Opportunities revealed by the Nepal multiple-use water services experience
Few programmes in the field have methodically applied multiple-use by design approaches. To some extent, this reflects both the novelty of the MUS approach, as well as the disconnect between water research, policy and practice. While water policy-makers have in recent times found the MUS approach attractive, there is significant resistance to actualizing the interdisciplinary approach. Although policies are slowly changing, much of the MUS experiences on the ground have evolved from a more innate process of programmes delivering to the ‘expressed’ needs of user communities. Drawing on eight years of MUS development effort in Nepal, this paper describes the critical components of the multiple-use water services projects in Nepal and the outcomes seen at the community level from these projects. Further, it reviews some of the gaps and limitations of the projects in order to explore opportunities for future MUS implementation not only in Nepal, but globally.Adhikari, D. and Mikhail, M. (2008) Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) Guidelines for Design and Implementation, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Colavito, L. and Nanes, R. (2007) Agricultural Marketing and Planning Committees: Impact on Local Governance, Government Agencies, and Political Processes, Winrock and IDE Experience in Nepal.
Gautam, K.R. (2006) ‘An evaluation of existing legislation, policies, institutions, organizations and networks capacity and limitations, strength and weaknesses in scaling up innovations and the role of Learning Alliance approaches into existing water sector in Nepal’, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission Secretariat (2004) Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04. Vol. 1, available from: http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html [accessed November 2009]. http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population (2007) Fact Sheets: General Information [online], available from: www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP [accessed September 2007]. www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP
Hendriksen, J. (2008) Research on the Technical Effectiveness of the Promoted Lowcost Irrigation Technologies by SIMI, Nepal, masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Khawas, N.S. and Mikhail, M. (2008) ‘Analysis of the MUS learning alliance process in Nepal’, International Symposium on Multiple-use Water Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4-6 November.
Lam, W.F. and Ostrom, E. (2009) ‘Analyzing the dynamic complexity of development interventions: Lessons from an irrigation experiment in Nepal’, Policy Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s11077-009-9082-6.
Marble, C. (2008) Three SIMI Case Studies of MUS and Drip-irrigation for Marketoriented Vegetable Production to Alleviate Poverty, Nepal, Masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Mikhail, M. and Yoder, R. (2008) Multiple Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons for Scale-up [online], International Development Enterprises (IDE), Lakewood, Colorado, Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), and International Water Management Institute (IWMI), available from: http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf [accessed 11 November 2009]. http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf
Van Koppen, B., Smits, S., Moriarty, P., Penning de Vries, F., Mikhail, M. and Boelee, E. (2009) Climbing the Water Ladder: Multiple-use Water Services for Poverty Reduction, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands, International Water Management Institute, and Challenge Program on Water and Food (TP series; no. 52), available from: www.irc.nl/publications [accessed 10 November 2009]. www.irc.nl/publications
World Bank (1998) Poverty in Nepal at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century, Report No. 18639-NEP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2006) Resilience Amidst Conflict: An Assessment of Poverty in Nepal, 1995-96 and 2003-04, Report No. 43834-NP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2007) Nepal Transport Sector [online], http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html [accessed September 2007]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html
Yoder, R., Mikhail, M., Sharma, K. and Adhikari, D. (2008) ‘Technology adoption and adaptation for multiple use water services in the hills of Nepal’, presented at the Second International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10 -14 November 2008.
Adhikari, D. and Mikhail, M. (2008) Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) Guidelines for Design and Implementation, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Colavito, L. and Nanes, R. (2007) Agricultural Marketing and Planning Committees: Impact on Local Governance, Government Agencies, and Political Processes, Winrock and IDE Experience in Nepal.
Gautam, K.R. (2006) ‘An evaluation of existing legislation, policies, institutions, organizations and networks capacity and limitations, strength and weaknesses in scaling up innovations and the role of Learning Alliance approaches into existing water sector in Nepal’, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission Secretariat (2004) Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04. Vol. 1, available from: http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html [accessed November 2009]. http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population (2007) Fact Sheets: General Information [online], available from: www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP [accessed September 2007]. www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP
Hendriksen, J. (2008) Research on the Technical Effectiveness of the Promoted Lowcost Irrigation Technologies by SIMI, Nepal, masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Khawas, N.S. and Mikhail, M. (2008) ‘Analysis of the MUS learning alliance process in Nepal’, International Symposium on Multiple-use Water Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4-6 November.
Lam, W.F. and Ostrom, E. (2009) ‘Analyzing the dynamic complexity of development interventions: Lessons from an irrigation experiment in Nepal’, Policy Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s11077-009-9082-6.
Marble, C. (2008) Three SIMI Case Studies of MUS and Drip-irrigation for Marketoriented Vegetable Production to Alleviate Poverty, Nepal, Masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Mikhail, M. and Yoder, R. (2008) Multiple Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons for Scale-up [online], International Development Enterprises (IDE), Lakewood, Colorado, Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), and International Water Management Institute (IWMI), available from: http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf [accessed 11 November 2009]. http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf
Van Koppen, B., Smits, S., Moriarty, P., Penning de Vries, F., Mikhail, M. and Boelee, E. (2009) Climbing the Water Ladder: Multiple-use Water Services for Poverty Reduction, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands, International Water Management Institute, and Challenge Program on Water and Food (TP series; no. 52), available from: www.irc.nl/publications [accessed 10 November 2009]. www.irc.nl/publications
World Bank (1998) Poverty in Nepal at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century, Report No. 18639-NEP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2006) Resilience Amidst Conflict: An Assessment of Poverty in Nepal, 1995-96 and 2003-04, Report No. 43834-NP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2007) Nepal Transport Sector [online], http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html [accessed September 2007]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html
Yoder, R., Mikhail, M., Sharma, K. and Adhikari, D. (2008) ‘Technology adoption and adaptation for multiple use water services in the hills of Nepal’, presented at the Second International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10 -14 November 2008.
