A literature review of the non-health impacts of sanitation
The health benefits are usually considered to be the most significant impacts of sanitation, but other factors are also important. This literature review examines both published and grey literature on the non-health impacts of sanitation. The main sections of this report summarize the social impacts of sanitation on women, adolescent girls, children, the disabled and the environment. Safe, private sanitation facilities can help women and girls to be secure and healthy, can encourage girls' attendance in school past puberty, can help preserve the dignity of disabled people and can improve the environment.Abrahams, N., Mathews, S. and Ramela, P. (2006) ‘Intersections of sanitation, sexual coercion and girls' safety in schools’, TMIH 11: 751-6.
Adolescent girls program (2000) A program to empower adolescent girls from rural poor families, Center for Mass Education in Science, Bangladesh.
Ahmad, M., Malik, M. and Shrestha, B. (2001) ‘School sanitation, UNICEF's experiences in Pakistan’, 27th WEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia.
Bannister, M. (2004) ‘Disability and gender in rural sanitation’, 30th WEDC Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Bannister, M., Hannan, M.D., Jones, H., Menya, C., Safu, C. and Musenyente, E. (2005) ‘Water and sanitation for all: Practical ways to improves accessibility for disabled people’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Bapat, M. and Agarwal, I. (2003) ‘Our needs, our priorities; women & men from the slums in Mumbai and Pune talk abut their needs for water and sanitation’, Environment and Urbanisation 15:71-86.
Bharadwaj, S. and Patkar, A. (2004) Menstrual Hygiene and Management in Developing Countries: Taking Stock, Junction Social, Social Development Consultants, Mumbai.
Bitature, A. and Barabwoha, C. (2005) ‘Girls education movement clubs in school hygiene and sanitation promotion’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Bolt, E., Shordt, K. and Krukkert, I. (2006) School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Results from the Assessment of a 6-country Pilot Project, UNICEF and IRC, International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft.
Brewster, M.M., Herrmann, T.M., Bleisch, B. and Pearl, R. (2006) A Gender Perspective on Water Resources and Sanitation, Background Paper No.2, Interagency Task Force on Gender and Water.
Burgers, L. (2000) Background and Rationale for School Sanitation and Hygiene Education, UNICEF, New York.
Cairncross, S. (1999) ‘Why Promote Sanitation?’ WELL Fact Sheet [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/wps.htm [accessed 11 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/wps.htm
Casella, D. (2004) ‘Gender and Poverty’, WELL Fact Sheet [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/Gender.htm [accessed 11 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/Gender.htm
D'Souza, B.J. (2005) ‘Drivers for the Uptake of Ecological Sanitation in Embangweni, Malawi’, MSc thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Doyle, B.A. (1995) ‘Increasing education and other opportunities for girls and women with water, sanitation & hygiene’, Waterfront (Women, Water & Environmental Sanitation Special Issue) August 1995.
Fisher, J. (2004) WELL Briefing Note 6: MDGs Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Delivery Outcomes across the MDGs, ‘What water, sanitation and hygiene can do’ [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN%20Environmental%20Sustainability.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN%20Environmental%20Sustainability.htm
Foondun, A.R. (1998) ‘Effects of poor sanitation on private-tuition children’, 24th WEDC Conference, Sanitation and Water For All, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Hannan, M.D. (2005) ‘Practical ways to improve accessibility for disabled people. 1 - Accessible hand pumps and sanitary latrines for disabled people in Bangladesh’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Hutton, G., Haller, L. and Bartram, J. (2006) ‘Economic and health effects of increasing coverage of low cost water and sanitation’, Occasional Paper 2006/33, report prepared for the UNDP Human Development Report 2006, UNDP.
IRC Water and Sanitation Centre (2004) ‘Symposium proceedings and framework for action’, School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Symposium. The Way Forward: Construction is not Enough, Delft, The Netherlands, 8-10 June 2004.
IRC Water and Sanitation Centre (2006) ‘Girl friendly toilets for Schoolgirls’ case study developed by IRC under the SSHE Global Sharing project.
IWA (2003) ‘Ecosan: A realistic tool to achieve the Millennium Development Goals’, 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation, Lübeck, Germany, April 2003.
