In this study, we examined behavioural determinants associated with Escherichia coli contamination of drinking water between the point of treatment (PoT) and the point of consumption (PoC) within households (HHs) that were practising household water treatment (HWT) or purchased 20 L bottles of treated water in rural Cambodia. We measured E. coli levels at both the PoT and PoC in 399 HHs in 32 villages in four provinces. The Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action guided eight behavioural determinants theorized to be associated with the E. coli contamination. Multivariate analysis was used to build models predicting the E. coli contamination between the PoT and PoC in the HH setting. Behavioural determinants associated with the recontamination of treated drinking water included: perceived susceptibility of treated water to contamination and perception of divine will as a cause of diarrhoea. The perceived susceptibility of treated water to be contaminated was also significantly associated with actual drinking water handling behaviours and practices adopted within HHs, such as how often the drinking vessels are cleaned. We conclude that understanding the behavioural determinants that are associated with the E. coli recontamination between PoT and PoC in the treated drinking water will inform interventions aimed at changing HH behaviours and improving the impact of adopting HWT.

Bain, R.E., Gundry, S.W., Wright, J.A., Yang, H., Pedley, S. and Bartram, J. K. (2012) ‘Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90(3): 228–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.094284>.

Brown, J. and Clasen, T. (2012) ‘High adherence is necessary to realize health gains from water quality interventions’, PLoS One 7(5): e36735 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036735>.

Cairncross, S. and Shordt, K. (2004) ‘It does last! Some findings from a multi-country study of hygiene sustainability’, Waterlines 22(3): 4–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2004.003>.

Curtis, V.A., Danquah, L.O. and Aunger, R.V. (2009) ‘Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review’, Health Education Research 24(4): 655–73 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp002>.

Davis, T.P. (2004) Barrier Analysis Facilitator’s Guide: A Tool for Improving Behavior Change Communication in Child Survival and Community Development Programs, Washington, DC: Food for the Hungry.

Enger, K.S., Nelson, K.L., Rose, J.B. and Eisenberg, J.N. (2013) ‘The joint effects of efficacy and compliance: a study of household water treatment effectiveness against childhood diarrhea’, Water Research 47(3): 1181–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.034>.

Eschol, J., Mahapatra, P. and Keshapagu, S. (2009) ‘Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India’, Journal of Water and Health 7(1): 145–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.094>.

Faith in Water (no date) ‘Working with faith schools to improve water, sanitation and hygiene for children and communities’ [online] <www.faithinwater.org/> [accessed 17 December 2016].

Figueroa, M.E. and Kincaid, D.L. (2010) Social, Cultural and Behavioral Correlates of Household Water Treatment and Storage, Center Publication HCI 2010-1: Health Communication Insights.

Gupta, S.K., Suantio, A., Gray, A., Widyastuti, E., Jain, N., Rolos, R., Hoekstra, R.M. and Quick, R. (2007) ‘Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia’, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76(6): 1158–62.

Hulland, K., Martin, N., Dreibelbis, R., DeBruiker Valliant, J. and Winch, P. (2015) What Factors Affect Sustained Adoption of Safe Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Technologies? A Systematic Review of the Literature, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London.

Huuhtanen, S. and Laukkanen, A. (2006) A Guide to Sanitation and Hygiene for those Working in Developing Countries [pdf], Global Dry Toilet Club of Finland, Tampere Polytechnic University of Applied Sciences – University of Applied Sciences Publications <http://drytoilet.org/pdf/Sanitation_Guide.pdf> [accessed 21 February 2017].

Jeuland, M., Orgill, J., Shaheed, A., Revell, G. and Brown, J. (2016) ‘A matter of good taste: investigating preferences for in-house water treatment in peri-urban communities in Cambodia’, Environment and Development Economics 21(3): 291–317 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X15000248>.

Ketsela, T., Asfaw, M. & Belachew, C. (1991) ‘Knowledge and practice of mothers/care-takers towards diarrhoea and its treatment in rural communities in Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Medical Journal 29(4): 213–24.

Kim, E. and Cantwell, R.E. (2016) Field Investigation of Rural Water Handling and Storage after Treatment, Technical Report for Cambodia’s Ministry of Rural Development and World Health Organization.

Levy, K., Nelson, K.L., Hubbard, A. and Eisenberg, J.N.S. (2008) ‘Following the water: a controlled study of drinking water storage in northern coastal Ecuador’, Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 1533–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11296>.

