In partnership with selected Asian and African non-governmental organizations (NGOs), solar water disinfection (SODIS) projects were implemented in eight countries. The main aim was to introduce the SODIS method, as an option to treat drinking water at household level, to a large section of the population that have limited access to microbiologically clean drinking water. Following an initial pilot phase, the projects implemented a scaling up phase. Primarily two approaches were used - working with NGOs and working with government agencies - based on the choice of local partner organizations available. To demonstrate these different implementation approaches, two SODIS projects as case examples from Uzbekistan and South India are presented. Although working with government agencies involved more bureaucracy and took longer, this article concludes that working with the government resulted in greater scale and more sustainable results than working with NGOs.

Acra, A., Karahagopian, Y. and Raffoul, Z. (1980) ‘Water disinfection by solar radiation’, Lancet II: 1257-8.

Acra, A., Raffoul, Z. and Karahagopian, Y. (1984) Solar Water Disinfection of Drinking Water and Oral Rehydration Solutions: Guidelines for Household Application in Developing Countries, UNICEF, New York.

Berney, M., Weilenmann, H.U., Simonetti, A. and Egli, T. (2006) ‘Efficacy of solar disinfection of E. coli, S. flexneri, S. typhimurium and V. cholerae’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 101: 828-36.

Conroy, R.M. Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (1996) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial’, Lancet 348: 1695-7.

Conroy, R.M., Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (2001). ‘Use of solar disinfection protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age’, Arch Dis Child 85: 293-5.

Hobbins, M. (2003) The SODIS Health Impact Study, PhD thesis, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland.

Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G., Elmore-Meegan, M. and Conroy, R.M. (1996) ‘Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(2): 399-402.

McGuigan, K.G., Joyce, T.M., Conroy, R.M., Gillespie, J.B. and Elmore-Meegan, M. (1998) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 84: 1138-48.

Moser, S., Heri, S. and Mosler, H.J. (2005) Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS: A Quantitative Field Study in Bolivia. Summary Report, Eawag, Duebendorf, Switzerland.

Ramteke, P.W., Pathak, S.P., Bhattacherjee, J.W. Gopal, K. and Mathur, N. (1994) ‘Evaluation of the presence-absence (P-A) test: A simplified bacteriological test for detecting coliforms in rural drinking water of India’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 33: 53-9.

Reed, R.H. (1997) ‘Solar inactivation of faecal bacteria in water: the critical role of oxygen’, Letters in Applied Microbiology 24: 276-80.

Rose, A., Roy, S., Abraham, V., Holmgren, G., George, K., Balraj, V., Abraham, S., Muliyil, J., Joseph, A., and Kang G. (2006) ‘Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in Southern India’, Arch Dis Child 91(2): 139-41.

Sommer, B., Mariño, A., Solarte, Y., Salas, M.L., Dierolf, C., Valiente, C., Mora, D., Rechsteiner, R., Setter, P., Wirojanagud, W., Ajarmeh, H., Al-Hassan, A. and Wegelin M. (1997) ‘SODIS: An emerging water treatment process’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 46: 127-37.

Wegelin M., Canonica, S., Mechsner, K., Fleischmann, T., Pesaro, F. and Metzler, A. (1994) ‘Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 43: 154-69.

Acra, A., Karahagopian, Y. and Raffoul, Z. (1980) ‘Water disinfection by solar radiation’, Lancet II: 1257-8.

Acra, A., Raffoul, Z. and Karahagopian, Y. (1984) Solar Water Disinfection of Drinking Water and Oral Rehydration Solutions: Guidelines for Household Application in Developing Countries, UNICEF, New York.

Berney, M., Weilenmann, H.U., Simonetti, A. and Egli, T. (2006) ‘Efficacy of solar disinfection of E. coli, S. flexneri, S. typhimurium and V. cholerae’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 101: 828-36.

Conroy, R.M. Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (1996) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial’, Lancet 348: 1695-7.

Conroy, R.M., Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (2001). ‘Use of solar disinfection protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age’, Arch Dis Child 85: 293-5.

Hobbins, M. (2003) The SODIS Health Impact Study, PhD thesis, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland.

Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G., Elmore-Meegan, M. and Conroy, R.M. (1996) ‘Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(2): 399-402.

McGuigan, K.G., Joyce, T.M., Conroy, R.M., Gillespie, J.B. and Elmore-Meegan, M. (1998) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 84: 1138-48.

Moser, S., Heri, S. and Mosler, H.J. (2005) Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS: A Quantitative Field Study in Bolivia. Summary Report, Eawag, Duebendorf, Switzerland.

Ramteke, P.W., Pathak, S.P., Bhattacherjee, J.W. Gopal, K. and Mathur, N. (1994) ‘Evaluation of the presence-absence (P-A) test: A simplified bacteriological test for detecting coliforms in rural drinking water of India’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 33: 53-9.

Reed, R.H. (1997) ‘Solar inactivation of faecal bacteria in water: the critical role of oxygen’, Letters in Applied Microbiology 24: 276-80.

Rose, A., Roy, S., Abraham, V., Holmgren, G., George, K., Balraj, V., Abraham, S., Muliyil, J., Joseph, A., and Kang G. (2006) ‘Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in Southern India’, Arch Dis Child 91(2): 139-41.

Sommer, B., Mariño, A., Solarte, Y., Salas, M.L., Dierolf, C., Valiente, C., Mora, D., Rechsteiner, R., Setter, P., Wirojanagud, W., Ajarmeh, H., Al-Hassan, A. and Wegelin M. (1997) ‘SODIS: An emerging water treatment process’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 46: 127-37.

