Laddering up? A research framework in sanitation for people with disabilities in low-income settings
Gauri Desai | Jane Wilbur | Korydon Smith | James N. Jensen | James Lenker | Pavani Ram
With a motivation to make progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of sanitation for all by 2030, this paper proposes a framework to guide future research and evaluation of sanitation-for-all initiatives. The proposed framework builds upon the social model of disability, emphasizes a human rights perspective regarding sanitation access and use, leverages existing research and case examples, and is based on the need to extend the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) sanitation ladder to include ‘equitable sanitation’. The framework includes three mediating factors that influence sanitation access (personal/individual, social, and environmental factors) and one moderating factor (institutional structures), and provides a planning structure for achieving equitable sanitation. The sanitation-for-all framework contributes to previous efforts to broaden and deepen the impacts of the JMP, particularly from a human rights perspective, and holds potential regarding other marginalized populations, such as adolescent girls and older adults.Annamalai, T.R., Devkar, G., Mahalingam, A., Benjamin, S., Rajan, S.C. and Deep, A. (2016) What is the Evidence on Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Electricity Services in Low-Income or Informal Settlements? London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London.
Barnes, C. (2012) ‘Understanding the social model of disability’, in: Watson N, Roulstone A, Thomas C ed. Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies, Abindgon, UK and New York: Routledge.
Danquah, J.W.L. (2015) ‘Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia’, in 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, UK, London: WaterAid.
De Albuquerque, C. (2014) Realising the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: A Handbook, Office of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, Portugal: UN Habitat.
Evans, B., Colin, C., Jones, H. and Robinson, A. (2009) Sustainability and Equity Aspects of Total Sanitation Programmes: A Study of Recent WaterAid-supported Programmes in Three Countries: Global Synthesis Report, London: WaterAid.
Giné Garriga, R., Jiménez Fernández de Palencia, A. and Pérez Foguet, A. (2011) ‘A closer look at the sanitation ladder: issues of monitoring the sector’, in 35th WEDC International Conference: The Future of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Low-Income Countries: Innovation, Adaptation and Engagement in a Changing World, p. 18.
Gosling, L. (2010) Equity and Inclusion: A Rights-Based Approach, London: WaterAid.
Groce, N., Bailey, N., Lang, R., Trani, J.-F. and Kett, M. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation issues for persons with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries: a literature review and discussion of implications for global health and international development’, Journal of Water and Health 9: 617–27 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.198>.
Heijnen, M., Cumming, O., Peletz, R., Chan, G. K.-S., Brown, J., Baker, K. and Clasen, T. (2014) ‘Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: a systematic review of health outcomes’, PLoS One 9: e93300 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093300>.
Hueso, A. (2016) ‘Is “access to adequate and equitable sanitation” for all by 2030 achievable? Perspectives from sector experts on what needs to change to realise the Sustainable Development Goals’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6: 650–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.078>.
Jones, H. and Reed, B. (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups: Designing Services to Improve Accessibility, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University.
Jones, H., Parker, K. and Reed, R. (2002) ‘Water supply and sanitation access and use by physically disabled people: a literature review’, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/docs/research/WEJY3/Literature_review.pdf>.
Jones, H., Fisher, J. and Reed, R. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation for all in low-income countries’, London: Institution of Civil Engineers <https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11742/4/Water%20and%20sanitation%20for%20all.pdf>.
Kalugampitiya, A. (2016) No One Left Behind: Evaluating SDGs with an Equity-Focused and Gender-Responsive Lens, New York: UN Women.
Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Bracken, P., Johansson, M. and Fogde, M. (2011) ‘The sanitation ladder: a need for a revamp?’ Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.014>.
Maxwell, J.A. (2012) Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pradhan, A. and Jones, O. (2008) ‘Creating user-friendly water and sanitation services for the disabled: the experience of WaterAid Nepal and its partners’, in Beyond Construction, London: WaterAid, Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
Smith, K.H., Webb, J. and Williams, B.T. (2010) Just Below the Line: Disability, Housing, and Equity in the South, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press.
Snider, H. and Takeda, N. (2008) Design for All: Implications for Bank Operations, Washington, DC: World Bank.
UN (2006) ‘Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol’ [online], UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner <www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/OptionalProtocolRightsPersonsWithDisabilities.aspx> [accessed 25 July 2017].
UN (2015) Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: UN.