McLennan, J.D. (2000) ‘To boil or not: drinking water for children in a periurban barrio’, Social Science & Medicine 51(8): 1211–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00038-1>.

Ministry of Planning (MoP) and Ministry of Health (MoH) (2014) Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) [online], Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Rockville, MD: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF International <http://cambodia.unfpa.org/publications/cambodia-demographic-and-health-survey-2014-0> [accessed 24 January 2017].

Momba, M.N.B. and Notshe, T.L. (2003) ‘The microbiological quality of groundwater-derived drinking water after long storage in household containers in a rural community of South Africa’, Journal of Water Supply: Research & Technology-AQUA 52: 67–78.

MoP (2012) ID Poor Atlas: Identification of Poor Households: Results from Data Collection Rounds 4 (2010) and 5 (2011) [pdf], Ministry of Planning, Kingdom of Cambodia <www.idpoor.gov.kh/Data/En/Reference/IDPoor_ATLAS_Round_4_5_Eng-FINAL.pdf> [accessed 24 January 2017].

MRD (Ministry of Rural Development) (2015) National Guideline for Behavior Change Communication for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene in Cambodia, 2015.

O’Connell, K. (2014) What Influences Open Defecation and Latrine Ownership in Rural Households? Findings from a Global Review [pdf], Water and Sanitation Program Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank Group <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159311468154787194/What-influences-open-defecation-and-latrine-ownership-in-rural-households-findings-from-a-global-review> [accessed 26 February 2017].

Ojomo, E., Elliott, M., Goodyear, L., Forson, M. and Bartram, J. (2015) ‘Sustainability and scale-up of household water treatment and safe storage practices: enablers and barriers to effective implementation’, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 218(8): 704–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.002>.

Onda, K., LoBuglio, J. and Bartram, J. (2012) ‘Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9(3): 880–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030880>.

Oswald, W.E., Lescano, A.G., Bern, C., Calderon, M.M., Cabrera, L. and Gilman, R.H. (2007) ‘Fecal contamination of drinking water within peri-urban households, Lima, Peru’, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77(4): 699–704.

Pedi, D., Sophanna, M., Sophea, P. and Jenkins, M. (2013) Rural Consumer Sanitation Adoption Study: An Analysis of Rural Consumers in the Emerging Sanitation Market in Cambodia [pdf], WaterSHED <www.watershedasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/2014-10-RCSAS_lowres.pdf>.

Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J.M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A.D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Gordon, B., Hunter, P.R., Johnston, R.B., Mathers, C., Mausezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, M., Stocks, M., Wolf, J., Cairncross, S. and Freeman, M.C. (2014) ‘Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low-and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 19(8): 894–905 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12329>.

Shantz, A. (2013) National Microbial Assessment of Rural Household Point-of-Consumption Drinking Waters, Technical Report for Cambodia’s Ministry of Rural Development and World Health Organization.

Stauber, C., Miller, C., Cantrell, B. and Kroell, K. (2014) ‘Evaluation of the compartment bag test for the detection of Escherichia coli in water’, Journal of Microbiological Methods 99: 66–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.008>.

Wright, J., Gundry, S. and Conroy, R. (2004) ‘Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 9(1): 106–17 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x>.

Bain, R.E., Gundry, S.W., Wright, J.A., Yang, H., Pedley, S. and Bartram, J. K. (2012) ‘Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90(3): 228–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.094284>.

Brown, J. and Clasen, T. (2012) ‘High adherence is necessary to realize health gains from water quality interventions’, PLoS One 7(5): e36735 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036735>.

Cairncross, S. and Shordt, K. (2004) ‘It does last! Some findings from a multi-country study of hygiene sustainability’, Waterlines 22(3): 4–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2004.003>.

Curtis, V.A., Danquah, L.O. and Aunger, R.V. (2009) ‘Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review’, Health Education Research 24(4): 655–73 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp002>.

Davis, T.P. (2004) Barrier Analysis Facilitator’s Guide: A Tool for Improving Behavior Change Communication in Child Survival and Community Development Programs, Washington, DC: Food for the Hungry.

Enger, K.S., Nelson, K.L., Rose, J.B. and Eisenberg, J.N. (2013) ‘The joint effects of efficacy and compliance: a study of household water treatment effectiveness against childhood diarrhea’, Water Research 47(3): 1181–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.034>.

