Relationship between water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition: what do Link NCA nutrition causal analyses say?
Action Against Hunger/UNICEF/ECHO (2017) WASH’ Nutrition: A Practical Guidebook on Increasing Nutritional Impact through Integration of WASH and Nutrition Programs [online] <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/fr/content/wash-nutrition-practical-guidebook-increasing-nutritional-impact-through-integration-wash> [accessed 12 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2011) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene [pdf], ACF-International Policy, Paris: ACF <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/sites/default/files/publications/fichiers/exe_bd_wash_policy_-_eng.pdf> [accessed 12 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014a) Greater Investment in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene is Key to the Fight against Under Nutrition [pdf], Paris: ACF <www.coalition-eau.org/wp-content/uploads/WASH-Advocacy-En.pdf> [accessed 6 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014b) Nutrition Security Policy [online], Paris: ACF <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/content/acf-international-nutrition-security-policy> [accessed 6 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014c) Factsheet: WASH in Nutrition [online], Paris: ACF <http://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/content/factsheet-wash-nutrition> [accessed 10 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2015) Link NCA – Nutrition Causal Analysis Guidelines [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://document.linknca.com//30/30/supports/2351/catDoc26/nca_guidelines_en_web-low2.pdf> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2017) Link NCA – Nutrition Causal Analysis Overview [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://document.linknca.com//30/30/supports/2353/catDoc26/nca_overview_en_web-low_170601.pdf> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim/USAID/ECHO (2016) Link NCA report, Borena Zone, Ethiopia [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://linknca.org/fiche/borena_zone_oromia_region1.html> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Alderman, H.H., Elder, L.K., Goyal, A., Herforth, A.W., Hoberg, Y.T., Marini, A., Ruel-Bergeron, J., Saavedra Chanduvi, J., Shekar, M., Tiwari, S. and Zaman, H. (2013) Improving Nutrition through Multisectoral Approaches, Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/625661468329649726/Improving-nutrition-through-multisectoral-approaches> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Black, R.E., Victora, C.G., Walker, S.P., Bhutta, Z.A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group (2013) ‘Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries’, Lancet 382(9890): 427–51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X>.
Blössner, M. and de Onis, M. (2005) Malnutrition: Quantifying the Health Impact at National and Local Levels [online], WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 12, Geneva: World Health Organization <www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/eb12/en/> [accessed 7 June 2017].
Brown, J., Cairncross, S. and Ensink, J.H.J. (2011) ‘Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children’, BMJ 98(8): 629–34 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528>.
Cairncross, S., Cumming, O., Jeandron, A., Rheingans, R., Ensink, J., Brown, J., Cavill, S., Baker, S., Schmidt, W.P., Amery, J., Bibby, S., Harvey, M., Howard, G., Mulligan, J., O’Connor, H., Ryan-Collins, L., Swann, P., Wijesekera, S. and Woolnough, D. (2013) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Evidence Paper [pdf], London: UK Department for International Development <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-evidence-paper> [accessed 21 December 2016].
Checkley, W., Gilman, R.H., Black, R.E., Epstein, L.D., Cabrera, L., Sterling, C.R. and Moulton, L.H. (2004) ‘Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian periurban community’, Lancet 363(9403): 112–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15261-0>.
Curtis, V. and Cairncross, S. (2003) ‘Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3(5): 275–81 [online] <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12726975> [accessed 10 May 2017].
Dangour, A.D., Watson, L., Cumming, O., Boisson, S., Che, Y., Velleman, Y., Cavill, S., Allen, E. and Uauy, R. (2013) ‘Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutrition status of children’, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8: CD009382 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2>.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford Jr, J.M. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1): 42–52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8>.
Humphrey, J.H. (2009) ‘Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing’, The Lancet 374(9694): 1032–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60950-8>.
International Food Policy Research Institute (2016) Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Promise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030 [pdf], Washington, DC: IFPRI <http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/130354/filename/130565.pdf> [accessed 12 May 2017].
Luby, S.P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D.R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A. and Hoekstra, R.M. (2005) ‘Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet 366(9481): 225–33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7>.
Mwase, I., Mutoro, A., Owino, V., Garcia, A.L. and Wright, C.M. (2016) ‘Poor infant feeding practices and high prevalence of malnutrition in urban slum child care centres in Nairobi: a pilot study’, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 62(1): 46–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmv071>.
Prüss-Ustun, A., Bonjour, S. and Corvalan, C. (2008) ‘The impact of the environment on health by country: a meta-synthesis’, Environmental Health 7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-7-7>.
Rodríguez, L., Cervantes, E. and Ortiz, R. (2011) ‘Malnutrition and gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children: a public health problem’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(4): 1174–1205 <https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8041174>.
