Realizing the potential of hand-drilled wells for rural water supplies
Globally, hundreds of thousands of hand, or manually drilled wells provide rural dwellers with water for agriculture and domestic use. The four distinct types of manual drilling are: augering, jetting, percussion and sludging, with variations on each. They are all suitable for niche hydrogeological environments. Different techniques are being utilized in over 20 countries worldwide. Despite its apparent affordability and suitability for local private enterprise, the full cost of hand-drilled wells can still be prohibitive for some end users, particularly if no income can be generated from the investment. There is need for much more collaboration between organizations involved in developing and promoting the technologies, and more lesson-learning from conventional drilling practices. Lack of proper understanding of groundwater resources is a barrier to full exploitation of the technology. More emphasis on monitoring the long-term sustainability of hand-drilled wells including proper diagnosis of the reasons for breakdown is required.Adekile, D. and Olabode, O. (2009) Hand Drilling in Nigeria, Field Note (in Press) UNICEF/RWSN. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch. http://www.rwsn.ch
Ball, P. and Carter, R.C. (2000) Specification and Drawings for the Pounder Rig, Report of DFID KAR Project R7126 ‘Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling in Africa’, Cranfield University. Available from: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp
Ball, P. and Danert, K. (1999) Hand Sludging: A Report from North West Bengal [online]. Cranfield University, UK. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097
Blankwaardt, B. (1984) Hand Drilled Wells, Rwegarulila Water Resources Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Burrows, G. (2006) ‘Design of a low cost, hand operated drill rig appropriate for adoption by sub-Saharan Africa's private sector’, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Carter, R.C. (1985) ‘Groundwater development using jetted boreholes’, Waterlines 3(3): 16-19.
Carter, R.C. (2001) Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling in Africa [online], DFID Infrastructure and Urban Development Division KAR PROJECT R7126, Final Report. Available from: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp
Carter, R.C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies: An overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply [online], Cranfield University, UK. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.5533687184 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.5533687184
Carter R.C. and Bevan J. (2008) ‘Groundwater development for poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa’, in Adelana, S.M.A. and MacDonald, A.M. (eds) Applied Groundwater Studies in Africa. Selected papers on hydrogeology 13, International Association of Hydrogeologists, CRC Press.
Cloesen, P. (2007a) EMAS Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.6936214484 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.6936214484
Cloesen, P. (2007b) Baptist Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.2809675686 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.2809675686
Cloesen, P. (2008) Baptist Well Drilling: motorized [online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6SIRaoVQZ4&NR=1 [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6SIRaoVQZ4&NR=1
Danert, K. (2006) A Brief History of Hand Drilled Wells in Niger [online], RWSN/ WSP Field Note. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2007-06-04.6706724248 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2007-06-04.6706724248
De Jongh, J. (2006) Affordable Technologies for Clean Water Supply in South East Africa [online]. Available from: http://www.arrakis.nl/reports.html [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.arrakis.nl/reports.html
DHV (1979) Shallow Wells, DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
EMAS (2005) Drinking Water Project [online]. Available from: http://emasinternational.de/english/index_e.htm [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://emasinternational.de/english/index_e.htm
Fitzgerald, C. (2007) ‘Low cost manual well drilling: applicability throughout the world’, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 39: 522.
Ikin, D. and Baumann, E. (2004) Promoting Dreams: Setting up Viable Supply Chains for Handpumps in Africa, Summary Report HTN/Skat Foundation, St Gallen, Switzerland.