Jenkins, M. and Curtis, V. (2005) ‘Achieving the “good life”: Why some people want latrines in rural Benin’, Social Science and Medicine 61: 2446-59.
Jenkins, M. and Scott, B. (2007) ‘Behavioural indicators of household decision making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana’, Social Science and Medicine, Volume 64 issue 12.
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A. (2003) Report of Field Work in Bangladesh: Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Use by Physically Disabled People, DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups: Designing Services to Improve Accessibility, DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Jones, H.E., Reed, R.A. and House, S.J. (2003) Report of Field Work in Cambodia: Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Use by Physically Disabled People. DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Lionde, R. (2004) ‘Scaling up school sanitation and hygiene promotion and gender concerns’, School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Symposium. The Way Forward: Construction is not Enough! Delft, the Netherlands, 8-10 June 2004.
Maili Saba Research Report (2005) Livelihood and Gender in Sanitation and Hygiene Water Services Among the Urban Poor, ITDG and ODI. Manandhar, D.R. and Shiawakoti, N. (2004) ‘Piloting ecological sanitation toilets in a peri urban community of Nepal’, 30th WEDC Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Mulenga, M., Manase, G. and Fawcett, B. (2001) An Analysis of Sanitation Policies in Southern Africa: The Case of Gender Policies in Sanitation in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Ngales, M. (2007) ‘Sanitation provision in Ethiopia's regional schools: Girls’ and women's experiences’, Waterlines 25: 3.
Ofong, I. (2001) ‘Women's rights in water and sanitation issues’, 27th WEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia.
Ogbodo, C. (2003) ‘Gender mainstreaming in water and sanitation challenges’, 29th WEDC Conference, Abuja, Nigeria.
Rukunga, G. and Mutethia, D. (2006) WELL Fact Sheet Regional Annex East Africa School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE) [Online] www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/RSA%20SSHE%20Kenya.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/RSA%20SSHE%20Kenya.htm
Sidibe, M. (1999) ‘School sanitation and hygiene in Uganda - the challenge’, MSc thesis, executive summary, Loughborough University, UK.
Smet, J. Lucia, M. and Borba, G. (2005) Enhancing Livelihoods through Sanitation, draft, IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft.
Snel, M. and Shordt, K. (2005) ‘The evidence to support hygiene, sanitation and water in schools’, Waterlines Volume 23 Number 3.
Sugden, S. (2003) One Step Closer to Sustainable Sanitation: The Experiences of an Eco Sanitation Project in Malawi, WaterAid, Malawi.
Suwaiba, Y.J. (2003) ‘Water and sanitation problems faced by women in seclusion’, 29th WEDC Conference, Abuja, Nigeria.
Trend, V.T. (2006) WELL Fact Sheet Regional Annex Ghana School Sanitation and Hygiene Education [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/factsheets/fact-sheets-htm/RSA%20School%20sanitation.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/factsheets/fact-sheets-htm/RSA%20School%20sanitation.htm
UNICEF (1994) Evaluation of the Use and Maintenance of Water Supply and Sanitation System in Primary Schools, Consulting Services & Associates of Dhaka for Department of Public Health Engineering, Department of Primary Education and UNICEF.
UNICEF (1998) Towards Better Programming: A Manual on School Sanitation and Hygiene, Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series no. 5, UNICEF in collaboration with IRC, Delft, The Netherlands.
UNICEF (2003) Children in Iraq Report.
UNICEF (2004) ‘Government of India Child's Environment Programme 1999- 2003 Annexes to Part 1 - Evaluation Report’ WELL.
UNICEF/IRC (2005) ‘Water, Sanitation and Hygiene education for Schools. Roundtable Proceedings and Framework for Action’ [Online] http://www.unicef.org/wes/files/SSHE.OxfordRoundTable_2005.pdf http://www.unicef.org/wes/files/SSHE.OxfordRoundTable_2005.pdf
VERC (Village Education Resource Center) (2002) Shifting Millions from Open Defecation to Hygienic Latrines, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
WaterAid Ethiopia/UNICEF/VSO (2005) ‘Sanitation Provision in Benishangul- Gumuz Region State (BGRS) Schools: Girls and Women's Experiences.’
