Across Brazil, including the water rich Amazon region, access to safe drinking water remains a challenge and rainwater harvesting has gained credibility as a technological solution. Complementing a more techno-centric approach, this practice paper analyses initial findings from an ‘immersion’ that was undertaken in August 2017 on Paquetá and surrounding islands located on the periphery of Belém (Schiffer and Swan, 2018), through the proposed urban island water metabolism framework. As such, the research draws on the ‘urban metabolism’ concept which can be described as socio-technical, socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-ecological flows including water resources, people, and information in, out, and within the urban environment. Here, this has been adapted to ‘urban island water metabolisms’. The research highlights the value of more holistic and situated understanding of water systems in urban island contexts including: the role of intra-island networks that operate beyond municipal borders, accessibility in the contexts of ever changing water levels, and seasonal dimensions. The paper recommends longer-term and comparative research to further the understanding of the specific needs and challenges for water management in these peripheral contexts and to strengthen the urban island water metabolism concept.

Agudelo-Vera, C.M., Leduc, W.R.W.A., Mels, A.R. and Rijnaarts, H.H.M. (2012) ‘Harvesting urban resources towards more resilient cities’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 64: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.014>.

Andrade, C.G. (2012) Aproveitamento de água da chuva para abastecimento em área rural na Amazônia. Estudo de caso: ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belém-Pará [online], Masters dissertation, UFPA, Belém <https://www.dropbox.com/s/rokvaezd29k0br1/Andrade%202012.pdf?dl=0> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Belém (2014) Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico de Abastecimento de Água e Esgotamento Sanitário de Belém – Pará, Vol.2, Concepções Técnicas e Proposições [pdf] <http://ww3.belem.pa.gov.br/www/wp-content/uploads/PMSB-Bel%C3%A9m-PA_Volume-II2.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Bordalo, C.A.L. (2016) ‘La paradoja del agua en la Amazonia brasileña. El pueblo sin agua en la región de las aguas’ [The paradox of water in the Brazilian Amazon: people without water in the region of waters], América Latina Hoy 74: 81–95 <https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2016748195>.

Bordalo, C.A. (2017). ‘O paradoxo da água na região das águas: o caso da Amazônia brasileira’, Geo-USP Espaço e Tempo 21(1): 120–37 <https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2017.107531>.

Cardoso-Castro, P., Swan, A. and Mendes, R. (2017) ’Stakeholders’ structural factors affecting the implementation of rainwater systems in the Amazon: the case of Belém’, International Sustainable Ecological Engineering Design for Society (SEEDS) Conference, 13–14 September 2017, Leeds, UK.

Chambers, R. (2012) Provocations for Development, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Costa, H.C., Botta, A. and Cardille, J.A. (2003) ‘Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia’, Journal of Hydrology 283(1–4): 206–17 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00267-1>.

Cousins, J.J. and Newell, J.P. (2015) ‘A political-industrial ecology of water supply infrastructure for Los Angeles’, Geoforum 58: 38–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.10.011>.

Currie, P.K. and Musango, J.K. (2016) ‘African urbanization: assimilating urban metabolism into sustainability discourse and practice’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 21(5): 1262–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12517>.

Dias, A.D. (2013) A Sustentabilidade de Tecnologias Sociais de Abastecimento de Água da Chuva: O Caso de Comunidades Insulares de Belém-PA [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém, UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/5256/1/Dissertacao_SustentabilidadeTecnologiasSociais.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Do Nascimento, T.V., Fernandes, L.L. and Yoshino, G.H. (2016) ‘Potencial de aproveitamento de água de chuva na Universidade Federal do Pará – Belém/PA’ [Potential of rainwater harvesting in the Federal University of Pará – Belém/PA], Revista Monografias Ambientais 15(1): 105–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/22361308>.

Doss-Gollin, J., De Souza Filho, F. and Da Silva, F.O.E. (2016) ‘Analytic modeling of rainwater harvesting in the Brazilian semiarid northeast’, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 52(1): 129–37 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12376>.

European Development Agency (2015) Urban Sustainability Issues: What Is a Resource-Efficient City? Copenhagen: European Development Agency.

Ghisi, E. (2006) ‘Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Brazil’, Building and Environment 41: 1544–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.018>.

Gomes, U.A.F., Heller, L., Cairncross, S., Domenèch, L. and Pena, J.L. (2014) ‘Subsidizing the sustainability of rural water supply: the experience of the Brazilian rural rainwater-harvesting programme’, Water International 39(5): 606–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.951255>.

Goncalves, C. (2012) Aproveitamento De Agua Da Chuva Para Abastecimento Em Area Rural Da Amazonia, Estudo De Caso: Ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belem-Para, NUMA.

Greene, M. and Schiffer, A. (2018) ‘Learning from past and current energy transitions to build sustainable and resilient energy futures: from Ireland and The Gambia’, in P. Sumpf and C. Buscher (eds), SHAPE ENERGY Research Design Challenge: Control, Change and Capacity-Building in Energy Systems, Cambridge: SHAPE ENERGY.

Gregório, A.M.S. and Mendes, A.C. (2009) ‘Bathymetry and sedimentology of Guajará Bay, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil’, Amazônia Ciência e Desenvolvimento 5(9) <http://repositorio.museu-goeldi.br/bitstream/mgoeldi/369/1/Amaz%C3%B4nia%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Desenvolvimento%205%289%29%202009%20GREGORIO.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Grojec, A. (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 2017: Update and SDG Baselines, New York: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund.