US Congress (1998) ‘Assistive Technology Act of 1998’ [online], <https://www.section508.gov/assistive-technology-act-1998> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Van der Kroft, M. (2002) Response to Research Questionnaire, Overseas Disability Adviser, Save the Children UK.
Werner, D. (1987) Disabled Village Children, Palo Alto, CA: The Hesperian Foundation, p. 14.
White, S., Kuper, H., Itimu-Phiri, A., Holm, R. and Biran, A. (2016) ‘A qualitative study of barriers to accessing water, sanitation and hygiene for disabled people in Malawi’, PloS One 11: e0155043 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155043>.
WHO (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO (2011) World Report on Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2014) ‘WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan’s message on the International Day of Persons with Disabilities 2014’ [online] <www.who.int/disabilities/media/news/2014/idpd_dg/en/> [accessed 25 July 2017].
WHO (2015) WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014–2021 Better Health For All People With Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2017) ‘Launch of the first WHO Priority Assistive Products List’ [online], <www.who.int/phi/implementation/assistive_technology/en/> [accessed 2017].
WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016a) Core Questions and Indicators for Monitoring WASH in Schools in the Sustainable Development Goals, Geneva: WHO/UNICEF.
WHO/UNICEF (2016b) Task Force on Monitoring Inequalities for the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016c) WASH Post-2015: Proposed Indicators for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2017) ‘Sanitation’ [online], Joint Monitoring Programme <https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Annamalai, T.R., Devkar, G., Mahalingam, A., Benjamin, S., Rajan, S.C. and Deep, A. (2016) What is the Evidence on Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Electricity Services in Low-Income or Informal Settlements? London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London.
Barnes, C. (2012) ‘Understanding the social model of disability’, in: Watson N, Roulstone A, Thomas C ed. Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies, Abindgon, UK and New York: Routledge.
Danquah, J.W.L. (2015) ‘Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia’, in 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, UK, London: WaterAid.
De Albuquerque, C. (2014) Realising the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: A Handbook, Office of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, Portugal: UN Habitat.
Evans, B., Colin, C., Jones, H. and Robinson, A. (2009) Sustainability and Equity Aspects of Total Sanitation Programmes: A Study of Recent WaterAid-supported Programmes in Three Countries: Global Synthesis Report, London: WaterAid.
Giné Garriga, R., Jiménez Fernández de Palencia, A. and Pérez Foguet, A. (2011) ‘A closer look at the sanitation ladder: issues of monitoring the sector’, in 35th WEDC International Conference: The Future of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Low-Income Countries: Innovation, Adaptation and Engagement in a Changing World, p. 18.
Gosling, L. (2010) Equity and Inclusion: A Rights-Based Approach, London: WaterAid.
Groce, N., Bailey, N., Lang, R., Trani, J.-F. and Kett, M. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation issues for persons with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries: a literature review and discussion of implications for global health and international development’, Journal of Water and Health 9: 617–27 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.198>.
Heijnen, M., Cumming, O., Peletz, R., Chan, G. K.-S., Brown, J., Baker, K. and Clasen, T. (2014) ‘Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: a systematic review of health outcomes’, PLoS One 9: e93300 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093300>.
Hueso, A. (2016) ‘Is “access to adequate and equitable sanitation” for all by 2030 achievable? Perspectives from sector experts on what needs to change to realise the Sustainable Development Goals’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6: 650–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.078>.
Jones, H. and Reed, B. (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups: Designing Services to Improve Accessibility, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University.
Jones, H., Parker, K. and Reed, R. (2002) ‘Water supply and sanitation access and use by physically disabled people: a literature review’, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/docs/research/WEJY3/Literature_review.pdf>.
Jones, H., Fisher, J. and Reed, R. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation for all in low-income countries’, London: Institution of Civil Engineers <https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11742/4/Water%20and%20sanitation%20for%20all.pdf>.
Kalugampitiya, A. (2016) No One Left Behind: Evaluating SDGs with an Equity-Focused and Gender-Responsive Lens, New York: UN Women.
Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Bracken, P., Johansson, M. and Fogde, M. (2011) ‘The sanitation ladder: a need for a revamp?’ Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.014>.
Maxwell, J.A. (2012) Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pradhan, A. and Jones, O. (2008) ‘Creating user-friendly water and sanitation services for the disabled: the experience of WaterAid Nepal and its partners’, in Beyond Construction, London: WaterAid, Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
Smith, K.H., Webb, J. and Williams, B.T. (2010) Just Below the Line: Disability, Housing, and Equity in the South, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press.