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) (2002) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme.
WELL Briefing Note 12 (2005) ‘Why Should the Water and Sanitation Sector Consider Disabled People?’ [Online] http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJY3%20-%20WSS%20Special%20Needs/www/outputs/WELL%20Briefing%20Note%2012%20A3%20(5Mb).pdf [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJY3%20-%20WSS%20Special%20Needs/www/outputs/WELL%20Briefing%20Note%2012%20A3%20(5Mb).pdf
WELL Briefing Note 25 (2005) ‘What is Good for Women is Good for All’, [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN25%20Good%20for%20women.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN25%20Good%20for%20women.htm
Women, Water Supply and Sanitation Training Seminar (1994) Technical Session 6: Guyana, UN International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women.
World Bank (2005) ‘Toolkit on Hygiene, Sanitation and Water in Schools’ [Online] http://www.schoolsanitation.org/ [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.schoolsanitation.org/
WSP (2004) Case for Water and Sanitation, Sector Finance Working Papers: No.11, WSP, Washington, DC.
WSSCC (2006) ‘For her it's the big issue’ [Online] http://www.wsscc.org [accessed 14 April 2007] Waterlines http://www.wsscc.org
Abrahams, N., Mathews, S. and Ramela, P. (2006) ‘Intersections of sanitation, sexual coercion and girls' safety in schools’, TMIH 11: 751-6.
Adolescent girls program (2000) A program to empower adolescent girls from rural poor families, Center for Mass Education in Science, Bangladesh.
Ahmad, M., Malik, M. and Shrestha, B. (2001) ‘School sanitation, UNICEF's experiences in Pakistan’, 27th WEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia.
Bannister, M. (2004) ‘Disability and gender in rural sanitation’, 30th WEDC Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Bannister, M., Hannan, M.D., Jones, H., Menya, C., Safu, C. and Musenyente, E. (2005) ‘Water and sanitation for all: Practical ways to improves accessibility for disabled people’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Bapat, M. and Agarwal, I. (2003) ‘Our needs, our priorities; women & men from the slums in Mumbai and Pune talk abut their needs for water and sanitation’, Environment and Urbanisation 15:71-86.
Bharadwaj, S. and Patkar, A. (2004) Menstrual Hygiene and Management in Developing Countries: Taking Stock, Junction Social, Social Development Consultants, Mumbai.
Bitature, A. and Barabwoha, C. (2005) ‘Girls education movement clubs in school hygiene and sanitation promotion’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Bolt, E., Shordt, K. and Krukkert, I. (2006) School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Results from the Assessment of a 6-country Pilot Project, UNICEF and IRC, International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft.
Brewster, M.M., Herrmann, T.M., Bleisch, B. and Pearl, R. (2006) A Gender Perspective on Water Resources and Sanitation, Background Paper No.2, Interagency Task Force on Gender and Water.
Burgers, L. (2000) Background and Rationale for School Sanitation and Hygiene Education, UNICEF, New York.
Cairncross, S. (1999) ‘Why Promote Sanitation?’ WELL Fact Sheet [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/wps.htm [accessed 11 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/wps.htm
Casella, D. (2004) ‘Gender and Poverty’, WELL Fact Sheet [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/Gender.htm [accessed 11 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/Gender.htm
D'Souza, B.J. (2005) ‘Drivers for the Uptake of Ecological Sanitation in Embangweni, Malawi’, MSc thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Doyle, B.A. (1995) ‘Increasing education and other opportunities for girls and women with water, sanitation & hygiene’, Waterfront (Women, Water & Environmental Sanitation Special Issue) August 1995.
Fisher, J. (2004) WELL Briefing Note 6: MDGs Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Delivery Outcomes across the MDGs, ‘What water, sanitation and hygiene can do’ [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN%20Environmental%20Sustainability.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN%20Environmental%20Sustainability.htm
Foondun, A.R. (1998) ‘Effects of poor sanitation on private-tuition children’, 24th WEDC Conference, Sanitation and Water For All, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Hannan, M.D. (2005) ‘Practical ways to improve accessibility for disabled people. 1 - Accessible hand pumps and sanitary latrines for disabled people in Bangladesh’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Hutton, G., Haller, L. and Bartram, J. (2006) ‘Economic and health effects of increasing coverage of low cost water and sanitation’, Occasional Paper 2006/33, report prepared for the UNDP Human Development Report 2006, UNDP.