Hermanowicz, W.S. and Takashi, A. (1999) ‘Abel Wolman’s “The Metabolism of Cities” revisited: a case for water recycling and reuse’, Water Science and Technology 40(4–5): 29–36.

Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007) ‘The changing metabolism of cities’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 2(11): 43–59 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107>.

Klindworth, K., Djurasovic, A., Knieling, J. and Säwert, K. (2017) ‘From linear to circular: challenges for changing urban metabolism?! An analysis of local energy transition activities in four European cities’, in S. Deppisch (ed.), Urban Regions Now and Tomorrow, Wiesbaden: Springer.

Lima da Silva, M. and Tourinho, H.L.Z. (2017) ‘Território, territorialidade e fronteira: o problema dos limites municipais e seus desdobramentos em Belém/PA’ [Territory, territoriality and border: the problem of municipal limits and its unfolding in Belém – PA], Urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana (Brazilian Journal of Urban Management) 9(1): 96–109 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.009.001.AO09>.

Lopes, R.M., Mesquita, K.F.C., Santos, M.L.S. and Pereira, J.A.R. (2017) ‘Quality of water consumed in Mosqueiro Island, Belém-PA’, Revista DAE <http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/dae.2016.024>.

Mendes, R.L.R., Cohim, E., Andrade Neto, C.O., Gavazza, S. Gnadlinger, J., Orrico, S.R.M., Brito, L.T. de L. and Rocha, A. (2016) 10o. Simpósio Brasileiro de Captação e Manejo de Água de Chuva, 2016 [online] <http://10sbcmac.ufpa.br/> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Merriam, S.B., Johnson-Bailey, J., Lee, M.Y., Kee, Y., Ntseane, G. and Muhamad, M. (2001) ‘Power and positionality: negotiating insider/outsider status with and across cultures’, International Journal of Lifelong Education 20(5): 405–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370120490>.

Ministry of Cities, National Secretariat of Environmental Sanitation and National Sanitation Information System (2013) Diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos 2011 [Diagnosis of Water and Sewage Services], Brasília: SNSA/MCidades.

Ministry of Health Brazil (2011) Portaria Nº 2.914, de 12 de Dezembro de 2011 Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consume humano e seu padrão de potabilidade [online] <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt2914_12_12_2011.html> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Monteiro, J.A.F., Strauch, M., Srinivasan, R., Abbaspour, K. and Gücker, B. (2016) ‘Accuracy of grid precipitation data for Brazil: application in river discharge modelling of the Tocantins catchment’, Hydrological Processes 30: 1419–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10708>.

Paiva, R.S., Leça, E.E., Passavante, J.Z.O., Cunha, M.G.V.S. and Melo, N.F.A.C. (2006) ‘Ecological considerations on phytoplankton from the Guajará bay and from the Guamá river estuary in Pará, Brazil’, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Ciencias Naturais 1(2) [online] <http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-81142006000200010> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Paolini, F. and Cecere, C. (2015) ‘Improvement of urban water metabolism at the district level for a Mediterranean compact city’, in J.-L. Scartezzini (ed.), Proceedings of CISBAT 2015 International Conference on Future Building Districts: Sustainability from Nano to Urban Scale – Vol. I, 9–11 September 2015, Lausanne, pp. 481–6, Lausanne: EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory.

Ribeiro, W.C. (2008) Geografia Política da Água, São Paulo: Annablume.

Rosa, R.G.R. (2011) Aproveitamento de águas pluviais para consumo potável - estudo de caso: município de Belém-PA, Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA.

Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Campbell, J., Hunt, C., Wisser, D., Reul, N. and Chapron, B. (2011) ‘Spatial and temporal coherence between Amazon River discharge, salinity, and light absorption by colored organic carbon in western tropical Atlantic surface waters’, Journal of Geographical Research 116, C00H02: 1–14 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JC006989>.

Schiffer, A. (2016) ‘Empowered, excited, or disenfranchised? Unveiling issues of energy access inequality and resource dependency in The Gambia’, Energy Research & Social Science 18: 50–61 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.011>.

Schiffer, A. and Swan, A. (2018) ‘Water security: a summary of key findings exploring islands in Brazil’, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 7(4): 855–60 <https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.7.4(20)>.

Serrao-Neumann, S., Renouf, M., Kenway, S.J. and Low Choy, D. (2017) ‘Connecting land-use and water planning: prospects for an urban water metabolism approach’, Cities 60(Part A): 13–7 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.07.003>.

Silva, J.P. (2010) Avaliação da Qualidade da Água Superficial Utilizada no Sistema de Abastecimento Público do Município de Belém (PA), Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://www.ufpa.br/ppgec/data/producaocientifica/Jaqueline%20Portal.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Siqueira, J.E de Campos (2005) ‘Ideologia da água e privatização dos serviços de saneamento’, in L. Dowbor and R.A. Tagnin (eds), Administrando a água como se fosse importante: Gestão ambiental é sustantabilidade, pp. 37–46, São Paulo: Senac.