Spears, D. (2013) How Much International Variation in Child Height Can Sanitation Explain? [online], Policy Research Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-6351> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Strunz, E.C., Addiss, D.G., Stocks, M.E., Ogden, S. Utzinger, J. and Freeman, M.C. (2014) ‘Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLOS Medicine 11(3): e1001620 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620>.
UNICEF (1990) Strategy for Improved Nutrition of Children and Women in Developing Countries [pdf], New York: UNICEF <www.ceecis.org/iodine/01_global/01_pl/01_01_other_1992_unicef.pdf> [accessed 7 June 2017].
UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group (2015) Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition [pdf], New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO; Washington, DC: World Bank <https://www.unicef.org/media/files/JME_2015_edition_Sept_2015.pdf> [accessed 13 January 2017].
Victora, C.G., de Onis, M., Hallal, P.C., Blössner, M. and Shrimpton, R. (2010) ‘Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions’, Pediatrics 125(3): e473–80 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1519>.
WHO (2014a) Preventing Diarrhoea through Better Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Exposures and Impacts in Low- and Middle-Income Countries [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/preventing-diarrhoea/en/> [accessed 13 January 2017].
WHO (2014b) WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Wasting Policy Brief [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/nutrition/topics/globaltargets_wasting_policybrief.pdf> [assessed 10 May 2017].
WHO (2016) Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments: A Global Assessment of the Burden of Disease from Environmental Risks [pdf] Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventing-disease/en/> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Wolf, J., Prüss-Ustün, A., Cumming, O., Bartram, J., Bonjour, S., Cairncross, S., Clasen, T., Colford, J.M. Jr, Curtis, V., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Freeman, M.C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P.R., Jeandron, A., Johnston, R.B., Mäusezahl, D., Mathers, C., Neira, M. and Higgins, J.P. (2014) ‘Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression’, Tropical Medicine and International Health 19: 928–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12331>.
Action Against Hunger/UNICEF/ECHO (2017) WASH’ Nutrition: A Practical Guidebook on Increasing Nutritional Impact through Integration of WASH and Nutrition Programs [online] <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/fr/content/wash-nutrition-practical-guidebook-increasing-nutritional-impact-through-integration-wash> [accessed 12 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2011) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene [pdf], ACF-International Policy, Paris: ACF <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/sites/default/files/publications/fichiers/exe_bd_wash_policy_-_eng.pdf> [accessed 12 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014a) Greater Investment in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene is Key to the Fight against Under Nutrition [pdf], Paris: ACF <www.coalition-eau.org/wp-content/uploads/WASH-Advocacy-En.pdf> [accessed 6 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014b) Nutrition Security Policy [online], Paris: ACF <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/content/acf-international-nutrition-security-policy> [accessed 6 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014c) Factsheet: WASH in Nutrition [online], Paris: ACF <http://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/content/factsheet-wash-nutrition> [accessed 10 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2015) Link NCA – Nutrition Causal Analysis Guidelines [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://document.linknca.com//30/30/supports/2351/catDoc26/nca_guidelines_en_web-low2.pdf> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2017) Link NCA – Nutrition Causal Analysis Overview [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://document.linknca.com//30/30/supports/2353/catDoc26/nca_overview_en_web-low_170601.pdf> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim/USAID/ECHO (2016) Link NCA report, Borena Zone, Ethiopia [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://linknca.org/fiche/borena_zone_oromia_region1.html> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Alderman, H.H., Elder, L.K., Goyal, A., Herforth, A.W., Hoberg, Y.T., Marini, A., Ruel-Bergeron, J., Saavedra Chanduvi, J., Shekar, M., Tiwari, S. and Zaman, H. (2013) Improving Nutrition through Multisectoral Approaches, Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/625661468329649726/Improving-nutrition-through-multisectoral-approaches> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Black, R.E., Victora, C.G., Walker, S.P., Bhutta, Z.A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group (2013) ‘Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries’, Lancet 382(9890): 427–51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X>.
Blössner, M. and de Onis, M. (2005) Malnutrition: Quantifying the Health Impact at National and Local Levels [online], WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 12, Geneva: World Health Organization <www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/eb12/en/> [accessed 7 June 2017].
Brown, J., Cairncross, S. and Ensink, J.H.J. (2011) ‘Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children’, BMJ 98(8): 629–34 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528>.
Cairncross, S., Cumming, O., Jeandron, A., Rheingans, R., Ensink, J., Brown, J., Cavill, S., Baker, S., Schmidt, W.P., Amery, J., Bibby, S., Harvey, M., Howard, G., Mulligan, J., O’Connor, H., Ryan-Collins, L., Swann, P., Wijesekera, S. and Woolnough, D. (2013) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Evidence Paper [pdf], London: UK Department for International Development <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-evidence-paper> [accessed 21 December 2016].
