The great promise of the International Year of Sanitation
The General Assembly of the United Nations established 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation (IYS). The IYS objective was to put the global community on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal sanitation target. This paper describes how, as implemented, the IYS was a successful global advocacy and communications campaign which communicated five key messages: that access to basic sanitation improves health, generates economic development, promotes social development, helps the environment, and is universally achievable.AfricaSan (2008) ‘eThekwini Declaration’, Draft Ministerial Statement, 20 February 2008 [online] http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf
Ferriman, A. (2007) ‘BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840’, BMJ 334: 111 [online] http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, WHO, Geneva.
Jamison, D.T., Breman, J.G., Measham, A.R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D., Jha, P., Mills, A. and Musgrove, P. (eds) (2006) Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, The World Bank and Oxford University Press, New York.
The Lancet (2008) ‘Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight’, The Lancet 371(9618): 1045.
LatinoSan (2007) ‘Cali Declaration’, 16 November 2007 [online] http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf [accessed 12 July 2008]. http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf
Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health, WHO, Geneva.[Q1]
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (2007) Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI, Stockholm.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006) Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. Human Development Report, UNDP, New York.
United Nations General Assembly (2006) Resolution 192 session 61 page 2 [online] http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518 [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518
UN-Water (2008) Tackling a Global Crisis: International Year of Sanitation 2008 [online] http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf
World Bank (2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia, World Bank, Jakarta.
World Health Organization/UNICEF (2008) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, WHO, Geneva; UNICEF, New York.
AfricaSan (2008) ‘eThekwini Declaration’, Draft Ministerial Statement, 20 February 2008 [online] http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf
Ferriman, A. (2007) ‘BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840’, BMJ 334: 111 [online] http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, WHO, Geneva.
Jamison, D.T., Breman, J.G., Measham, A.R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D., Jha, P., Mills, A. and Musgrove, P. (eds) (2006) Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, The World Bank and Oxford University Press, New York.
The Lancet (2008) ‘Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight’, The Lancet 371(9618): 1045.
LatinoSan (2007) ‘Cali Declaration’, 16 November 2007 [online] http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf [accessed 12 July 2008]. http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf
Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health, WHO, Geneva.[Q1]
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (2007) Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI, Stockholm.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006) Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. Human Development Report, UNDP, New York.
United Nations General Assembly (2006) Resolution 192 session 61 page 2 [online] http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518 [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518
UN-Water (2008) Tackling a Global Crisis: International Year of Sanitation 2008 [online] http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf
World Bank (2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia, World Bank, Jakarta.
World Health Organization/UNICEF (2008) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, WHO, Geneva; UNICEF, New York.
AfricaSan (2008) ‘eThekwini Declaration’, Draft Ministerial Statement, 20 February 2008 [online] http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf
Ferriman, A. (2007) ‘BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840’, BMJ 334: 111 [online] http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, WHO, Geneva.
Jamison, D.T., Breman, J.G., Measham, A.R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D., Jha, P., Mills, A. and Musgrove, P. (eds) (2006) Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, The World Bank and Oxford University Press, New York.
The Lancet (2008) ‘Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight’, The Lancet 371(9618): 1045.
LatinoSan (2007) ‘Cali Declaration’, 16 November 2007 [online] http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf [accessed 12 July 2008]. http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf
Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health, WHO, Geneva.[Q1]
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (2007) Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI, Stockholm.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006) Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. Human Development Report, UNDP, New York.
United Nations General Assembly (2006) Resolution 192 session 61 page 2 [online] http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518 [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518
UN-Water (2008) Tackling a Global Crisis: International Year of Sanitation 2008 [online] http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf
World Bank (2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia, World Bank, Jakarta.
World Health Organization/UNICEF (2008) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, WHO, Geneva; UNICEF, New York.
AfricaSan (2008) ‘eThekwini Declaration’, Draft Ministerial Statement, 20 February 2008 [online] http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www-usa.africasan2008.net/AfricaSan%20Declaration%20draft%2013%20Feb-English%20edits%202.pdf
Ferriman, A. (2007) ‘BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840’, BMJ 334: 111 [online] http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7585/111-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=greatest+medical+advance&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, WHO, Geneva.
Jamison, D.T., Breman, J.G., Measham, A.R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D., Jha, P., Mills, A. and Musgrove, P. (eds) (2006) Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, The World Bank and Oxford University Press, New York.
The Lancet (2008) ‘Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight’, The Lancet 371(9618): 1045.
LatinoSan (2007) ‘Cali Declaration’, 16 November 2007 [online] http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf [accessed 12 July 2008]. http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/file/1119200751140_DECLARACION_DE_CALI.pdf
Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health, WHO, Geneva.[Q1]
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (2007) Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI, Stockholm.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006) Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. Human Development Report, UNDP, New York.
United Nations General Assembly (2006) Resolution 192 session 61 page 2 [online] http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518 [accessed 2 June 2008]. http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-61-192/page_2/rect_220,490_733,518
UN-Water (2008) Tackling a Global Crisis: International Year of Sanitation 2008 [online] http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf [accessed 11 July 2008]. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf
World Bank (2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia, World Bank, Jakarta.
World Health Organization/UNICEF (2008) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, WHO, Geneva; UNICEF, New York.
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