Veloso, N.S.L. (2012) Água da chuva e desenvolvimento local: o caso do abastecimento das ilhas Belém [pdf], Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/4494/1/Dissertacao_AguaChuvaDesenvolvimento.pdf> [accessed 24 July 2018].

Veloso, N.S.L. and Mendes, R.L.R. (2014) ‘Aproveitamento da água da chuva na Amazônia: experiências nas ilhas de Belém/PA’, Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos 19(1): 229–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.21168>.

Vieira, A.G.R. (2017) Análise de custo efetividade de soluções alternativas de abastecimento de água em comunidades rurais do município de Belém e Acará [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/9533/1/Dissertacao_ProposicaoIndicadoresCusto.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

WASHWatch (2017) ‘Brazil: declarations and commitments’ [online], <https://washwatch.org/en/countries/brazil/summary/> [accessed 6 July 2018].

Agudelo-Vera, C.M., Leduc, W.R.W.A., Mels, A.R. and Rijnaarts, H.H.M. (2012) ‘Harvesting urban resources towards more resilient cities’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 64: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.014>.

Andrade, C.G. (2012) Aproveitamento de água da chuva para abastecimento em área rural na Amazônia. Estudo de caso: ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belém-Pará [online], Masters dissertation, UFPA, Belém <https://www.dropbox.com/s/rokvaezd29k0br1/Andrade%202012.pdf?dl=0> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Belém (2014) Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico de Abastecimento de Água e Esgotamento Sanitário de Belém – Pará, Vol.2, Concepções Técnicas e Proposições [pdf] <http://ww3.belem.pa.gov.br/www/wp-content/uploads/PMSB-Bel%C3%A9m-PA_Volume-II2.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Bordalo, C.A.L. (2016) ‘La paradoja del agua en la Amazonia brasileña. El pueblo sin agua en la región de las aguas’ [The paradox of water in the Brazilian Amazon: people without water in the region of waters], América Latina Hoy 74: 81–95 <https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2016748195>.

Bordalo, C.A. (2017). ‘O paradoxo da água na região das águas: o caso da Amazônia brasileira’, Geo-USP Espaço e Tempo 21(1): 120–37 <https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2017.107531>.

Cardoso-Castro, P., Swan, A. and Mendes, R. (2017) ’Stakeholders’ structural factors affecting the implementation of rainwater systems in the Amazon: the case of Belém’, International Sustainable Ecological Engineering Design for Society (SEEDS) Conference, 13–14 September 2017, Leeds, UK.

Chambers, R. (2012) Provocations for Development, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Costa, H.C., Botta, A. and Cardille, J.A. (2003) ‘Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia’, Journal of Hydrology 283(1–4): 206–17 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00267-1>.

Cousins, J.J. and Newell, J.P. (2015) ‘A political-industrial ecology of water supply infrastructure for Los Angeles’, Geoforum 58: 38–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.10.011>.

Currie, P.K. and Musango, J.K. (2016) ‘African urbanization: assimilating urban metabolism into sustainability discourse and practice’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 21(5): 1262–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12517>.

Dias, A.D. (2013) A Sustentabilidade de Tecnologias Sociais de Abastecimento de Água da Chuva: O Caso de Comunidades Insulares de Belém-PA [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém, UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/5256/1/Dissertacao_SustentabilidadeTecnologiasSociais.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Do Nascimento, T.V., Fernandes, L.L. and Yoshino, G.H. (2016) ‘Potencial de aproveitamento de água de chuva na Universidade Federal do Pará – Belém/PA’ [Potential of rainwater harvesting in the Federal University of Pará – Belém/PA], Revista Monografias Ambientais 15(1): 105–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/22361308>.

Doss-Gollin, J., De Souza Filho, F. and Da Silva, F.O.E. (2016) ‘Analytic modeling of rainwater harvesting in the Brazilian semiarid northeast’, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 52(1): 129–37 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12376>.

European Development Agency (2015) Urban Sustainability Issues: What Is a Resource-Efficient City? Copenhagen: European Development Agency.

Ghisi, E. (2006) ‘Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Brazil’, Building and Environment 41: 1544–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.018>.

Gomes, U.A.F., Heller, L., Cairncross, S., Domenèch, L. and Pena, J.L. (2014) ‘Subsidizing the sustainability of rural water supply: the experience of the Brazilian rural rainwater-harvesting programme’, Water International 39(5): 606–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.951255>.

Goncalves, C. (2012) Aproveitamento De Agua Da Chuva Para Abastecimento Em Area Rural Da Amazonia, Estudo De Caso: Ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belem-Para, NUMA.

Greene, M. and Schiffer, A. (2018) ‘Learning from past and current energy transitions to build sustainable and resilient energy futures: from Ireland and The Gambia’, in P. Sumpf and C. Buscher (eds), SHAPE ENERGY Research Design Challenge: Control, Change and Capacity-Building in Energy Systems, Cambridge: SHAPE ENERGY.

Gregório, A.M.S. and Mendes, A.C. (2009) ‘Bathymetry and sedimentology of Guajará Bay, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil’, Amazônia Ciência e Desenvolvimento 5(9) <http://repositorio.museu-goeldi.br/bitstream/mgoeldi/369/1/Amaz%C3%B4nia%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Desenvolvimento%205%289%29%202009%20GREGORIO.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Grojec, A. (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 2017: Update and SDG Baselines, New York: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund.