Jose, J. (1988) Studies and Design Improvements of Low Cost Well Jetting, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Knight, J. (1995) Low Cost Drilling Methods: Improvements to Sludging to Penetrate Hard Layers, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Koegel, R. (1985) Self-help Wells [online], FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome. Available from: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm
Missen, C. (2007) Wellspring Africa. Available from: http://www.wellspringafrica.org [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.wellspringafrica.org
Naugle, J. (1996) Hand Augered Garden Wells [online], Lutheran World Relief. Available from: http://www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/Hand%20Augered%20Wellscolor.pdf [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/Hand%20Augered%20Wellscolor.pdf
NWP (2006) Smart Water Solutions: Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for wells, pumps, storage, irrigation and water treatment [online], Netherlands Water Partnership, Den Haag. Available from: http://www.nwp.nl/index.cfm/site/Netherlands%20Water%20Partnership/pageid/7A5FB683-B7F6-DEBB-1E3E6D2161987C34/index.cfm/publications [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.nwp.nl/index.cfm/site/Netherlands%20Water%20Partnership/pageid/7A5FB683-B7F6-DEBB-1E3E6D2161987C34/index.cfm/publications
Osola, M.J. (1992) Low Cost Well Drilling, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
PRACTICA Foundation (2005) ‘Report Phase 1: Assessment of the feasibility of manual drilling in Chad’, PRACTICA Foundation, Delft, the Netherlands.
PRACTICA Foundation (2008) ‘Inventory/Desk study on manual drilling’, PRACTICA Foundation, Delft, the Netherlands. Practicafoundation (2008) Rota sludge drilling Madagascar January 2008 [online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/user/PRACTICAfoundation [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.youtube.com/user/PRACTICAfoundation
Rautanen, S-L., Seppäla, O. and Skyttä, T. (2006) Health through Sanitation and Water Programme (HESAWA), Tanzania: Ex-post (Retrospective) Evaluation Study [online], Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), Stockholm. Available from: http://www.sida.org/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=118&a=26501&language=en_US [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.sida.org/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=118&a=26501&language=en_US
RWSN (2008) Hand Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822 [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822
Stocker, Joseph (2007) ‘Water for All low cost water well drilling, San Larenzo, Bolivia’ [online], www.waterforallinternational.org. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U229vv-McNw&NR=1 [accessed 7 January 2009]. www.waterforallinternational.org http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U229vv-McNw&NR=1
SWS Filtration (2001) The SWS Well-Jetting Technique [online]. Available from: http://www.swsfilt.co.uk/tech/tech3.htm [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.swsfilt.co.uk/tech/tech3.htm
Van Herwijnen, A. (2005a) Rota Sludge and Stone Hammer Drilling – Part 1 Drilling Manual, PRACTICA Foundation & ETC Energy, Delft, the Netherlands.
Van Herwijnen, A. (2005b) Rota Sludge and Stone Hammer Drilling – Part 2 Production Manual, PRACTICA Foundation & ETC Energy, Delft, the Netherlands.
Waller, T. (2009) Bolivian Baptist Well Drilling [online]. Available from: http://waterforallinternational.org/drillingoverview.aspx [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://waterforallinternational.org/drillingoverview.aspx
WHO/UNICEF (2008) Joint Monitoring Programme, World Health Organisation/ United Nations Children Fund, Geneva.
WSP (2000) The Growth of Private Sector Participation in Rural Water Supplies in Bangladesh. Water and Sanitation Programme, Washington, DC.
Adekile, D. and Olabode, O. (2009) Hand Drilling in Nigeria, Field Note (in Press) UNICEF/RWSN. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch. http://www.rwsn.ch
Ball, P. and Carter, R.C. (2000) Specification and Drawings for the Pounder Rig, Report of DFID KAR Project R7126 ‘Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling in Africa’, Cranfield University. Available from: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp
Ball, P. and Danert, K. (1999) Hand Sludging: A Report from North West Bengal [online]. Cranfield University, UK. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097
Blankwaardt, B. (1984) Hand Drilled Wells, Rwegarulila Water Resources Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Burrows, G. (2006) ‘Design of a low cost, hand operated drill rig appropriate for adoption by sub-Saharan Africa's private sector’, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Carter, R.C. (1985) ‘Groundwater development using jetted boreholes’, Waterlines 3(3): 16-19.
