Sanitation: on- or off-track? Issues of monitoring sanitation and the role of the Joint Monitoring Programme
The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO and UNICEF has reported progress in drinking-water and sanitation periodically since 1990 and is the United Nations mechanism for tracking MDG Target 10. This paper outlines a number of aspects of monitoring sanitation including different approaches and tools; it describes the way that JMP operates and considers both its strengths and limitations.Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level, WHO, Geneva.
International Water Association (2006) Sanitation 21: Simple approaches to complex sanitation http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf
Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (2003) Water and Sanitation in Uganda – Measuring Performance for Improved Service Delivery, MoWLE Kampala Uganda.
Thomson, M., Okuni, P., Sansom, K. (2005) ‘Maximising the benefits from water and environmental sanitation’ in Proceedings of the 31st WEDC Conference, 130–137, WEDC, Loughborough University.
UNDP (1990) ‘Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s: Background Paper’, New Delhi, India.
WaterAid (2001) Looking Back – the long term impacts of water and sanitation projects, WaterAid, London http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2005) Water supply and Sanitation in Africa: How to measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals? WSP internal paper, Nairobi.
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2006) Is Africa on target to meet the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation in Africa? Status overview of 16 African countries, WSP-Africa, Nairobi.
WELL (2006) National sector performance monitoring and evaluation in water and sanitation in Uganda, WELL Briefing Note 7.1 WEDC Loughborough University http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf
WHO (1990) The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade: End of Decade review (as at December 1990), CWS Unit, Division of Environmental Health, WHO, Geneva. WHO (2006a) Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Geneva http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD
WHO (2006b) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition, incorporating first addendum, Geneva http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006a) MDG Assessment Report 2006 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006b) Coverage estimates – improved sanitation for Ghana http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2000) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report 2000 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html (accessed 29/10/07) http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html
Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level, WHO, Geneva.
International Water Association (2006) Sanitation 21: Simple approaches to complex sanitation http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf
Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (2003) Water and Sanitation in Uganda – Measuring Performance for Improved Service Delivery, MoWLE Kampala Uganda.
Thomson, M., Okuni, P., Sansom, K. (2005) ‘Maximising the benefits from water and environmental sanitation’ in Proceedings of the 31st WEDC Conference, 130–137, WEDC, Loughborough University.
UNDP (1990) ‘Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s: Background Paper’, New Delhi, India.
WaterAid (2001) Looking Back – the long term impacts of water and sanitation projects, WaterAid, London http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2005) Water supply and Sanitation in Africa: How to measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals? WSP internal paper, Nairobi.
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2006) Is Africa on target to meet the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation in Africa? Status overview of 16 African countries, WSP-Africa, Nairobi.
WELL (2006) National sector performance monitoring and evaluation in water and sanitation in Uganda, WELL Briefing Note 7.1 WEDC Loughborough University http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf
WHO (1990) The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade: End of Decade review (as at December 1990), CWS Unit, Division of Environmental Health, WHO, Geneva. WHO (2006a) Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Geneva http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD
WHO (2006b) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition, incorporating first addendum, Geneva http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006a) MDG Assessment Report 2006 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006b) Coverage estimates – improved sanitation for Ghana http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2000) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report 2000 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html (accessed 29/10/07) http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html
Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level, WHO, Geneva.
International Water Association (2006) Sanitation 21: Simple approaches to complex sanitation http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf
Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (2003) Water and Sanitation in Uganda – Measuring Performance for Improved Service Delivery, MoWLE Kampala Uganda.
Thomson, M., Okuni, P., Sansom, K. (2005) ‘Maximising the benefits from water and environmental sanitation’ in Proceedings of the 31st WEDC Conference, 130–137, WEDC, Loughborough University.
UNDP (1990) ‘Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s: Background Paper’, New Delhi, India.
WaterAid (2001) Looking Back – the long term impacts of water and sanitation projects, WaterAid, London http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2005) Water supply and Sanitation in Africa: How to measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals? WSP internal paper, Nairobi.
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2006) Is Africa on target to meet the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation in Africa? Status overview of 16 African countries, WSP-Africa, Nairobi.
WELL (2006) National sector performance monitoring and evaluation in water and sanitation in Uganda, WELL Briefing Note 7.1 WEDC Loughborough University http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf
WHO (1990) The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade: End of Decade review (as at December 1990), CWS Unit, Division of Environmental Health, WHO, Geneva. WHO (2006a) Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Geneva http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD
WHO (2006b) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition, incorporating first addendum, Geneva http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006a) MDG Assessment Report 2006 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006b) Coverage estimates – improved sanitation for Ghana http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2000) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report 2000 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html (accessed 29/10/07) http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html
Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level, WHO, Geneva.
International Water Association (2006) Sanitation 21: Simple approaches to complex sanitation http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf http://www.iwahq.org/uploads/iwa%20hq/website%20files/task%20forces/sanitation%2021/Sanitation21v2.pdf
Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (2003) Water and Sanitation in Uganda – Measuring Performance for Improved Service Delivery, MoWLE Kampala Uganda.
Thomson, M., Okuni, P., Sansom, K. (2005) ‘Maximising the benefits from water and environmental sanitation’ in Proceedings of the 31st WEDC Conference, 130–137, WEDC, Loughborough University.
UNDP (1990) ‘Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s: Background Paper’, New Delhi, India.
WaterAid (2001) Looking Back – the long term impacts of water and sanitation projects, WaterAid, London http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf http://www.wateraid.org/documents/lookingback.pdf
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2005) Water supply and Sanitation in Africa: How to measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals? WSP internal paper, Nairobi.
Water and Sanitation Programme – Africa (2006) Is Africa on target to meet the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation in Africa? Status overview of 16 African countries, WSP-Africa, Nairobi.
WELL (2006) National sector performance monitoring and evaluation in water and sanitation in Uganda, WELL Briefing Note 7.1 WEDC Loughborough University http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WELL%20BN71%206pages%20No%20Crops.pdf
WHO (1990) The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade: End of Decade review (as at December 1990), CWS Unit, Division of Environmental Health, WHO, Geneva. WHO (2006a) Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Geneva http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/GBD
WHO (2006b) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition, incorporating first addendum, Geneva http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006a) MDG Assessment Report 2006 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_MDG2006.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2006b) Coverage estimates – improved sanitation for Ghana http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/GHA_san.pdf
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2000) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report 2000 http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html http://www.wssinfo.org/en/411_ga2000.html
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html (accessed 29/10/07) http://www.wssinfo.org/en/121_jmpIntro.html
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