Snider, H. and Takeda, N. (2008) Design for All: Implications for Bank Operations, Washington, DC: World Bank.
UN (2006) ‘Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol’ [online], UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner <www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/OptionalProtocolRightsPersonsWithDisabilities.aspx> [accessed 25 July 2017].
UN (2015) Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: UN.
US Congress (1998) ‘Assistive Technology Act of 1998’ [online], <https://www.section508.gov/assistive-technology-act-1998> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Van der Kroft, M. (2002) Response to Research Questionnaire, Overseas Disability Adviser, Save the Children UK.
Werner, D. (1987) Disabled Village Children, Palo Alto, CA: The Hesperian Foundation, p. 14.
White, S., Kuper, H., Itimu-Phiri, A., Holm, R. and Biran, A. (2016) ‘A qualitative study of barriers to accessing water, sanitation and hygiene for disabled people in Malawi’, PloS One 11: e0155043 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155043>.
WHO (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO (2011) World Report on Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2014) ‘WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan’s message on the International Day of Persons with Disabilities 2014’ [online] <www.who.int/disabilities/media/news/2014/idpd_dg/en/> [accessed 25 July 2017].
WHO (2015) WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014–2021 Better Health For All People With Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2017) ‘Launch of the first WHO Priority Assistive Products List’ [online], <www.who.int/phi/implementation/assistive_technology/en/> [accessed 2017].
WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016a) Core Questions and Indicators for Monitoring WASH in Schools in the Sustainable Development Goals, Geneva: WHO/UNICEF.
WHO/UNICEF (2016b) Task Force on Monitoring Inequalities for the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016c) WASH Post-2015: Proposed Indicators for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2017) ‘Sanitation’ [online], Joint Monitoring Programme <https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Annamalai, T.R., Devkar, G., Mahalingam, A., Benjamin, S., Rajan, S.C. and Deep, A. (2016) What is the Evidence on Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Electricity Services in Low-Income or Informal Settlements? London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London.
Barnes, C. (2012) ‘Understanding the social model of disability’, in: Watson N, Roulstone A, Thomas C ed. Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies, Abindgon, UK and New York: Routledge.
Danquah, J.W.L. (2015) ‘Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia’, in 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, UK, London: WaterAid.
De Albuquerque, C. (2014) Realising the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: A Handbook, Office of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, Portugal: UN Habitat.
Evans, B., Colin, C., Jones, H. and Robinson, A. (2009) Sustainability and Equity Aspects of Total Sanitation Programmes: A Study of Recent WaterAid-supported Programmes in Three Countries: Global Synthesis Report, London: WaterAid.
Giné Garriga, R., Jiménez Fernández de Palencia, A. and Pérez Foguet, A. (2011) ‘A closer look at the sanitation ladder: issues of monitoring the sector’, in 35th WEDC International Conference: The Future of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Low-Income Countries: Innovation, Adaptation and Engagement in a Changing World, p. 18.
Gosling, L. (2010) Equity and Inclusion: A Rights-Based Approach, London: WaterAid.
Groce, N., Bailey, N., Lang, R., Trani, J.-F. and Kett, M. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation issues for persons with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries: a literature review and discussion of implications for global health and international development’, Journal of Water and Health 9: 617–27 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.198>.
Heijnen, M., Cumming, O., Peletz, R., Chan, G. K.-S., Brown, J., Baker, K. and Clasen, T. (2014) ‘Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: a systematic review of health outcomes’, PLoS One 9: e93300 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093300>.
Hueso, A. (2016) ‘Is “access to adequate and equitable sanitation” for all by 2030 achievable? Perspectives from sector experts on what needs to change to realise the Sustainable Development Goals’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6: 650–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.078>.
Jones, H. and Reed, B. (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups: Designing Services to Improve Accessibility, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University.
Jones, H., Parker, K. and Reed, R. (2002) ‘Water supply and sanitation access and use by physically disabled people: a literature review’, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/docs/research/WEJY3/Literature_review.pdf>.
Jones, H., Fisher, J. and Reed, R. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation for all in low-income countries’, London: Institution of Civil Engineers <https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11742/4/Water%20and%20sanitation%20for%20all.pdf>.
Kalugampitiya, A. (2016) No One Left Behind: Evaluating SDGs with an Equity-Focused and Gender-Responsive Lens, New York: UN Women.
Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Bracken, P., Johansson, M. and Fogde, M. (2011) ‘The sanitation ladder: a need for a revamp?’ Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.014>.
Maxwell, J.A. (2012) Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pradhan, A. and Jones, O. (2008) ‘Creating user-friendly water and sanitation services for the disabled: the experience of WaterAid Nepal and its partners’, in Beyond Construction, London: WaterAid, Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
Smith, K.H., Webb, J. and Williams, B.T. (2010) Just Below the Line: Disability, Housing, and Equity in the South, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press.
Snider, H. and Takeda, N. (2008) Design for All: Implications for Bank Operations, Washington, DC: World Bank.
UN (2006) ‘Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol’ [online], UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner <www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/OptionalProtocolRightsPersonsWithDisabilities.aspx> [accessed 25 July 2017].
UN (2015) Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: UN.
US Congress (1998) ‘Assistive Technology Act of 1998’ [online], <https://www.section508.gov/assistive-technology-act-1998> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Van der Kroft, M. (2002) Response to Research Questionnaire, Overseas Disability Adviser, Save the Children UK.
Werner, D. (1987) Disabled Village Children, Palo Alto, CA: The Hesperian Foundation, p. 14.
White, S., Kuper, H., Itimu-Phiri, A., Holm, R. and Biran, A. (2016) ‘A qualitative study of barriers to accessing water, sanitation and hygiene for disabled people in Malawi’, PloS One 11: e0155043 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155043>.
WHO (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO (2011) World Report on Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2014) ‘WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan’s message on the International Day of Persons with Disabilities 2014’ [online] <www.who.int/disabilities/media/news/2014/idpd_dg/en/> [accessed 25 July 2017].
WHO (2015) WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014–2021 Better Health For All People With Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2017) ‘Launch of the first WHO Priority Assistive Products List’ [online], <www.who.int/phi/implementation/assistive_technology/en/> [accessed 2017].
WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016a) Core Questions and Indicators for Monitoring WASH in Schools in the Sustainable Development Goals, Geneva: WHO/UNICEF.
WHO/UNICEF (2016b) Task Force on Monitoring Inequalities for the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016c) WASH Post-2015: Proposed Indicators for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2017) ‘Sanitation’ [online], Joint Monitoring Programme <https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Annamalai, T.R., Devkar, G., Mahalingam, A., Benjamin, S., Rajan, S.C. and Deep, A. (2016) What is the Evidence on Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Electricity Services in Low-Income or Informal Settlements? London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London.
Barnes, C. (2012) ‘Understanding the social model of disability’, in: Watson N, Roulstone A, Thomas C ed. Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies, Abindgon, UK and New York: Routledge.
Danquah, J.W.L. (2015) ‘Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia’, in 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, UK, London: WaterAid.
De Albuquerque, C. (2014) Realising the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: A Handbook, Office of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, Portugal: UN Habitat.
Evans, B., Colin, C., Jones, H. and Robinson, A. (2009) Sustainability and Equity Aspects of Total Sanitation Programmes: A Study of Recent WaterAid-supported Programmes in Three Countries: Global Synthesis Report, London: WaterAid.
Giné Garriga, R., Jiménez Fernández de Palencia, A. and Pérez Foguet, A. (2011) ‘A closer look at the sanitation ladder: issues of monitoring the sector’, in 35th WEDC International Conference: The Future of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Low-Income Countries: Innovation, Adaptation and Engagement in a Changing World, p. 18.
Gosling, L. (2010) Equity and Inclusion: A Rights-Based Approach, London: WaterAid.
Groce, N., Bailey, N., Lang, R., Trani, J.-F. and Kett, M. (2011) ‘Water and sanitation issues for persons with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries: a literature review and discussion of implications for global health and international development’, Journal of Water and Health 9: 617–27 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.198>.
Heijnen, M., Cumming, O., Peletz, R., Chan, G. K.-S., Brown, J., Baker, K. and Clasen, T. (2014) ‘Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: a systematic review of health outcomes’, PLoS One 9: e93300 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093300>.
Hueso, A. (2016) ‘Is “access to adequate and equitable sanitation” for all by 2030 achievable? Perspectives from sector experts on what needs to change to realise the Sustainable Development Goals’, Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6: 650–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.078>.
Jones, H. and Reed, B. (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups: Designing Services to Improve Accessibility, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University.