Carter, R.C. (2001) Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling in Africa [online], DFID Infrastructure and Urban Development Division KAR PROJECT R7126, Final Report. Available from: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp
Carter, R.C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies: An overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply [online], Cranfield University, UK. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.5533687184 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.5533687184
Carter R.C. and Bevan J. (2008) ‘Groundwater development for poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa’, in Adelana, S.M.A. and MacDonald, A.M. (eds) Applied Groundwater Studies in Africa. Selected papers on hydrogeology 13, International Association of Hydrogeologists, CRC Press.
Cloesen, P. (2007a) EMAS Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.6936214484 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.6936214484
Cloesen, P. (2007b) Baptist Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.2809675686 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.2809675686
Cloesen, P. (2008) Baptist Well Drilling: motorized [online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6SIRaoVQZ4&NR=1 [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6SIRaoVQZ4&NR=1
Danert, K. (2006) A Brief History of Hand Drilled Wells in Niger [online], RWSN/ WSP Field Note. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2007-06-04.6706724248 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2007-06-04.6706724248
De Jongh, J. (2006) Affordable Technologies for Clean Water Supply in South East Africa [online]. Available from: http://www.arrakis.nl/reports.html [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.arrakis.nl/reports.html
DHV (1979) Shallow Wells, DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
EMAS (2005) Drinking Water Project [online]. Available from: http://emasinternational.de/english/index_e.htm [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://emasinternational.de/english/index_e.htm
Fitzgerald, C. (2007) ‘Low cost manual well drilling: applicability throughout the world’, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 39: 522.
Ikin, D. and Baumann, E. (2004) Promoting Dreams: Setting up Viable Supply Chains for Handpumps in Africa, Summary Report HTN/Skat Foundation, St Gallen, Switzerland.
Jose, J. (1988) Studies and Design Improvements of Low Cost Well Jetting, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Knight, J. (1995) Low Cost Drilling Methods: Improvements to Sludging to Penetrate Hard Layers, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Koegel, R. (1985) Self-help Wells [online], FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome. Available from: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm
Missen, C. (2007) Wellspring Africa. Available from: http://www.wellspringafrica.org [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.wellspringafrica.org
Naugle, J. (1996) Hand Augered Garden Wells [online], Lutheran World Relief. Available from: http://www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/Hand%20Augered%20Wellscolor.pdf [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/Hand%20Augered%20Wellscolor.pdf
NWP (2006) Smart Water Solutions: Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for wells, pumps, storage, irrigation and water treatment [online], Netherlands Water Partnership, Den Haag. Available from: http://www.nwp.nl/index.cfm/site/Netherlands%20Water%20Partnership/pageid/7A5FB683-B7F6-DEBB-1E3E6D2161987C34/index.cfm/publications [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.nwp.nl/index.cfm/site/Netherlands%20Water%20Partnership/pageid/7A5FB683-B7F6-DEBB-1E3E6D2161987C34/index.cfm/publications
Osola, M.J. (1992) Low Cost Well Drilling, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
PRACTICA Foundation (2005) ‘Report Phase 1: Assessment of the feasibility of manual drilling in Chad’, PRACTICA Foundation, Delft, the Netherlands.
PRACTICA Foundation (2008) ‘Inventory/Desk study on manual drilling’, PRACTICA Foundation, Delft, the Netherlands. Practicafoundation (2008) Rota sludge drilling Madagascar January 2008 [online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/user/PRACTICAfoundation [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.youtube.com/user/PRACTICAfoundation
Rautanen, S-L., Seppäla, O. and Skyttä, T. (2006) Health through Sanitation and Water Programme (HESAWA), Tanzania: Ex-post (Retrospective) Evaluation Study [online], Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), Stockholm. Available from: http://www.sida.org/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=118&a=26501&language=en_US [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.sida.org/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=118&a=26501&language=en_US
RWSN (2008) Hand Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822 [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822
Stocker, Joseph (2007) ‘Water for All low cost water well drilling, San Larenzo, Bolivia’ [online], www.waterforallinternational.org. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U229vv-McNw&NR=1 [accessed 7 January 2009]. www.waterforallinternational.org http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U229vv-McNw&NR=1
SWS Filtration (2001) The SWS Well-Jetting Technique [online]. Available from: http://www.swsfilt.co.uk/tech/tech3.htm [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.swsfilt.co.uk/tech/tech3.htm
Van Herwijnen, A. (2005a) Rota Sludge and Stone Hammer Drilling – Part 1 Drilling Manual, PRACTICA Foundation & ETC Energy, Delft, the Netherlands.