Hermanowicz, W.S. and Takashi, A. (1999) ‘Abel Wolman’s “The Metabolism of Cities” revisited: a case for water recycling and reuse’, Water Science and Technology 40(4–5): 29–36.

Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007) ‘The changing metabolism of cities’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 2(11): 43–59 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107>.

Klindworth, K., Djurasovic, A., Knieling, J. and Säwert, K. (2017) ‘From linear to circular: challenges for changing urban metabolism?! An analysis of local energy transition activities in four European cities’, in S. Deppisch (ed.), Urban Regions Now and Tomorrow, Wiesbaden: Springer.

Lima da Silva, M. and Tourinho, H.L.Z. (2017) ‘Território, territorialidade e fronteira: o problema dos limites municipais e seus desdobramentos em Belém/PA’ [Territory, territoriality and border: the problem of municipal limits and its unfolding in Belém – PA], Urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana (Brazilian Journal of Urban Management) 9(1): 96–109 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.009.001.AO09>.

Lopes, R.M., Mesquita, K.F.C., Santos, M.L.S. and Pereira, J.A.R. (2017) ‘Quality of water consumed in Mosqueiro Island, Belém-PA’, Revista DAE <http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/dae.2016.024>.

Mendes, R.L.R., Cohim, E., Andrade Neto, C.O., Gavazza, S. Gnadlinger, J., Orrico, S.R.M., Brito, L.T. de L. and Rocha, A. (2016) 10o. Simpósio Brasileiro de Captação e Manejo de Água de Chuva, 2016 [online] <http://10sbcmac.ufpa.br/> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Merriam, S.B., Johnson-Bailey, J., Lee, M.Y., Kee, Y., Ntseane, G. and Muhamad, M. (2001) ‘Power and positionality: negotiating insider/outsider status with and across cultures’, International Journal of Lifelong Education 20(5): 405–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370120490>.

Ministry of Cities, National Secretariat of Environmental Sanitation and National Sanitation Information System (2013) Diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos 2011 [Diagnosis of Water and Sewage Services], Brasília: SNSA/MCidades.

Ministry of Health Brazil (2011) Portaria Nº 2.914, de 12 de Dezembro de 2011 Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consume humano e seu padrão de potabilidade [online] <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt2914_12_12_2011.html> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Monteiro, J.A.F., Strauch, M., Srinivasan, R., Abbaspour, K. and Gücker, B. (2016) ‘Accuracy of grid precipitation data for Brazil: application in river discharge modelling of the Tocantins catchment’, Hydrological Processes 30: 1419–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10708>.

Paiva, R.S., Leça, E.E., Passavante, J.Z.O., Cunha, M.G.V.S. and Melo, N.F.A.C. (2006) ‘Ecological considerations on phytoplankton from the Guajará bay and from the Guamá river estuary in Pará, Brazil’, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Ciencias Naturais 1(2) [online] <http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-81142006000200010> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Paolini, F. and Cecere, C. (2015) ‘Improvement of urban water metabolism at the district level for a Mediterranean compact city’, in J.-L. Scartezzini (ed.), Proceedings of CISBAT 2015 International Conference on Future Building Districts: Sustainability from Nano to Urban Scale – Vol. I, 9–11 September 2015, Lausanne, pp. 481–6, Lausanne: EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory.

Ribeiro, W.C. (2008) Geografia Política da Água, São Paulo: Annablume.

Rosa, R.G.R. (2011) Aproveitamento de águas pluviais para consumo potável - estudo de caso: município de Belém-PA, Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA.

Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Campbell, J., Hunt, C., Wisser, D., Reul, N. and Chapron, B. (2011) ‘Spatial and temporal coherence between Amazon River discharge, salinity, and light absorption by colored organic carbon in western tropical Atlantic surface waters’, Journal of Geographical Research 116, C00H02: 1–14 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JC006989>.

Schiffer, A. (2016) ‘Empowered, excited, or disenfranchised? Unveiling issues of energy access inequality and resource dependency in The Gambia’, Energy Research & Social Science 18: 50–61 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.011>.

Schiffer, A. and Swan, A. (2018) ‘Water security: a summary of key findings exploring islands in Brazil’, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 7(4): 855–60 <https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.7.4(20)>.

Serrao-Neumann, S., Renouf, M., Kenway, S.J. and Low Choy, D. (2017) ‘Connecting land-use and water planning: prospects for an urban water metabolism approach’, Cities 60(Part A): 13–7 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.07.003>.

Silva, J.P. (2010) Avaliação da Qualidade da Água Superficial Utilizada no Sistema de Abastecimento Público do Município de Belém (PA), Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://www.ufpa.br/ppgec/data/producaocientifica/Jaqueline%20Portal.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Siqueira, J.E de Campos (2005) ‘Ideologia da água e privatização dos serviços de saneamento’, in L. Dowbor and R.A. Tagnin (eds), Administrando a água como se fosse importante: Gestão ambiental é sustantabilidade, pp. 37–46, São Paulo: Senac.

Veloso, N.S.L. (2012) Água da chuva e desenvolvimento local: o caso do abastecimento das ilhas Belém [pdf], Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/4494/1/Dissertacao_AguaChuvaDesenvolvimento.pdf> [accessed 24 July 2018].