IRC Water and Sanitation Centre (2004) ‘Symposium proceedings and framework for action’, School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Symposium. The Way Forward: Construction is not Enough, Delft, The Netherlands, 8-10 June 2004.
IRC Water and Sanitation Centre (2006) ‘Girl friendly toilets for Schoolgirls’ case study developed by IRC under the SSHE Global Sharing project.
IWA (2003) ‘Ecosan: A realistic tool to achieve the Millennium Development Goals’, 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation, Lübeck, Germany, April 2003.
Jenkins, M. and Curtis, V. (2005) ‘Achieving the “good life”: Why some people want latrines in rural Benin’, Social Science and Medicine 61: 2446-59.
Jenkins, M. and Scott, B. (2007) ‘Behavioural indicators of household decision making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana’, Social Science and Medicine, Volume 64 issue 12.
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A. (2003) Report of Field Work in Bangladesh: Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Use by Physically Disabled People, DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups: Designing Services to Improve Accessibility, DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Jones, H.E., Reed, R.A. and House, S.J. (2003) Report of Field Work in Cambodia: Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Use by Physically Disabled People. DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Lionde, R. (2004) ‘Scaling up school sanitation and hygiene promotion and gender concerns’, School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Symposium. The Way Forward: Construction is not Enough! Delft, the Netherlands, 8-10 June 2004.
Maili Saba Research Report (2005) Livelihood and Gender in Sanitation and Hygiene Water Services Among the Urban Poor, ITDG and ODI. Manandhar, D.R. and Shiawakoti, N. (2004) ‘Piloting ecological sanitation toilets in a peri urban community of Nepal’, 30th WEDC Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Mulenga, M., Manase, G. and Fawcett, B. (2001) An Analysis of Sanitation Policies in Southern Africa: The Case of Gender Policies in Sanitation in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Ngales, M. (2007) ‘Sanitation provision in Ethiopia's regional schools: Girls’ and women's experiences’, Waterlines 25: 3.
Ofong, I. (2001) ‘Women's rights in water and sanitation issues’, 27th WEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia.
Ogbodo, C. (2003) ‘Gender mainstreaming in water and sanitation challenges’, 29th WEDC Conference, Abuja, Nigeria.
Rukunga, G. and Mutethia, D. (2006) WELL Fact Sheet Regional Annex East Africa School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE) [Online] www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/RSA%20SSHE%20Kenya.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/RSA%20SSHE%20Kenya.htm
Sidibe, M. (1999) ‘School sanitation and hygiene in Uganda - the challenge’, MSc thesis, executive summary, Loughborough University, UK.
Smet, J. Lucia, M. and Borba, G. (2005) Enhancing Livelihoods through Sanitation, draft, IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft.
Snel, M. and Shordt, K. (2005) ‘The evidence to support hygiene, sanitation and water in schools’, Waterlines Volume 23 Number 3.
Sugden, S. (2003) One Step Closer to Sustainable Sanitation: The Experiences of an Eco Sanitation Project in Malawi, WaterAid, Malawi.
Suwaiba, Y.J. (2003) ‘Water and sanitation problems faced by women in seclusion’, 29th WEDC Conference, Abuja, Nigeria.
Trend, V.T. (2006) WELL Fact Sheet Regional Annex Ghana School Sanitation and Hygiene Education [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/factsheets/fact-sheets-htm/RSA%20School%20sanitation.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/factsheets/fact-sheets-htm/RSA%20School%20sanitation.htm
UNICEF (1994) Evaluation of the Use and Maintenance of Water Supply and Sanitation System in Primary Schools, Consulting Services & Associates of Dhaka for Department of Public Health Engineering, Department of Primary Education and UNICEF.
UNICEF (1998) Towards Better Programming: A Manual on School Sanitation and Hygiene, Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series no. 5, UNICEF in collaboration with IRC, Delft, The Netherlands.
UNICEF (2003) Children in Iraq Report.