Van Herwijnen, A. (2005b) Rota Sludge and Stone Hammer Drilling – Part 2 Production Manual, PRACTICA Foundation & ETC Energy, Delft, the Netherlands.
Waller, T. (2009) Bolivian Baptist Well Drilling [online]. Available from: http://waterforallinternational.org/drillingoverview.aspx [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://waterforallinternational.org/drillingoverview.aspx
WHO/UNICEF (2008) Joint Monitoring Programme, World Health Organisation/ United Nations Children Fund, Geneva.
WSP (2000) The Growth of Private Sector Participation in Rural Water Supplies in Bangladesh. Water and Sanitation Programme, Washington, DC.
Adekile, D. and Olabode, O. (2009) Hand Drilling in Nigeria, Field Note (in Press) UNICEF/RWSN. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch. http://www.rwsn.ch
Ball, P. and Carter, R.C. (2000) Specification and Drawings for the Pounder Rig, Report of DFID KAR Project R7126 ‘Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling in Africa’, Cranfield University. Available from: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp
Ball, P. and Danert, K. (1999) Hand Sludging: A Report from North West Bengal [online]. Cranfield University, UK. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097
Blankwaardt, B. (1984) Hand Drilled Wells, Rwegarulila Water Resources Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Burrows, G. (2006) ‘Design of a low cost, hand operated drill rig appropriate for adoption by sub-Saharan Africa's private sector’, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Carter, R.C. (1985) ‘Groundwater development using jetted boreholes’, Waterlines 3(3): 16-19.
Carter, R.C. (2001) Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling in Africa [online], DFID Infrastructure and Urban Development Division KAR PROJECT R7126, Final Report. Available from: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp
Carter, R.C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies: An overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply [online], Cranfield University, UK. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.5533687184 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.5533687184
Carter R.C. and Bevan J. (2008) ‘Groundwater development for poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa’, in Adelana, S.M.A. and MacDonald, A.M. (eds) Applied Groundwater Studies in Africa. Selected papers on hydrogeology 13, International Association of Hydrogeologists, CRC Press.
Cloesen, P. (2007a) EMAS Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.6936214484 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.6936214484
Cloesen, P. (2007b) Baptist Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.2809675686 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008-05-28.2809675686
Cloesen, P. (2008) Baptist Well Drilling: motorized [online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6SIRaoVQZ4&NR=1 [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6SIRaoVQZ4&NR=1
Danert, K. (2006) A Brief History of Hand Drilled Wells in Niger [online], RWSN/ WSP Field Note. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2007-06-04.6706724248 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2007-06-04.6706724248
De Jongh, J. (2006) Affordable Technologies for Clean Water Supply in South East Africa [online]. Available from: http://www.arrakis.nl/reports.html [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.arrakis.nl/reports.html
DHV (1979) Shallow Wells, DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
EMAS (2005) Drinking Water Project [online]. Available from: http://emasinternational.de/english/index_e.htm [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://emasinternational.de/english/index_e.htm
Fitzgerald, C. (2007) ‘Low cost manual well drilling: applicability throughout the world’, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 39: 522.
Ikin, D. and Baumann, E. (2004) Promoting Dreams: Setting up Viable Supply Chains for Handpumps in Africa, Summary Report HTN/Skat Foundation, St Gallen, Switzerland.