Veloso, N.S.L. and Mendes, R.L.R. (2014) ‘Aproveitamento da água da chuva na Amazônia: experiências nas ilhas de Belém/PA’, Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos 19(1): 229–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.21168>.

Vieira, A.G.R. (2017) Análise de custo efetividade de soluções alternativas de abastecimento de água em comunidades rurais do município de Belém e Acará [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/9533/1/Dissertacao_ProposicaoIndicadoresCusto.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

WASHWatch (2017) ‘Brazil: declarations and commitments’ [online], <https://washwatch.org/en/countries/brazil/summary/> [accessed 6 July 2018].

Agudelo-Vera, C.M., Leduc, W.R.W.A., Mels, A.R. and Rijnaarts, H.H.M. (2012) ‘Harvesting urban resources towards more resilient cities’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 64: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.014>.

Andrade, C.G. (2012) Aproveitamento de água da chuva para abastecimento em área rural na Amazônia. Estudo de caso: ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belém-Pará [online], Masters dissertation, UFPA, Belém <https://www.dropbox.com/s/rokvaezd29k0br1/Andrade%202012.pdf?dl=0> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Belém (2014) Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico de Abastecimento de Água e Esgotamento Sanitário de Belém – Pará, Vol.2, Concepções Técnicas e Proposições [pdf] <http://ww3.belem.pa.gov.br/www/wp-content/uploads/PMSB-Bel%C3%A9m-PA_Volume-II2.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

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Bordalo, C.A. (2017). ‘O paradoxo da água na região das águas: o caso da Amazônia brasileira’, Geo-USP Espaço e Tempo 21(1): 120–37 <https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2017.107531>.

Cardoso-Castro, P., Swan, A. and Mendes, R. (2017) ’Stakeholders’ structural factors affecting the implementation of rainwater systems in the Amazon: the case of Belém’, International Sustainable Ecological Engineering Design for Society (SEEDS) Conference, 13–14 September 2017, Leeds, UK.

Chambers, R. (2012) Provocations for Development, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Costa, H.C., Botta, A. and Cardille, J.A. (2003) ‘Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia’, Journal of Hydrology 283(1–4): 206–17 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00267-1>.

Cousins, J.J. and Newell, J.P. (2015) ‘A political-industrial ecology of water supply infrastructure for Los Angeles’, Geoforum 58: 38–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.10.011>.

Currie, P.K. and Musango, J.K. (2016) ‘African urbanization: assimilating urban metabolism into sustainability discourse and practice’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 21(5): 1262–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12517>.

Dias, A.D. (2013) A Sustentabilidade de Tecnologias Sociais de Abastecimento de Água da Chuva: O Caso de Comunidades Insulares de Belém-PA [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém, UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/5256/1/Dissertacao_SustentabilidadeTecnologiasSociais.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Do Nascimento, T.V., Fernandes, L.L. and Yoshino, G.H. (2016) ‘Potencial de aproveitamento de água de chuva na Universidade Federal do Pará – Belém/PA’ [Potential of rainwater harvesting in the Federal University of Pará – Belém/PA], Revista Monografias Ambientais 15(1): 105–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/22361308>.

Doss-Gollin, J., De Souza Filho, F. and Da Silva, F.O.E. (2016) ‘Analytic modeling of rainwater harvesting in the Brazilian semiarid northeast’, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 52(1): 129–37 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12376>.

European Development Agency (2015) Urban Sustainability Issues: What Is a Resource-Efficient City? Copenhagen: European Development Agency.

Ghisi, E. (2006) ‘Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Brazil’, Building and Environment 41: 1544–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.018>.

Gomes, U.A.F., Heller, L., Cairncross, S., Domenèch, L. and Pena, J.L. (2014) ‘Subsidizing the sustainability of rural water supply: the experience of the Brazilian rural rainwater-harvesting programme’, Water International 39(5): 606–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.951255>.

Goncalves, C. (2012) Aproveitamento De Agua Da Chuva Para Abastecimento Em Area Rural Da Amazonia, Estudo De Caso: Ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belem-Para, NUMA.

Greene, M. and Schiffer, A. (2018) ‘Learning from past and current energy transitions to build sustainable and resilient energy futures: from Ireland and The Gambia’, in P. Sumpf and C. Buscher (eds), SHAPE ENERGY Research Design Challenge: Control, Change and Capacity-Building in Energy Systems, Cambridge: SHAPE ENERGY.

Gregório, A.M.S. and Mendes, A.C. (2009) ‘Bathymetry and sedimentology of Guajará Bay, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil’, Amazônia Ciência e Desenvolvimento 5(9) <http://repositorio.museu-goeldi.br/bitstream/mgoeldi/369/1/Amaz%C3%B4nia%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Desenvolvimento%205%289%29%202009%20GREGORIO.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Grojec, A. (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 2017: Update and SDG Baselines, New York: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund.

Hermanowicz, W.S. and Takashi, A. (1999) ‘Abel Wolman’s “The Metabolism of Cities” revisited: a case for water recycling and reuse’, Water Science and Technology 40(4–5): 29–36.

Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007) ‘The changing metabolism of cities’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 2(11): 43–59 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107>.

Klindworth, K., Djurasovic, A., Knieling, J. and Säwert, K. (2017) ‘From linear to circular: challenges for changing urban metabolism?! An analysis of local energy transition activities in four European cities’, in S. Deppisch (ed.), Urban Regions Now and Tomorrow, Wiesbaden: Springer.

