (2008) ‘The 2006 WHO guidelines for wastewater and greywater use in agriculture: a practical interpretation’, in I. Al Baz, R. Otterpohl and C. Wendland (eds), Efficient Management of Wastewater: Its Treatment and Reuse in Water-Scarce Countries, pp. 1-17, Springer, Berlin.

McIlwaine, S.J. and Redwood, M. (eds) (2010) Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, Jordan.

Memon, F.A., Butler, D., Han W., Liu, S., Makropoulos, C., Avery L.M. and Pidou, M. (2005) ‘Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems’, Engineering Sustainability 158(3): 155-61.

Oasis Design (2005) Greywater Policy Packet [online], available from: http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf

Otterpohl, R. (2002) ‘Options for alternative types of sewerage and treatment systems directed to the overall performance’, Water Science and Technology 45(3): 149-58.

Redwood, M. (2008) ‘The application of pilot research on greywater in the Middle East North Africa region (MENA)’, Journal of Environmental Studies 65: 109-17.

Selby, J. (2004) Water, Power and Politics in the Middle East: The Other Israel- Palestine Conflict, IB Taurus, London.

Suleiman, W., Al-Hayek, B., Assayed, M., Dalahmeh, S. and Al-Hmoud, N. (2010) ‘Greywater management in the northeastern Badia of Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

UN-Habitat (2008) The State of African Cities Report, UN-Habitat, Nairobi.

Wiel-Shafran, A., Ronen, Z., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E. and Gross, A. (2006) ‘Potential changes in soil properties following irrigation with surfactant-rich greywater’, Ecological Engineering 26(4): 348-54.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture (Technical Report Series 778), WHO, Geneva.

WHO (2006a) Overview of Greywater Management Health Considerations (Report WHO-EM/CEH/125/E), WHO, Geneva.

WHO (2006b) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater (vols 1-4), WHO, Geneva.

WHO, IDRC and FAO (2008) Non-Treatment Options for Safe Wastewater Use for Poor Urban Communities [West Africa and Jordan] [online], available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/poor_urban_communities.pdf [accessed 27 October 2009]. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/poor_urban_communities.pdf

World Bank (2004) World Development Report: Making Services Work for Poor People, World Bank, Washington, DC.

World Resources Institute (2008) EarthTrends: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems [online], available from: http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/wat2_2005.pdf [accessed 6 January 2008]. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/wat2_2005.pdf

Abu-Madi, M., Rashed Al-Sa’ed, Mahmoud, N. and Burnat, J. (2010) ‘Comparative socioeconomic study of greywater and cesspit systems in Ramallah, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Al-Jayyousi, O.R. (2010) ‘Greywater use: Islamic perspectives’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Allen, J.A. (2001) The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy, IB Taurus, London.

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (2001) ‘Direct Use of Reclaimed Water (01/16/01), 7 AAR 758’, http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001 [accessed 30 October 2009]. http://www.azdeq.gov/function/laws/final.html#2001

Ashour, J. and Jamrah, A. (2008) ‘Survival of bacteria in soil subsequent to greywater application’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 51-6.

Bino, M., Al Beiruti, S. and Ayesh, M. (2010) ‘Greywater use in rural home gardens in Karak, Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Buildings Standards Commission (2007) California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 5 - California Plumbing Code, Graywater Systems for Single Family Dwellings, State of California, Sacramento.

Burnat, J. and Eshtayah, I. (2010) ‘On-site greywater treatment in Qebia Village, Palestine’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2005) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (1): Quantifying the greywater generated and assessing its quality’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2007) ‘The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa (2): Greywater management options’, Water South Africa 33(4): 425-32.

Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) (2003) Greywater reuse in other countries and its applicability to Jordan [online], available from: http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://www.csbe.org/graywater/report/report_final.pdf

EAWAG (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) (2006) Greywater Management in Low and Middle-income Countries, EAWAG, Dubendorf, Switzerland.

Faruqui, N. and Bino, M. (2001) Water Management in Islam, United Nations Press, Tokyo.

Gross, A., Azulai, N., Oron, G., Ronen, Z., Arnold, M. and Nejidat, A. (2005) ‘Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study’, Water Science and Technology 52(8): 161-9.

Gross, A., Wiel-Shafran, A., Bondarenko, N. and Ronen, Z. (2008) ‘Reliability of small scale greywater treatment systems and the impact of its effluent on soil properties’, The International Journal of Environmental Studies 65(1): 41-50.

Haddad El-Hajj, N. (2010) ‘Greywater use as a gender empowerment project in Tannoura, Lebanon’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Homer-Dixon, T. (1994) ‘Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases’, International Security 19(1): 5-40.

Laban, P. (2010) Can local people accept greywater technology?’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

Mara, D. and Cairncross, S. (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture, World Health Organization, Geneva.

Mara, D. and Kramer, A. (2008) ‘The 2006 WHO guidelines for wastewater and greywater use in agriculture: a practical interpretation’, in I. Al Baz, R. Otterpohl and C. Wendland (eds), Efficient Management of Wastewater: Its Treatment and Reuse in Water-Scarce Countries, pp. 1-17, Springer, Berlin.

McIlwaine, S.J. and Redwood, M. (eds) (2010) Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, Jordan.

Memon, F.A., Butler, D., Han W., Liu, S., Makropoulos, C., Avery L.M. and Pidou, M. (2005) ‘Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems’, Engineering Sustainability 158(3): 155-61.

Oasis Design (2005) Greywater Policy Packet [online], available from: http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf [accessed 6 January 2009]. http://oasisdesign.net/downloads/GWPolicyPacket.pdf

Otterpohl, R. (2002) ‘Options for alternative types of sewerage and treatment systems directed to the overall performance’, Water Science and Technology 45(3): 149-58.

Redwood, M. (2008) ‘The application of pilot research on greywater in the Middle East North Africa region (MENA)’, Journal of Environmental Studies 65: 109-17.

Selby, J. (2004) Water, Power and Politics in the Middle East: The Other Israel- Palestine Conflict, IB Taurus, London.

Suleiman, W., Al-Hayek, B., Assayed, M., Dalahmeh, S. and Al-Hmoud, N. (2010) ‘Greywater management in the northeastern Badia of Jordan’, in S.J. McIlwaine and M. Redwood (eds), Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues, Practical Action Publishing, Rugby and CSBE, London.

UN-Habitat (2008) The State of African Cities Report, UN-Habitat, Nairobi.

Wiel-Shafran, A., Ronen, Z., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E. and Gross, A. (2006) ‘Potential changes in soil properties following irrigation with surfactant-rich greywater’, Ecological Engineering 26(4): 348-54.

World Health Organization (WHO) (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture (Technical Report Series 778), WHO, Geneva.

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