Adhikari, D. and Mikhail, M. (2008) Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) Guidelines for Design and Implementation, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Colavito, L. and Nanes, R. (2007) Agricultural Marketing and Planning Committees: Impact on Local Governance, Government Agencies, and Political Processes, Winrock and IDE Experience in Nepal.
Gautam, K.R. (2006) ‘An evaluation of existing legislation, policies, institutions, organizations and networks capacity and limitations, strength and weaknesses in scaling up innovations and the role of Learning Alliance approaches into existing water sector in Nepal’, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission Secretariat (2004) Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04. Vol. 1, available from: http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html [accessed November 2009]. http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population (2007) Fact Sheets: General Information [online], available from: www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP [accessed September 2007]. www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP
Hendriksen, J. (2008) Research on the Technical Effectiveness of the Promoted Lowcost Irrigation Technologies by SIMI, Nepal, masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Khawas, N.S. and Mikhail, M. (2008) ‘Analysis of the MUS learning alliance process in Nepal’, International Symposium on Multiple-use Water Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4-6 November.
Lam, W.F. and Ostrom, E. (2009) ‘Analyzing the dynamic complexity of development interventions: Lessons from an irrigation experiment in Nepal’, Policy Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s11077-009-9082-6.
Marble, C. (2008) Three SIMI Case Studies of MUS and Drip-irrigation for Marketoriented Vegetable Production to Alleviate Poverty, Nepal, Masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Mikhail, M. and Yoder, R. (2008) Multiple Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons for Scale-up [online], International Development Enterprises (IDE), Lakewood, Colorado, Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), and International Water Management Institute (IWMI), available from: http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf [accessed 11 November 2009]. http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf
Van Koppen, B., Smits, S., Moriarty, P., Penning de Vries, F., Mikhail, M. and Boelee, E. (2009) Climbing the Water Ladder: Multiple-use Water Services for Poverty Reduction, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands, International Water Management Institute, and Challenge Program on Water and Food (TP series; no. 52), available from: www.irc.nl/publications [accessed 10 November 2009]. www.irc.nl/publications
World Bank (1998) Poverty in Nepal at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century, Report No. 18639-NEP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2006) Resilience Amidst Conflict: An Assessment of Poverty in Nepal, 1995-96 and 2003-04, Report No. 43834-NP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2007) Nepal Transport Sector [online], http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html [accessed September 2007]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html
Yoder, R., Mikhail, M., Sharma, K. and Adhikari, D. (2008) ‘Technology adoption and adaptation for multiple use water services in the hills of Nepal’, presented at the Second International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10 -14 November 2008.
Adhikari, D. and Mikhail, M. (2008) Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) Guidelines for Design and Implementation, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Colavito, L. and Nanes, R. (2007) Agricultural Marketing and Planning Committees: Impact on Local Governance, Government Agencies, and Political Processes, Winrock and IDE Experience in Nepal.
Gautam, K.R. (2006) ‘An evaluation of existing legislation, policies, institutions, organizations and networks capacity and limitations, strength and weaknesses in scaling up innovations and the role of Learning Alliance approaches into existing water sector in Nepal’, IDE-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission Secretariat (2004) Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04. Vol. 1, available from: http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html [accessed November 2009]. http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:21369856~menuPK:4196952~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population (2007) Fact Sheets: General Information [online], available from: www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP [accessed September 2007]. www.moh.gov.np/Home/FACT.ASP
Hendriksen, J. (2008) Research on the Technical Effectiveness of the Promoted Lowcost Irrigation Technologies by SIMI, Nepal, masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Khawas, N.S. and Mikhail, M. (2008) ‘Analysis of the MUS learning alliance process in Nepal’, International Symposium on Multiple-use Water Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4-6 November.
Lam, W.F. and Ostrom, E. (2009) ‘Analyzing the dynamic complexity of development interventions: Lessons from an irrigation experiment in Nepal’, Policy Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s11077-009-9082-6.
Marble, C. (2008) Three SIMI Case Studies of MUS and Drip-irrigation for Marketoriented Vegetable Production to Alleviate Poverty, Nepal, Masters thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Mikhail, M. and Yoder, R. (2008) Multiple Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons for Scale-up [online], International Development Enterprises (IDE), Lakewood, Colorado, Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), and International Water Management Institute (IWMI), available from: http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf [accessed 11 November 2009]. http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf
Van Koppen, B., Smits, S., Moriarty, P., Penning de Vries, F., Mikhail, M. and Boelee, E. (2009) Climbing the Water Ladder: Multiple-use Water Services for Poverty Reduction, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands, International Water Management Institute, and Challenge Program on Water and Food (TP series; no. 52), available from: www.irc.nl/publications [accessed 10 November 2009]. www.irc.nl/publications
World Bank (1998) Poverty in Nepal at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century, Report No. 18639-NEP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2006) Resilience Amidst Conflict: An Assessment of Poverty in Nepal, 1995-96 and 2003-04, Report No. 43834-NP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region.
World Bank (2007) Nepal Transport Sector [online], http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html [accessed September 2007]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/contentMDK:20560914~menuPK:869038~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html
Yoder, R., Mikhail, M., Sharma, K. and Adhikari, D. (2008) ‘Technology adoption and adaptation for multiple use water services in the hills of Nepal’, presented at the Second International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10 -14 November 2008.
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