Lima da Silva, M. and Tourinho, H.L.Z. (2017) ‘Território, territorialidade e fronteira: o problema dos limites municipais e seus desdobramentos em Belém/PA’ [Territory, territoriality and border: the problem of municipal limits and its unfolding in Belém – PA], Urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana (Brazilian Journal of Urban Management) 9(1): 96–109 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.009.001.AO09>.

Lopes, R.M., Mesquita, K.F.C., Santos, M.L.S. and Pereira, J.A.R. (2017) ‘Quality of water consumed in Mosqueiro Island, Belém-PA’, Revista DAE <http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/dae.2016.024>.

Mendes, R.L.R., Cohim, E., Andrade Neto, C.O., Gavazza, S. Gnadlinger, J., Orrico, S.R.M., Brito, L.T. de L. and Rocha, A. (2016) 10o. Simpósio Brasileiro de Captação e Manejo de Água de Chuva, 2016 [online] <http://10sbcmac.ufpa.br/> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Merriam, S.B., Johnson-Bailey, J., Lee, M.Y., Kee, Y., Ntseane, G. and Muhamad, M. (2001) ‘Power and positionality: negotiating insider/outsider status with and across cultures’, International Journal of Lifelong Education 20(5): 405–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370120490>.

Ministry of Cities, National Secretariat of Environmental Sanitation and National Sanitation Information System (2013) Diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos 2011 [Diagnosis of Water and Sewage Services], Brasília: SNSA/MCidades.

Ministry of Health Brazil (2011) Portaria Nº 2.914, de 12 de Dezembro de 2011 Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consume humano e seu padrão de potabilidade [online] <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt2914_12_12_2011.html> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Monteiro, J.A.F., Strauch, M., Srinivasan, R., Abbaspour, K. and Gücker, B. (2016) ‘Accuracy of grid precipitation data for Brazil: application in river discharge modelling of the Tocantins catchment’, Hydrological Processes 30: 1419–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10708>.

Paiva, R.S., Leça, E.E., Passavante, J.Z.O., Cunha, M.G.V.S. and Melo, N.F.A.C. (2006) ‘Ecological considerations on phytoplankton from the Guajará bay and from the Guamá river estuary in Pará, Brazil’, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Ciencias Naturais 1(2) [online] <http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-81142006000200010> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Paolini, F. and Cecere, C. (2015) ‘Improvement of urban water metabolism at the district level for a Mediterranean compact city’, in J.-L. Scartezzini (ed.), Proceedings of CISBAT 2015 International Conference on Future Building Districts: Sustainability from Nano to Urban Scale – Vol. I, 9–11 September 2015, Lausanne, pp. 481–6, Lausanne: EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory.

Ribeiro, W.C. (2008) Geografia Política da Água, São Paulo: Annablume.

Rosa, R.G.R. (2011) Aproveitamento de águas pluviais para consumo potável - estudo de caso: município de Belém-PA, Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA.

Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Campbell, J., Hunt, C., Wisser, D., Reul, N. and Chapron, B. (2011) ‘Spatial and temporal coherence between Amazon River discharge, salinity, and light absorption by colored organic carbon in western tropical Atlantic surface waters’, Journal of Geographical Research 116, C00H02: 1–14 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JC006989>.

Schiffer, A. (2016) ‘Empowered, excited, or disenfranchised? Unveiling issues of energy access inequality and resource dependency in The Gambia’, Energy Research & Social Science 18: 50–61 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.011>.

Schiffer, A. and Swan, A. (2018) ‘Water security: a summary of key findings exploring islands in Brazil’, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 7(4): 855–60 <https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.7.4(20)>.

Serrao-Neumann, S., Renouf, M., Kenway, S.J. and Low Choy, D. (2017) ‘Connecting land-use and water planning: prospects for an urban water metabolism approach’, Cities 60(Part A): 13–7 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.07.003>.

Silva, J.P. (2010) Avaliação da Qualidade da Água Superficial Utilizada no Sistema de Abastecimento Público do Município de Belém (PA), Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://www.ufpa.br/ppgec/data/producaocientifica/Jaqueline%20Portal.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Siqueira, J.E de Campos (2005) ‘Ideologia da água e privatização dos serviços de saneamento’, in L. Dowbor and R.A. Tagnin (eds), Administrando a água como se fosse importante: Gestão ambiental é sustantabilidade, pp. 37–46, São Paulo: Senac.

Veloso, N.S.L. (2012) Água da chuva e desenvolvimento local: o caso do abastecimento das ilhas Belém [pdf], Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/4494/1/Dissertacao_AguaChuvaDesenvolvimento.pdf> [accessed 24 July 2018].

Veloso, N.S.L. and Mendes, R.L.R. (2014) ‘Aproveitamento da água da chuva na Amazônia: experiências nas ilhas de Belém/PA’, Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos 19(1): 229–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.21168>.

Vieira, A.G.R. (2017) Análise de custo efetividade de soluções alternativas de abastecimento de água em comunidades rurais do município de Belém e Acará [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/9533/1/Dissertacao_ProposicaoIndicadoresCusto.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

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Agudelo-Vera, C.M., Leduc, W.R.W.A., Mels, A.R. and Rijnaarts, H.H.M. (2012) ‘Harvesting urban resources towards more resilient cities’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 64: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.014>.