Checkley, W., Gilman, R.H., Black, R.E., Epstein, L.D., Cabrera, L., Sterling, C.R. and Moulton, L.H. (2004) ‘Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian periurban community’, Lancet 363(9403): 112–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15261-0>.
Curtis, V. and Cairncross, S. (2003) ‘Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3(5): 275–81 [online] <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12726975> [accessed 10 May 2017].
Dangour, A.D., Watson, L., Cumming, O., Boisson, S., Che, Y., Velleman, Y., Cavill, S., Allen, E. and Uauy, R. (2013) ‘Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutrition status of children’, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8: CD009382 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2>.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford Jr, J.M. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1): 42–52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8>.
Humphrey, J.H. (2009) ‘Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing’, The Lancet 374(9694): 1032–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60950-8>.
International Food Policy Research Institute (2016) Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Promise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030 [pdf], Washington, DC: IFPRI <http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/130354/filename/130565.pdf> [accessed 12 May 2017].
Luby, S.P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D.R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A. and Hoekstra, R.M. (2005) ‘Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet 366(9481): 225–33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7>.
Mwase, I., Mutoro, A., Owino, V., Garcia, A.L. and Wright, C.M. (2016) ‘Poor infant feeding practices and high prevalence of malnutrition in urban slum child care centres in Nairobi: a pilot study’, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 62(1): 46–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmv071>.
Prüss-Ustun, A., Bonjour, S. and Corvalan, C. (2008) ‘The impact of the environment on health by country: a meta-synthesis’, Environmental Health 7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-7-7>.
Rodríguez, L., Cervantes, E. and Ortiz, R. (2011) ‘Malnutrition and gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children: a public health problem’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(4): 1174–1205 <https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8041174>.
Spears, D. (2013) How Much International Variation in Child Height Can Sanitation Explain? [online], Policy Research Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-6351> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Strunz, E.C., Addiss, D.G., Stocks, M.E., Ogden, S. Utzinger, J. and Freeman, M.C. (2014) ‘Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLOS Medicine 11(3): e1001620 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620>.
UNICEF (1990) Strategy for Improved Nutrition of Children and Women in Developing Countries [pdf], New York: UNICEF <www.ceecis.org/iodine/01_global/01_pl/01_01_other_1992_unicef.pdf> [accessed 7 June 2017].
UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group (2015) Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition [pdf], New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO; Washington, DC: World Bank <https://www.unicef.org/media/files/JME_2015_edition_Sept_2015.pdf> [accessed 13 January 2017].
Victora, C.G., de Onis, M., Hallal, P.C., Blössner, M. and Shrimpton, R. (2010) ‘Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions’, Pediatrics 125(3): e473–80 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1519>.
WHO (2014a) Preventing Diarrhoea through Better Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Exposures and Impacts in Low- and Middle-Income Countries [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/preventing-diarrhoea/en/> [accessed 13 January 2017].
WHO (2014b) WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Wasting Policy Brief [pdf], Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/nutrition/topics/globaltargets_wasting_policybrief.pdf> [assessed 10 May 2017].
WHO (2016) Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments: A Global Assessment of the Burden of Disease from Environmental Risks [pdf] Geneva: WHO <www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventing-disease/en/> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Wolf, J., Prüss-Ustün, A., Cumming, O., Bartram, J., Bonjour, S., Cairncross, S., Clasen, T., Colford, J.M. Jr, Curtis, V., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Freeman, M.C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P.R., Jeandron, A., Johnston, R.B., Mäusezahl, D., Mathers, C., Neira, M. and Higgins, J.P. (2014) ‘Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression’, Tropical Medicine and International Health 19: 928–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12331>.
Action Against Hunger/UNICEF/ECHO (2017) WASH’ Nutrition: A Practical Guidebook on Increasing Nutritional Impact through Integration of WASH and Nutrition Programs [online] <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/fr/content/wash-nutrition-practical-guidebook-increasing-nutritional-impact-through-integration-wash> [accessed 12 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2011) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene [pdf], ACF-International Policy, Paris: ACF <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/sites/default/files/publications/fichiers/exe_bd_wash_policy_-_eng.pdf> [accessed 12 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014a) Greater Investment in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene is Key to the Fight against Under Nutrition [pdf], Paris: ACF <www.coalition-eau.org/wp-content/uploads/WASH-Advocacy-En.pdf> [accessed 6 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014b) Nutrition Security Policy [online], Paris: ACF <www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/content/acf-international-nutrition-security-policy> [accessed 6 February 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2014c) Factsheet: WASH in Nutrition [online], Paris: ACF <http://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/content/factsheet-wash-nutrition> [accessed 10 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2015) Link NCA – Nutrition Causal Analysis Guidelines [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://document.linknca.com//30/30/supports/2351/catDoc26/nca_guidelines_en_web-low2.pdf> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim (2017) Link NCA – Nutrition Causal Analysis Overview [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://document.linknca.com//30/30/supports/2353/catDoc26/nca_overview_en_web-low_170601.pdf> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Action Contre la Faim/USAID/ECHO (2016) Link NCA report, Borena Zone, Ethiopia [pdf], Paris: ACF <http://linknca.org/fiche/borena_zone_oromia_region1.html> [accessed 6 June 2017].