UNICEF (2004) ‘Government of India Child's Environment Programme 1999- 2003 Annexes to Part 1 - Evaluation Report’ WELL.
UNICEF/IRC (2005) ‘Water, Sanitation and Hygiene education for Schools. Roundtable Proceedings and Framework for Action’ [Online] http://www.unicef.org/wes/files/SSHE.OxfordRoundTable_2005.pdf http://www.unicef.org/wes/files/SSHE.OxfordRoundTable_2005.pdf
VERC (Village Education Resource Center) (2002) Shifting Millions from Open Defecation to Hygienic Latrines, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
WaterAid Ethiopia/UNICEF/VSO (2005) ‘Sanitation Provision in Benishangul- Gumuz Region State (BGRS) Schools: Girls and Women's Experiences.’
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) (2002) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme.
WELL Briefing Note 12 (2005) ‘Why Should the Water and Sanitation Sector Consider Disabled People?’ [Online] http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJY3%20-%20WSS%20Special%20Needs/www/outputs/WELL%20Briefing%20Note%2012%20A3%20(5Mb).pdf [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJY3%20-%20WSS%20Special%20Needs/www/outputs/WELL%20Briefing%20Note%2012%20A3%20(5Mb).pdf
WELL Briefing Note 25 (2005) ‘What is Good for Women is Good for All’, [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN25%20Good%20for%20women.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN25%20Good%20for%20women.htm
Women, Water Supply and Sanitation Training Seminar (1994) Technical Session 6: Guyana, UN International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women.
World Bank (2005) ‘Toolkit on Hygiene, Sanitation and Water in Schools’ [Online] http://www.schoolsanitation.org/ [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.schoolsanitation.org/
WSP (2004) Case for Water and Sanitation, Sector Finance Working Papers: No.11, WSP, Washington, DC.
WSSCC (2006) ‘For her it's the big issue’ [Online] http://www.wsscc.org [accessed 14 April 2007] Waterlines http://www.wsscc.org
Abrahams, N., Mathews, S. and Ramela, P. (2006) ‘Intersections of sanitation, sexual coercion and girls' safety in schools’, TMIH 11: 751-6.
Adolescent girls program (2000) A program to empower adolescent girls from rural poor families, Center for Mass Education in Science, Bangladesh.
Ahmad, M., Malik, M. and Shrestha, B. (2001) ‘School sanitation, UNICEF's experiences in Pakistan’, 27th WEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia.
Bannister, M. (2004) ‘Disability and gender in rural sanitation’, 30th WEDC Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Bannister, M., Hannan, M.D., Jones, H., Menya, C., Safu, C. and Musenyente, E. (2005) ‘Water and sanitation for all: Practical ways to improves accessibility for disabled people’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Bapat, M. and Agarwal, I. (2003) ‘Our needs, our priorities; women & men from the slums in Mumbai and Pune talk abut their needs for water and sanitation’, Environment and Urbanisation 15:71-86.
Bharadwaj, S. and Patkar, A. (2004) Menstrual Hygiene and Management in Developing Countries: Taking Stock, Junction Social, Social Development Consultants, Mumbai.
Bitature, A. and Barabwoha, C. (2005) ‘Girls education movement clubs in school hygiene and sanitation promotion’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Bolt, E., Shordt, K. and Krukkert, I. (2006) School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Results from the Assessment of a 6-country Pilot Project, UNICEF and IRC, International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft.
Brewster, M.M., Herrmann, T.M., Bleisch, B. and Pearl, R. (2006) A Gender Perspective on Water Resources and Sanitation, Background Paper No.2, Interagency Task Force on Gender and Water.
Burgers, L. (2000) Background and Rationale for School Sanitation and Hygiene Education, UNICEF, New York.
Cairncross, S. (1999) ‘Why Promote Sanitation?’ WELL Fact Sheet [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/wps.htm [accessed 11 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/wps.htm
Casella, D. (2004) ‘Gender and Poverty’, WELL Fact Sheet [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/Gender.htm [accessed 11 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/Gender.htm
D'Souza, B.J. (2005) ‘Drivers for the Uptake of Ecological Sanitation in Embangweni, Malawi’, MSc thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Doyle, B.A. (1995) ‘Increasing education and other opportunities for girls and women with water, sanitation & hygiene’, Waterfront (Women, Water & Environmental Sanitation Special Issue) August 1995.