Andrade, C.G. (2012) Aproveitamento de água da chuva para abastecimento em área rural na Amazônia. Estudo de caso: ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belém-Pará [online], Masters dissertation, UFPA, Belém <https://www.dropbox.com/s/rokvaezd29k0br1/Andrade%202012.pdf?dl=0> [accessed 30 July 2018].

Belém (2014) Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico de Abastecimento de Água e Esgotamento Sanitário de Belém – Pará, Vol.2, Concepções Técnicas e Proposições [pdf] <http://ww3.belem.pa.gov.br/www/wp-content/uploads/PMSB-Bel%C3%A9m-PA_Volume-II2.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Bordalo, C.A.L. (2016) ‘La paradoja del agua en la Amazonia brasileña. El pueblo sin agua en la región de las aguas’ [The paradox of water in the Brazilian Amazon: people without water in the region of waters], América Latina Hoy 74: 81–95 <https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2016748195>.

Bordalo, C.A. (2017). ‘O paradoxo da água na região das águas: o caso da Amazônia brasileira’, Geo-USP Espaço e Tempo 21(1): 120–37 <https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2017.107531>.

Cardoso-Castro, P., Swan, A. and Mendes, R. (2017) ’Stakeholders’ structural factors affecting the implementation of rainwater systems in the Amazon: the case of Belém’, International Sustainable Ecological Engineering Design for Society (SEEDS) Conference, 13–14 September 2017, Leeds, UK.

Chambers, R. (2012) Provocations for Development, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Costa, H.C., Botta, A. and Cardille, J.A. (2003) ‘Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia’, Journal of Hydrology 283(1–4): 206–17 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00267-1>.

Cousins, J.J. and Newell, J.P. (2015) ‘A political-industrial ecology of water supply infrastructure for Los Angeles’, Geoforum 58: 38–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.10.011>.

Currie, P.K. and Musango, J.K. (2016) ‘African urbanization: assimilating urban metabolism into sustainability discourse and practice’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 21(5): 1262–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12517>.

Dias, A.D. (2013) A Sustentabilidade de Tecnologias Sociais de Abastecimento de Água da Chuva: O Caso de Comunidades Insulares de Belém-PA [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém, UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/5256/1/Dissertacao_SustentabilidadeTecnologiasSociais.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Do Nascimento, T.V., Fernandes, L.L. and Yoshino, G.H. (2016) ‘Potencial de aproveitamento de água de chuva na Universidade Federal do Pará – Belém/PA’ [Potential of rainwater harvesting in the Federal University of Pará – Belém/PA], Revista Monografias Ambientais 15(1): 105–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/22361308>.

Doss-Gollin, J., De Souza Filho, F. and Da Silva, F.O.E. (2016) ‘Analytic modeling of rainwater harvesting in the Brazilian semiarid northeast’, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 52(1): 129–37 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12376>.

European Development Agency (2015) Urban Sustainability Issues: What Is a Resource-Efficient City? Copenhagen: European Development Agency.

Ghisi, E. (2006) ‘Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Brazil’, Building and Environment 41: 1544–50 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.018>.

Gomes, U.A.F., Heller, L., Cairncross, S., Domenèch, L. and Pena, J.L. (2014) ‘Subsidizing the sustainability of rural water supply: the experience of the Brazilian rural rainwater-harvesting programme’, Water International 39(5): 606–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.951255>.

Goncalves, C. (2012) Aproveitamento De Agua Da Chuva Para Abastecimento Em Area Rural Da Amazonia, Estudo De Caso: Ilhas Grande e Murutucu, Belem-Para, NUMA.

Greene, M. and Schiffer, A. (2018) ‘Learning from past and current energy transitions to build sustainable and resilient energy futures: from Ireland and The Gambia’, in P. Sumpf and C. Buscher (eds), SHAPE ENERGY Research Design Challenge: Control, Change and Capacity-Building in Energy Systems, Cambridge: SHAPE ENERGY.

Gregório, A.M.S. and Mendes, A.C. (2009) ‘Bathymetry and sedimentology of Guajará Bay, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil’, Amazônia Ciência e Desenvolvimento 5(9) <http://repositorio.museu-goeldi.br/bitstream/mgoeldi/369/1/Amaz%C3%B4nia%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Desenvolvimento%205%289%29%202009%20GREGORIO.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Grojec, A. (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 2017: Update and SDG Baselines, New York: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund.

Hermanowicz, W.S. and Takashi, A. (1999) ‘Abel Wolman’s “The Metabolism of Cities” revisited: a case for water recycling and reuse’, Water Science and Technology 40(4–5): 29–36.

Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007) ‘The changing metabolism of cities’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 2(11): 43–59 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107>.

Klindworth, K., Djurasovic, A., Knieling, J. and Säwert, K. (2017) ‘From linear to circular: challenges for changing urban metabolism?! An analysis of local energy transition activities in four European cities’, in S. Deppisch (ed.), Urban Regions Now and Tomorrow, Wiesbaden: Springer.