Jones, H., Parker, K. and Reed, R. (2002) ‘Water supply and sanitation access and use by physically disabled people: a literature review’, Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University <http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/docs/research/WEJY3/Literature_review.pdf>.
Jones, H., Fisher, J. and Reed, R. (2012) ‘Water and sanitation for all in low-income countries’, London: Institution of Civil Engineers <https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11742/4/Water%20and%20sanitation%20for%20all.pdf>.
Kalugampitiya, A. (2016) No One Left Behind: Evaluating SDGs with an Equity-Focused and Gender-Responsive Lens, New York: UN Women.
Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Bracken, P., Johansson, M. and Fogde, M. (2011) ‘The sanitation ladder: a need for a revamp?’ Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1: 3–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.014>.
Maxwell, J.A. (2012) Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pradhan, A. and Jones, O. (2008) ‘Creating user-friendly water and sanitation services for the disabled: the experience of WaterAid Nepal and its partners’, in Beyond Construction, London: WaterAid, Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
Smith, K.H., Webb, J. and Williams, B.T. (2010) Just Below the Line: Disability, Housing, and Equity in the South, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press.
Snider, H. and Takeda, N. (2008) Design for All: Implications for Bank Operations, Washington, DC: World Bank.
UN (2006) ‘Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol’ [online], UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner <www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/OptionalProtocolRightsPersonsWithDisabilities.aspx> [accessed 25 July 2017].
UN (2015) Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: UN.
US Congress (1998) ‘Assistive Technology Act of 1998’ [online], <https://www.section508.gov/assistive-technology-act-1998> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Van der Kroft, M. (2002) Response to Research Questionnaire, Overseas Disability Adviser, Save the Children UK.
Werner, D. (1987) Disabled Village Children, Palo Alto, CA: The Hesperian Foundation, p. 14.
White, S., Kuper, H., Itimu-Phiri, A., Holm, R. and Biran, A. (2016) ‘A qualitative study of barriers to accessing water, sanitation and hygiene for disabled people in Malawi’, PloS One 11: e0155043 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155043>.
WHO (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO (2011) World Report on Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2014) ‘WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan’s message on the International Day of Persons with Disabilities 2014’ [online] <www.who.int/disabilities/media/news/2014/idpd_dg/en/> [accessed 25 July 2017].
WHO (2015) WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014–2021 Better Health For All People With Disability, Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2017) ‘Launch of the first WHO Priority Assistive Products List’ [online], <www.who.int/phi/implementation/assistive_technology/en/> [accessed 2017].
WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016a) Core Questions and Indicators for Monitoring WASH in Schools in the Sustainable Development Goals, Geneva: WHO/UNICEF.
WHO/UNICEF (2016b) Task Force on Monitoring Inequalities for the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2016c) WASH Post-2015: Proposed Indicators for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Geneva: WHO.
WHO/UNICEF (2017) ‘Sanitation’ [online], Joint Monitoring Programme <https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation> [accessed 25 July 2017].
Feasibility Study of a Menstrual Hygiene Management Intervention for People with Intellectual Impairments and Their Carers in Nepal
Wilbur, Jane
Mahon, Thérèse
Torondel, Belen
Hameed, Shaffa
Kuper, Hannah
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16 (2019), Iss. 19 P.3750
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193750 [Citations: 12]Are current approaches for measuring access to clean water and sanitation inclusive of people with disabilities? Comparison of individual- and household-level access between people with and without disabilities in the Tanahun district of Nepal
Banks, Lena Morgon
White, Sian
Biran, Adam
Wilbur, Jane
Neupane, Shailes
Neupane, Saurav
Sharma, Aditi
Kuper, Hannah
Federici, Stefano
PLOS ONE, Vol. 14 (2019), Iss. 10 P.e0223557
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223557 [Citations: 29]Qualitative study exploring the barriers to menstrual hygiene management faced by adolescents and young people with a disability, and their carers in the Kavrepalanchok district, Nepal
Wilbur, Jane
Kayastha, Shubha
Mahon, Thérèse
Torondel, Belen
Hameed, Shaffa
Sigdel, Anita
Gyawali, Amrita
Kuper, Hannah
BMC Public Health, Vol. 21 (2021), Iss. 1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10439-y [Citations: 32]- A call to action: organizational, professional, and personal change for gender transformative WASH programming
- Providing municipal faecal sludge management services: lessons from Bangladesh
- Menstrual hygiene management: education and empowerment for girls?
- Webwatch
- Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia
Browse our other journals