Alderman, H.H., Elder, L.K., Goyal, A., Herforth, A.W., Hoberg, Y.T., Marini, A., Ruel-Bergeron, J., Saavedra Chanduvi, J., Shekar, M., Tiwari, S. and Zaman, H. (2013) Improving Nutrition through Multisectoral Approaches, Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/625661468329649726/Improving-nutrition-through-multisectoral-approaches> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Black, R.E., Victora, C.G., Walker, S.P., Bhutta, Z.A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group (2013) ‘Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries’, Lancet 382(9890): 427–51 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X>.
Blössner, M. and de Onis, M. (2005) Malnutrition: Quantifying the Health Impact at National and Local Levels [online], WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 12, Geneva: World Health Organization <www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/eb12/en/> [accessed 7 June 2017].
Brown, J., Cairncross, S. and Ensink, J.H.J. (2011) ‘Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children’, BMJ 98(8): 629–34 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528>.
Cairncross, S., Cumming, O., Jeandron, A., Rheingans, R., Ensink, J., Brown, J., Cavill, S., Baker, S., Schmidt, W.P., Amery, J., Bibby, S., Harvey, M., Howard, G., Mulligan, J., O’Connor, H., Ryan-Collins, L., Swann, P., Wijesekera, S. and Woolnough, D. (2013) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Evidence Paper [pdf], London: UK Department for International Development <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-evidence-paper> [accessed 21 December 2016].
Checkley, W., Gilman, R.H., Black, R.E., Epstein, L.D., Cabrera, L., Sterling, C.R. and Moulton, L.H. (2004) ‘Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian periurban community’, Lancet 363(9403): 112–8 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15261-0>.
Curtis, V. and Cairncross, S. (2003) ‘Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3(5): 275–81 [online] <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12726975> [accessed 10 May 2017].
Dangour, A.D., Watson, L., Cumming, O., Boisson, S., Che, Y., Velleman, Y., Cavill, S., Allen, E. and Uauy, R. (2013) ‘Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutrition status of children’, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8: CD009382 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2>.
Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R.B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L. and Colford Jr, J.M. (2005) ‘Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1): 42–52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8>.
Humphrey, J.H. (2009) ‘Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing’, The Lancet 374(9694): 1032–5 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60950-8>.
International Food Policy Research Institute (2016) Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Promise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030 [pdf], Washington, DC: IFPRI <http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/130354/filename/130565.pdf> [accessed 12 May 2017].
Luby, S.P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D.R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A. and Hoekstra, R.M. (2005) ‘Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet 366(9481): 225–33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7>.
Mwase, I., Mutoro, A., Owino, V., Garcia, A.L. and Wright, C.M. (2016) ‘Poor infant feeding practices and high prevalence of malnutrition in urban slum child care centres in Nairobi: a pilot study’, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 62(1): 46–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmv071>.
Prüss-Ustun, A., Bonjour, S. and Corvalan, C. (2008) ‘The impact of the environment on health by country: a meta-synthesis’, Environmental Health 7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-7-7>.
Rodríguez, L., Cervantes, E. and Ortiz, R. (2011) ‘Malnutrition and gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children: a public health problem’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(4): 1174–1205 <https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8041174>.
Spears, D. (2013) How Much International Variation in Child Height Can Sanitation Explain? [online], Policy Research Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank <http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-6351> [accessed 9 December 2016].
Strunz, E.C., Addiss, D.G., Stocks, M.E., Ogden, S. Utzinger, J. and Freeman, M.C. (2014) ‘Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLOS Medicine 11(3): e1001620 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620>.
UNICEF (1990) Strategy for Improved Nutrition of Children and Women in Developing Countries [pdf], New York: UNICEF <www.ceecis.org/iodine/01_global/01_pl/01_01_other_1992_unicef.pdf> [accessed 7 June 2017].
UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group (2015) Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition [pdf], New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO; Washington, DC: World Bank <https://www.unicef.org/media/files/JME_2015_edition_Sept_2015.pdf> [accessed 13 January 2017].
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