Wegelin M., Canonica, S., Mechsner, K., Fleischmann, T., Pesaro, F. and Metzler, A. (1994) ‘Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 43: 154-69.

Acra, A., Karahagopian, Y. and Raffoul, Z. (1980) ‘Water disinfection by solar radiation’, Lancet II: 1257-8.

Acra, A., Raffoul, Z. and Karahagopian, Y. (1984) Solar Water Disinfection of Drinking Water and Oral Rehydration Solutions: Guidelines for Household Application in Developing Countries, UNICEF, New York.

Berney, M., Weilenmann, H.U., Simonetti, A. and Egli, T. (2006) ‘Efficacy of solar disinfection of E. coli, S. flexneri, S. typhimurium and V. cholerae’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 101: 828-36.

Conroy, R.M. Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (1996) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial’, Lancet 348: 1695-7.

Conroy, R.M., Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (2001). ‘Use of solar disinfection protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age’, Arch Dis Child 85: 293-5.

Hobbins, M. (2003) The SODIS Health Impact Study, PhD thesis, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland.

Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G., Elmore-Meegan, M. and Conroy, R.M. (1996) ‘Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(2): 399-402.

McGuigan, K.G., Joyce, T.M., Conroy, R.M., Gillespie, J.B. and Elmore-Meegan, M. (1998) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 84: 1138-48.

Moser, S., Heri, S. and Mosler, H.J. (2005) Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS: A Quantitative Field Study in Bolivia. Summary Report, Eawag, Duebendorf, Switzerland.

Ramteke, P.W., Pathak, S.P., Bhattacherjee, J.W. Gopal, K. and Mathur, N. (1994) ‘Evaluation of the presence-absence (P-A) test: A simplified bacteriological test for detecting coliforms in rural drinking water of India’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 33: 53-9.

Reed, R.H. (1997) ‘Solar inactivation of faecal bacteria in water: the critical role of oxygen’, Letters in Applied Microbiology 24: 276-80.

Rose, A., Roy, S., Abraham, V., Holmgren, G., George, K., Balraj, V., Abraham, S., Muliyil, J., Joseph, A., and Kang G. (2006) ‘Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in Southern India’, Arch Dis Child 91(2): 139-41.

Sommer, B., Mariño, A., Solarte, Y., Salas, M.L., Dierolf, C., Valiente, C., Mora, D., Rechsteiner, R., Setter, P., Wirojanagud, W., Ajarmeh, H., Al-Hassan, A. and Wegelin M. (1997) ‘SODIS: An emerging water treatment process’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 46: 127-37.

Wegelin M., Canonica, S., Mechsner, K., Fleischmann, T., Pesaro, F. and Metzler, A. (1994) ‘Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 43: 154-69.

Acra, A., Karahagopian, Y. and Raffoul, Z. (1980) ‘Water disinfection by solar radiation’, Lancet II: 1257-8.

Acra, A., Raffoul, Z. and Karahagopian, Y. (1984) Solar Water Disinfection of Drinking Water and Oral Rehydration Solutions: Guidelines for Household Application in Developing Countries, UNICEF, New York.

Berney, M., Weilenmann, H.U., Simonetti, A. and Egli, T. (2006) ‘Efficacy of solar disinfection of E. coli, S. flexneri, S. typhimurium and V. cholerae’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 101: 828-36.

Conroy, R.M. Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (1996) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial’, Lancet 348: 1695-7.

Conroy, R.M., Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (2001). ‘Use of solar disinfection protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age’, Arch Dis Child 85: 293-5.

Hobbins, M. (2003) The SODIS Health Impact Study, PhD thesis, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland.

Joyce, T.M., McGuigan, K.G., Elmore-Meegan, M. and Conroy, R.M. (1996) ‘Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(2): 399-402.

McGuigan, K.G., Joyce, T.M., Conroy, R.M., Gillespie, J.B. and Elmore-Meegan, M. (1998) ‘Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process’, Journal of Applied Microbiology 84: 1138-48.

Moser, S., Heri, S. and Mosler, H.J. (2005) Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS: A Quantitative Field Study in Bolivia. Summary Report, Eawag, Duebendorf, Switzerland.

Ramteke, P.W., Pathak, S.P., Bhattacherjee, J.W. Gopal, K. and Mathur, N. (1994) ‘Evaluation of the presence-absence (P-A) test: A simplified bacteriological test for detecting coliforms in rural drinking water of India’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 33: 53-9.

Reed, R.H. (1997) ‘Solar inactivation of faecal bacteria in water: the critical role of oxygen’, Letters in Applied Microbiology 24: 276-80.

Rose, A., Roy, S., Abraham, V., Holmgren, G., George, K., Balraj, V., Abraham, S., Muliyil, J., Joseph, A., and Kang G. (2006) ‘Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in Southern India’, Arch Dis Child 91(2): 139-41.

Sommer, B., Mariño, A., Solarte, Y., Salas, M.L., Dierolf, C., Valiente, C., Mora, D., Rechsteiner, R., Setter, P., Wirojanagud, W., Ajarmeh, H., Al-Hassan, A. and Wegelin M. (1997) ‘SODIS: An emerging water treatment process’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 46: 127-37.

Wegelin M., Canonica, S., Mechsner, K., Fleischmann, T., Pesaro, F. and Metzler, A. (1994) ‘Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments’, Journal of Water Supply, Research & Technology-AQUA 43: 154-69.

Achieving long-term use of solar water disinfection in Zimbabwe

Mosler, H.-J.

Kraemer, S.M.

Johnston, R.B.

Public Health, Vol. 127 (2013), Iss. 1 P.92

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.09.001 [Citations: 23]