Lima da Silva, M. and Tourinho, H.L.Z. (2017) ‘Território, territorialidade e fronteira: o problema dos limites municipais e seus desdobramentos em Belém/PA’ [Territory, territoriality and border: the problem of municipal limits and its unfolding in Belém – PA], Urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana (Brazilian Journal of Urban Management) 9(1): 96–109 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.009.001.AO09>.

Lopes, R.M., Mesquita, K.F.C., Santos, M.L.S. and Pereira, J.A.R. (2017) ‘Quality of water consumed in Mosqueiro Island, Belém-PA’, Revista DAE <http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/dae.2016.024>.

Mendes, R.L.R., Cohim, E., Andrade Neto, C.O., Gavazza, S. Gnadlinger, J., Orrico, S.R.M., Brito, L.T. de L. and Rocha, A. (2016) 10o. Simpósio Brasileiro de Captação e Manejo de Água de Chuva, 2016 [online] <http://10sbcmac.ufpa.br/> [accessed 25 July 2018].

Merriam, S.B., Johnson-Bailey, J., Lee, M.Y., Kee, Y., Ntseane, G. and Muhamad, M. (2001) ‘Power and positionality: negotiating insider/outsider status with and across cultures’, International Journal of Lifelong Education 20(5): 405–16 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370120490>.

Ministry of Cities, National Secretariat of Environmental Sanitation and National Sanitation Information System (2013) Diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos 2011 [Diagnosis of Water and Sewage Services], Brasília: SNSA/MCidades.

Ministry of Health Brazil (2011) Portaria Nº 2.914, de 12 de Dezembro de 2011 Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consume humano e seu padrão de potabilidade [online] <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt2914_12_12_2011.html> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Monteiro, J.A.F., Strauch, M., Srinivasan, R., Abbaspour, K. and Gücker, B. (2016) ‘Accuracy of grid precipitation data for Brazil: application in river discharge modelling of the Tocantins catchment’, Hydrological Processes 30: 1419–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10708>.

Paiva, R.S., Leça, E.E., Passavante, J.Z.O., Cunha, M.G.V.S. and Melo, N.F.A.C. (2006) ‘Ecological considerations on phytoplankton from the Guajará bay and from the Guamá river estuary in Pará, Brazil’, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Ciencias Naturais 1(2) [online] <http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-81142006000200010> [accessed 23 July 2018].

Paolini, F. and Cecere, C. (2015) ‘Improvement of urban water metabolism at the district level for a Mediterranean compact city’, in J.-L. Scartezzini (ed.), Proceedings of CISBAT 2015 International Conference on Future Building Districts: Sustainability from Nano to Urban Scale – Vol. I, 9–11 September 2015, Lausanne, pp. 481–6, Lausanne: EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory.

Ribeiro, W.C. (2008) Geografia Política da Água, São Paulo: Annablume.

Rosa, R.G.R. (2011) Aproveitamento de águas pluviais para consumo potável - estudo de caso: município de Belém-PA, Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA.

Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Campbell, J., Hunt, C., Wisser, D., Reul, N. and Chapron, B. (2011) ‘Spatial and temporal coherence between Amazon River discharge, salinity, and light absorption by colored organic carbon in western tropical Atlantic surface waters’, Journal of Geographical Research 116, C00H02: 1–14 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JC006989>.

Schiffer, A. (2016) ‘Empowered, excited, or disenfranchised? Unveiling issues of energy access inequality and resource dependency in The Gambia’, Energy Research & Social Science 18: 50–61 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.011>.

Schiffer, A. and Swan, A. (2018) ‘Water security: a summary of key findings exploring islands in Brazil’, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 7(4): 855–60 <https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.7.4(20)>.

Serrao-Neumann, S., Renouf, M., Kenway, S.J. and Low Choy, D. (2017) ‘Connecting land-use and water planning: prospects for an urban water metabolism approach’, Cities 60(Part A): 13–7 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.07.003>.

Silva, J.P. (2010) Avaliação da Qualidade da Água Superficial Utilizada no Sistema de Abastecimento Público do Município de Belém (PA), Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://www.ufpa.br/ppgec/data/producaocientifica/Jaqueline%20Portal.pdf> [accessed 21 July 2018].

Siqueira, J.E de Campos (2005) ‘Ideologia da água e privatização dos serviços de saneamento’, in L. Dowbor and R.A. Tagnin (eds), Administrando a água como se fosse importante: Gestão ambiental é sustantabilidade, pp. 37–46, São Paulo: Senac.

Veloso, N.S.L. (2012) Água da chuva e desenvolvimento local: o caso do abastecimento das ilhas Belém [pdf], Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/4494/1/Dissertacao_AguaChuvaDesenvolvimento.pdf> [accessed 24 July 2018].

Veloso, N.S.L. and Mendes, R.L.R. (2014) ‘Aproveitamento da água da chuva na Amazônia: experiências nas ilhas de Belém/PA’, Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos 19(1): 229–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.21168>.

Vieira, A.G.R. (2017) Análise de custo efetividade de soluções alternativas de abastecimento de água em comunidades rurais do município de Belém e Acará [pdf], Master’s dissertation, Belém: UFPA <http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/9533/1/Dissertacao_ProposicaoIndicadoresCusto.pdf> [accessed 25 July 2018].

WASHWatch (2017) ‘Brazil: declarations and commitments’ [online], <https://washwatch.org/en/countries/brazil/summary/> [accessed 6 July 2018].