Eschol, J., Mahapatra, P. and Keshapagu, S. (2009) ‘Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India’, Journal of Water and Health 7(1): 145–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.094>.

Faith in Water (no date) ‘Working with faith schools to improve water, sanitation and hygiene for children and communities’ [online] <www.faithinwater.org/> [accessed 17 December 2016].

Figueroa, M.E. and Kincaid, D.L. (2010) Social, Cultural and Behavioral Correlates of Household Water Treatment and Storage, Center Publication HCI 2010-1: Health Communication Insights.

Gupta, S.K., Suantio, A., Gray, A., Widyastuti, E., Jain, N., Rolos, R., Hoekstra, R.M. and Quick, R. (2007) ‘Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia’, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76(6): 1158–62.

Hulland, K., Martin, N., Dreibelbis, R., DeBruiker Valliant, J. and Winch, P. (2015) What Factors Affect Sustained Adoption of Safe Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Technologies? A Systematic Review of the Literature, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London.

Huuhtanen, S. and Laukkanen, A. (2006) A Guide to Sanitation and Hygiene for those Working in Developing Countries [pdf], Global Dry Toilet Club of Finland, Tampere Polytechnic University of Applied Sciences – University of Applied Sciences Publications <http://drytoilet.org/pdf/Sanitation_Guide.pdf> [accessed 21 February 2017].

Jeuland, M., Orgill, J., Shaheed, A., Revell, G. and Brown, J. (2016) ‘A matter of good taste: investigating preferences for in-house water treatment in peri-urban communities in Cambodia’, Environment and Development Economics 21(3): 291–317 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X15000248>.

Ketsela, T., Asfaw, M. & Belachew, C. (1991) ‘Knowledge and practice of mothers/care-takers towards diarrhoea and its treatment in rural communities in Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Medical Journal 29(4): 213–24.

Kim, E. and Cantwell, R.E. (2016) Field Investigation of Rural Water Handling and Storage after Treatment, Technical Report for Cambodia’s Ministry of Rural Development and World Health Organization.

Levy, K., Nelson, K.L., Hubbard, A. and Eisenberg, J.N.S. (2008) ‘Following the water: a controlled study of drinking water storage in northern coastal Ecuador’, Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 1533–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11296>.

McLennan, J.D. (2000) ‘To boil or not: drinking water for children in a periurban barrio’, Social Science & Medicine 51(8): 1211–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00038-1>.

Ministry of Planning (MoP) and Ministry of Health (MoH) (2014) Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) [online], Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Rockville, MD: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF International <http://cambodia.unfpa.org/publications/cambodia-demographic-and-health-survey-2014-0> [accessed 24 January 2017].

Momba, M.N.B. and Notshe, T.L. (2003) ‘The microbiological quality of groundwater-derived drinking water after long storage in household containers in a rural community of South Africa’, Journal of Water Supply: Research & Technology-AQUA 52: 67–78.

MoP (2012) ID Poor Atlas: Identification of Poor Households: Results from Data Collection Rounds 4 (2010) and 5 (2011) [pdf], Ministry of Planning, Kingdom of Cambodia <www.idpoor.gov.kh/Data/En/Reference/IDPoor_ATLAS_Round_4_5_Eng-FINAL.pdf> [accessed 24 January 2017].

MRD (Ministry of Rural Development) (2015) National Guideline for Behavior Change Communication for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene in Cambodia, 2015.

O’Connell, K. (2014) What Influences Open Defecation and Latrine Ownership in Rural Households? Findings from a Global Review [pdf], Water and Sanitation Program Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank Group <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159311468154787194/What-influences-open-defecation-and-latrine-ownership-in-rural-households-findings-from-a-global-review> [accessed 26 February 2017].

Ojomo, E., Elliott, M., Goodyear, L., Forson, M. and Bartram, J. (2015) ‘Sustainability and scale-up of household water treatment and safe storage practices: enablers and barriers to effective implementation’, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 218(8): 704–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.002>.

Onda, K., LoBuglio, J. and Bartram, J. (2012) ‘Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9(3): 880–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030880>.

Oswald, W.E., Lescano, A.G., Bern, C., Calderon, M.M., Cabrera, L. and Gilman, R.H. (2007) ‘Fecal contamination of drinking water within peri-urban households, Lima, Peru’, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77(4): 699–704.

