Performance assessment for the VIP toilet in the Upper West Region of Ghana
Key advantages of a Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) toilet over alternative low-cost sanitation facilities are its ability to dispel odours and to minimize fly populations. To assess these purported benefits in a field setting, thirty toilets in six Upper West Region communities were monitored from September through November of 2007, modeled, and then compared to the World Bank/UNDP Technical Advisory Group specifications. The evidence suggests that the requirements for achieving beneficial performance are often ignored; hence VIP toilets are not the best sanitation facility for this region. This article details VIP ventilation and fly control mechanisms identified in the 2007 study and assesses their effectiveness; in practice, both fail to meet design specificationsBlack, M., and Fawcett, B. (2008) The Last Taboo. London: Earthscan.
Curtis, C. F., and Hawkins, P. (1982) ‘Entomological studies of on-site sanitation systems in Tanzania and Botswana’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicinie anld Hygiene , pp99-108.
Emerson, P. M., Lindsay, S. W., Walraven, G. E., Faal, H., Bøgh, C., Lowe, K., et al. (1999) ‘Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea’, The Lancet, 353 (9162), 1401-1403.
Fewtrell L, K. R. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and mata-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases , 5 (1), 42-52.
Ghana Statistical Service (2000) Ghana Living Standards Survey Report fot the Fourth Round (GLSS4), Accra: Government of Ghana
Mara, D. D. (1984) ‘The design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines’, TAG Technical Note Number 13 . Washington DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Mara, D. D., and Ryan, A. B. (1983) ’Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines: Vent Pipe Design Guidelines,, TAG Technical Note Number 6 . Washington, DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Pickford, J., and Shaw, R. (1998). The Worth of Water, Intermediate Technology Publications, Rugby, UK.
Black, M., and Fawcett, B. (2008) The Last Taboo. London: Earthscan.
Curtis, C. F., and Hawkins, P. (1982) ‘Entomological studies of on-site sanitation systems in Tanzania and Botswana’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicinie anld Hygiene , pp99-108.
Emerson, P. M., Lindsay, S. W., Walraven, G. E., Faal, H., Bøgh, C., Lowe, K., et al. (1999) ‘Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea’, The Lancet, 353 (9162), 1401-1403.
Fewtrell L, K. R. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and mata-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases , 5 (1), 42-52.
Ghana Statistical Service (2000) Ghana Living Standards Survey Report fot the Fourth Round (GLSS4), Accra: Government of Ghana
Mara, D. D. (1984) ‘The design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines’, TAG Technical Note Number 13 . Washington DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Mara, D. D., and Ryan, A. B. (1983) ’Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines: Vent Pipe Design Guidelines,, TAG Technical Note Number 6 . Washington, DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Pickford, J., and Shaw, R. (1998). The Worth of Water, Intermediate Technology Publications, Rugby, UK.
Black, M., and Fawcett, B. (2008) The Last Taboo. London: Earthscan.
Curtis, C. F., and Hawkins, P. (1982) ‘Entomological studies of on-site sanitation systems in Tanzania and Botswana’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicinie anld Hygiene , pp99-108.
Emerson, P. M., Lindsay, S. W., Walraven, G. E., Faal, H., Bøgh, C., Lowe, K., et al. (1999) ‘Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea’, The Lancet, 353 (9162), 1401-1403.
Fewtrell L, K. R. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and mata-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases , 5 (1), 42-52.
Ghana Statistical Service (2000) Ghana Living Standards Survey Report fot the Fourth Round (GLSS4), Accra: Government of Ghana
Mara, D. D. (1984) ‘The design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines’, TAG Technical Note Number 13 . Washington DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Mara, D. D., and Ryan, A. B. (1983) ’Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines: Vent Pipe Design Guidelines,, TAG Technical Note Number 6 . Washington, DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Pickford, J., and Shaw, R. (1998). The Worth of Water, Intermediate Technology Publications, Rugby, UK.
Black, M., and Fawcett, B. (2008) The Last Taboo. London: Earthscan.
Curtis, C. F., and Hawkins, P. (1982) ‘Entomological studies of on-site sanitation systems in Tanzania and Botswana’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicinie anld Hygiene , pp99-108.
Emerson, P. M., Lindsay, S. W., Walraven, G. E., Faal, H., Bøgh, C., Lowe, K., et al. (1999) ‘Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea’, The Lancet, 353 (9162), 1401-1403.
Fewtrell L, K. R. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and mata-analysis’, Lancet Infectious Diseases , 5 (1), 42-52.
Ghana Statistical Service (2000) Ghana Living Standards Survey Report fot the Fourth Round (GLSS4), Accra: Government of Ghana
Mara, D. D. (1984) ‘The design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines’, TAG Technical Note Number 13 . Washington DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Mara, D. D., and Ryan, A. B. (1983) ’Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines: Vent Pipe Design Guidelines,, TAG Technical Note Number 6 . Washington, DC.: United Nations Development Programme and World Bank.
Pickford, J., and Shaw, R. (1998). The Worth of Water, Intermediate Technology Publications, Rugby, UK.
Drivers and barriers to sustained use of Blair ventilated improved pit latrine after nearly four decades in rural Zimbabwe
Kanda, Artwell
Ncube, Esper Jacobeth
Voyi, Kuku
Parker, Alison
PLOS ONE, Vol. 17 (2022), Iss. 4 P.e0265077
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265077 [Citations: 5]Shared sanitation facilities and risk of respiratory virus transmission in resource‐poor settings: A COVID‐19 modeling case study
Hayashi, Michael A. L.
Simon, Sophia M.
Zou, Kaiyue
Van Wyk, Hannah
Zahid, Mondal Hasan
Eisenberg, Joseph N. S.
Freeman, Matthew C.
Risk Analysis, Vol. 45 (2025), Iss. 3 P.638
https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17633 [Citations: 0]Preliminary studies developing methods for the control of Chrysomya putoria, the African latrine fly, in pit latrines in The Gambia
Lindsay, T. C.
Jawara, M.
D'Alessandro, U.
Pinder, M.
Lindsay, S. W.
Tropical Medicine & International Health, Vol. 18 (2013), Iss. 2 P.159
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12033 [Citations: 10]Compliance of private ventilated improved pit latrines to odour and fly control guidelines: A technical audit in selected regions of Ghana
Obeng, Panin Asirifua
Donkor, Emmanuel Amponsah
Awere, Eric
Oduro-Kwarteng, Sampson
Obeng, Peter Appiah
Awuah, Esi
Heliyon, Vol. 10 (2024), Iss. 13 P.e33980
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33980 [Citations: 0]- Providing municipal faecal sludge management services: lessons from Bangladesh
- A call to action: organizational, professional, and personal change for gender transformative WASH programming
- Menstrual hygiene management: education and empowerment for girls?
- Webwatch
- WASH challenges to girls’ menstrual hygiene management in Metro Manila, Masbate, and South Central Mindanao, Philippines
Browse our other journals