Fisher, J. (2004) WELL Briefing Note 6: MDGs Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Delivery Outcomes across the MDGs, ‘What water, sanitation and hygiene can do’ [Online] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN%20Environmental%20Sustainability.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN%20Environmental%20Sustainability.htm
Foondun, A.R. (1998) ‘Effects of poor sanitation on private-tuition children’, 24th WEDC Conference, Sanitation and Water For All, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Hannan, M.D. (2005) ‘Practical ways to improve accessibility for disabled people. 1 - Accessible hand pumps and sanitary latrines for disabled people in Bangladesh’, 31st WEDC Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Hutton, G., Haller, L. and Bartram, J. (2006) ‘Economic and health effects of increasing coverage of low cost water and sanitation’, Occasional Paper 2006/33, report prepared for the UNDP Human Development Report 2006, UNDP.
IRC Water and Sanitation Centre (2004) ‘Symposium proceedings and framework for action’, School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Symposium. The Way Forward: Construction is not Enough, Delft, The Netherlands, 8-10 June 2004.
IRC Water and Sanitation Centre (2006) ‘Girl friendly toilets for Schoolgirls’ case study developed by IRC under the SSHE Global Sharing project.
IWA (2003) ‘Ecosan: A realistic tool to achieve the Millennium Development Goals’, 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation, Lübeck, Germany, April 2003.
Jenkins, M. and Curtis, V. (2005) ‘Achieving the “good life”: Why some people want latrines in rural Benin’, Social Science and Medicine 61: 2446-59.
Jenkins, M. and Scott, B. (2007) ‘Behavioural indicators of household decision making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana’, Social Science and Medicine, Volume 64 issue 12.
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A. (2003) Report of Field Work in Bangladesh: Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Use by Physically Disabled People, DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups: Designing Services to Improve Accessibility, DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Jones, H.E., Reed, R.A. and House, S.J. (2003) Report of Field Work in Cambodia: Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Use by Physically Disabled People. DFID, London and WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Lionde, R. (2004) ‘Scaling up school sanitation and hygiene promotion and gender concerns’, School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Symposium. The Way Forward: Construction is not Enough! Delft, the Netherlands, 8-10 June 2004.
Maili Saba Research Report (2005) Livelihood and Gender in Sanitation and Hygiene Water Services Among the Urban Poor, ITDG and ODI. Manandhar, D.R. and Shiawakoti, N. (2004) ‘Piloting ecological sanitation toilets in a peri urban community of Nepal’, 30th WEDC Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Mulenga, M., Manase, G. and Fawcett, B. (2001) An Analysis of Sanitation Policies in Southern Africa: The Case of Gender Policies in Sanitation in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, WEDC, Loughborough, UK.
Ngales, M. (2007) ‘Sanitation provision in Ethiopia's regional schools: Girls’ and women's experiences’, Waterlines 25: 3.
Ofong, I. (2001) ‘Women's rights in water and sanitation issues’, 27th WEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia.
Ogbodo, C. (2003) ‘Gender mainstreaming in water and sanitation challenges’, 29th WEDC Conference, Abuja, Nigeria.
Rukunga, G. and Mutethia, D. (2006) WELL Fact Sheet Regional Annex East Africa School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE) [Online] www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/RSA%20SSHE%20Kenya.htm [accessed 12 December 2007]. www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/RSA%20SSHE%20Kenya.htm
Sidibe, M. (1999) ‘School sanitation and hygiene in Uganda - the challenge’, MSc thesis, executive summary, Loughborough University, UK.
Smet, J. Lucia, M. and Borba, G. (2005) Enhancing Livelihoods through Sanitation, draft, IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft.
Snel, M. and Shordt, K. (2005) ‘The evidence to support hygiene, sanitation and water in schools’, Waterlines Volume 23 Number 3.
Sugden, S. (2003) One Step Closer to Sustainable Sanitation: The Experiences of an Eco Sanitation Project in Malawi, WaterAid, Malawi.
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Cloete, Elene
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