Pedi, D., Sophanna, M., Sophea, P. and Jenkins, M. (2013) Rural Consumer Sanitation Adoption Study: An Analysis of Rural Consumers in the Emerging Sanitation Market in Cambodia [pdf], WaterSHED <www.watershedasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/2014-10-RCSAS_lowres.pdf>.

Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J.M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A.D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Gordon, B., Hunter, P.R., Johnston, R.B., Mathers, C., Mausezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, M., Stocks, M., Wolf, J., Cairncross, S. and Freeman, M.C. (2014) ‘Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low-and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 19(8): 894–905 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12329>.

Shantz, A. (2013) National Microbial Assessment of Rural Household Point-of-Consumption Drinking Waters, Technical Report for Cambodia’s Ministry of Rural Development and World Health Organization.

Stauber, C., Miller, C., Cantrell, B. and Kroell, K. (2014) ‘Evaluation of the compartment bag test for the detection of Escherichia coli in water’, Journal of Microbiological Methods 99: 66–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.008>.

Wright, J., Gundry, S. and Conroy, R. (2004) ‘Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 9(1): 106–17 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x>.

Bain, R.E., Gundry, S.W., Wright, J.A., Yang, H., Pedley, S. and Bartram, J. K. (2012) ‘Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90(3): 228–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.094284>.

Brown, J. and Clasen, T. (2012) ‘High adherence is necessary to realize health gains from water quality interventions’, PLoS One 7(5): e36735 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036735>.

Cairncross, S. and Shordt, K. (2004) ‘It does last! Some findings from a multi-country study of hygiene sustainability’, Waterlines 22(3): 4–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2004.003>.

Curtis, V.A., Danquah, L.O. and Aunger, R.V. (2009) ‘Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review’, Health Education Research 24(4): 655–73 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp002>.

Davis, T.P. (2004) Barrier Analysis Facilitator’s Guide: A Tool for Improving Behavior Change Communication in Child Survival and Community Development Programs, Washington, DC: Food for the Hungry.

Enger, K.S., Nelson, K.L., Rose, J.B. and Eisenberg, J.N. (2013) ‘The joint effects of efficacy and compliance: a study of household water treatment effectiveness against childhood diarrhea’, Water Research 47(3): 1181–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.034>.

Eschol, J., Mahapatra, P. and Keshapagu, S. (2009) ‘Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India’, Journal of Water and Health 7(1): 145–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.094>.

Faith in Water (no date) ‘Working with faith schools to improve water, sanitation and hygiene for children and communities’ [online] <www.faithinwater.org/> [accessed 17 December 2016].

Figueroa, M.E. and Kincaid, D.L. (2010) Social, Cultural and Behavioral Correlates of Household Water Treatment and Storage, Center Publication HCI 2010-1: Health Communication Insights.

Gupta, S.K., Suantio, A., Gray, A., Widyastuti, E., Jain, N., Rolos, R., Hoekstra, R.M. and Quick, R. (2007) ‘Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia’, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76(6): 1158–62.

Hulland, K., Martin, N., Dreibelbis, R., DeBruiker Valliant, J. and Winch, P. (2015) What Factors Affect Sustained Adoption of Safe Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Technologies? A Systematic Review of the Literature, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London.

Huuhtanen, S. and Laukkanen, A. (2006) A Guide to Sanitation and Hygiene for those Working in Developing Countries [pdf], Global Dry Toilet Club of Finland, Tampere Polytechnic University of Applied Sciences – University of Applied Sciences Publications <http://drytoilet.org/pdf/Sanitation_Guide.pdf> [accessed 21 February 2017].

Jeuland, M., Orgill, J., Shaheed, A., Revell, G. and Brown, J. (2016) ‘A matter of good taste: investigating preferences for in-house water treatment in peri-urban communities in Cambodia’, Environment and Development Economics 21(3): 291–317 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X15000248>.

Ketsela, T., Asfaw, M. & Belachew, C. (1991) ‘Knowledge and practice of mothers/care-takers towards diarrhoea and its treatment in rural communities in Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Medical Journal 29(4): 213–24.

Kim, E. and Cantwell, R.E. (2016) Field Investigation of Rural Water Handling and Storage after Treatment, Technical Report for Cambodia’s Ministry of Rural Development and World Health Organization.

Levy, K., Nelson, K.L., Hubbard, A. and Eisenberg, J.N.S. (2008) ‘Following the water: a controlled study of drinking water storage in northern coastal Ecuador’, Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 1533–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11296>.