Jose, J. (1988) Studies and Design Improvements of Low Cost Well Jetting, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Knight, J. (1995) Low Cost Drilling Methods: Improvements to Sludging to Penetrate Hard Layers, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
Koegel, R. (1985) Self-help Wells [online], FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome. Available from: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm
Missen, C. (2007) Wellspring Africa. Available from: http://www.wellspringafrica.org [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.wellspringafrica.org
Naugle, J. (1996) Hand Augered Garden Wells [online], Lutheran World Relief. Available from: http://www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/Hand%20Augered%20Wellscolor.pdf [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/Hand%20Augered%20Wellscolor.pdf
NWP (2006) Smart Water Solutions: Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for wells, pumps, storage, irrigation and water treatment [online], Netherlands Water Partnership, Den Haag. Available from: http://www.nwp.nl/index.cfm/site/Netherlands%20Water%20Partnership/pageid/7A5FB683-B7F6-DEBB-1E3E6D2161987C34/index.cfm/publications [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.nwp.nl/index.cfm/site/Netherlands%20Water%20Partnership/pageid/7A5FB683-B7F6-DEBB-1E3E6D2161987C34/index.cfm/publications
Osola, M.J. (1992) Low Cost Well Drilling, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
PRACTICA Foundation (2005) ‘Report Phase 1: Assessment of the feasibility of manual drilling in Chad’, PRACTICA Foundation, Delft, the Netherlands.
PRACTICA Foundation (2008) ‘Inventory/Desk study on manual drilling’, PRACTICA Foundation, Delft, the Netherlands. Practicafoundation (2008) Rota sludge drilling Madagascar January 2008 [online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/user/PRACTICAfoundation [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.youtube.com/user/PRACTICAfoundation
Rautanen, S-L., Seppäla, O. and Skyttä, T. (2006) Health through Sanitation and Water Programme (HESAWA), Tanzania: Ex-post (Retrospective) Evaluation Study [online], Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), Stockholm. Available from: http://www.sida.org/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=118&a=26501&language=en_US [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.sida.org/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=118&a=26501&language=en_US
RWSN (2008) Hand Drilling [online]. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822 [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822
Stocker, Joseph (2007) ‘Water for All low cost water well drilling, San Larenzo, Bolivia’ [online], www.waterforallinternational.org. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U229vv-McNw&NR=1 [accessed 7 January 2009]. www.waterforallinternational.org http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U229vv-McNw&NR=1
SWS Filtration (2001) The SWS Well-Jetting Technique [online]. Available from: http://www.swsfilt.co.uk/tech/tech3.htm [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://www.swsfilt.co.uk/tech/tech3.htm
Van Herwijnen, A. (2005a) Rota Sludge and Stone Hammer Drilling – Part 1 Drilling Manual, PRACTICA Foundation & ETC Energy, Delft, the Netherlands.
Van Herwijnen, A. (2005b) Rota Sludge and Stone Hammer Drilling – Part 2 Production Manual, PRACTICA Foundation & ETC Energy, Delft, the Netherlands.
Waller, T. (2009) Bolivian Baptist Well Drilling [online]. Available from: http://waterforallinternational.org/drillingoverview.aspx [accessed 7 January 2009]. http://waterforallinternational.org/drillingoverview.aspx
WHO/UNICEF (2008) Joint Monitoring Programme, World Health Organisation/ United Nations Children Fund, Geneva.
WSP (2000) The Growth of Private Sector Participation in Rural Water Supplies in Bangladesh. Water and Sanitation Programme, Washington, DC.
Adekile, D. and Olabode, O. (2009) Hand Drilling in Nigeria, Field Note (in Press) UNICEF/RWSN. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch. http://www.rwsn.ch
Ball, P. and Carter, R.C. (2000) Specification and Drawings for the Pounder Rig, Report of DFID KAR Project R7126 ‘Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling in Africa’, Cranfield University. Available from: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/research/researchareas/drilling.jsp
Ball, P. and Danert, K. (1999) Hand Sludging: A Report from North West Bengal [online]. Cranfield University, UK. Available from: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097 [accessed 29 January 2009]. http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.7306798097
Blankwaardt, B. (1984) Hand Drilled Wells, Rwegarulila Water Resources Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Burrows, G. (2006) ‘Design of a low cost, hand operated drill rig appropriate for adoption by sub-Saharan Africa's private sector’, MSc thesis, Cranfield University, UK.
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