McLennan, J.D. (2000) ‘To boil or not: drinking water for children in a periurban barrio’, Social Science & Medicine 51(8): 1211–20 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00038-1>.

Ministry of Planning (MoP) and Ministry of Health (MoH) (2014) Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) [online], Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Rockville, MD: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF International <http://cambodia.unfpa.org/publications/cambodia-demographic-and-health-survey-2014-0> [accessed 24 January 2017].

Momba, M.N.B. and Notshe, T.L. (2003) ‘The microbiological quality of groundwater-derived drinking water after long storage in household containers in a rural community of South Africa’, Journal of Water Supply: Research & Technology-AQUA 52: 67–78.

MoP (2012) ID Poor Atlas: Identification of Poor Households: Results from Data Collection Rounds 4 (2010) and 5 (2011) [pdf], Ministry of Planning, Kingdom of Cambodia <www.idpoor.gov.kh/Data/En/Reference/IDPoor_ATLAS_Round_4_5_Eng-FINAL.pdf> [accessed 24 January 2017].

MRD (Ministry of Rural Development) (2015) National Guideline for Behavior Change Communication for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene in Cambodia, 2015.

O’Connell, K. (2014) What Influences Open Defecation and Latrine Ownership in Rural Households? Findings from a Global Review [pdf], Water and Sanitation Program Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank Group <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159311468154787194/What-influences-open-defecation-and-latrine-ownership-in-rural-households-findings-from-a-global-review> [accessed 26 February 2017].

Ojomo, E., Elliott, M., Goodyear, L., Forson, M. and Bartram, J. (2015) ‘Sustainability and scale-up of household water treatment and safe storage practices: enablers and barriers to effective implementation’, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 218(8): 704–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.002>.

Onda, K., LoBuglio, J. and Bartram, J. (2012) ‘Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9(3): 880–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030880>.

Oswald, W.E., Lescano, A.G., Bern, C., Calderon, M.M., Cabrera, L. and Gilman, R.H. (2007) ‘Fecal contamination of drinking water within peri-urban households, Lima, Peru’, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77(4): 699–704.

Pedi, D., Sophanna, M., Sophea, P. and Jenkins, M. (2013) Rural Consumer Sanitation Adoption Study: An Analysis of Rural Consumers in the Emerging Sanitation Market in Cambodia [pdf], WaterSHED <www.watershedasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/2014-10-RCSAS_lowres.pdf>.

Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J.M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A.D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Gordon, B., Hunter, P.R., Johnston, R.B., Mathers, C., Mausezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, M., Stocks, M., Wolf, J., Cairncross, S. and Freeman, M.C. (2014) ‘Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low-and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 19(8): 894–905 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12329>.

Shantz, A. (2013) National Microbial Assessment of Rural Household Point-of-Consumption Drinking Waters, Technical Report for Cambodia’s Ministry of Rural Development and World Health Organization.

Stauber, C., Miller, C., Cantrell, B. and Kroell, K. (2014) ‘Evaluation of the compartment bag test for the detection of Escherichia coli in water’, Journal of Microbiological Methods 99: 66–70 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.008>.

Wright, J., Gundry, S. and Conroy, R. (2004) ‘Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use’, Tropical Medicine & International Health 9(1): 106–17 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x>.

Bain, R.E., Gundry, S.W., Wright, J.A., Yang, H., Pedley, S. and Bartram, J. K. (2012) ‘Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90(3): 228–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.094284>.

Brown, J. and Clasen, T. (2012) ‘High adherence is necessary to realize health gains from water quality interventions’, PLoS One 7(5): e36735 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036735>.

Cairncross, S. and Shordt, K. (2004) ‘It does last! Some findings from a multi-country study of hygiene sustainability’, Waterlines 22(3): 4–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2004.003>.

Curtis, V.A., Danquah, L.O. and Aunger, R.V. (2009) ‘Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review’, Health Education Research 24(4): 655–73 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp002>.

Davis, T.P. (2004) Barrier Analysis Facilitator’s Guide: A Tool for Improving Behavior Change Communication in Child Survival and Community Development Programs, Washington, DC: Food for the Hungry.

Enger, K.S., Nelson, K.L., Rose, J.B. and Eisenberg, J.N. (2013) ‘The joint effects of efficacy and compliance: a study of household water treatment effectiveness against childhood diarrhea’, Water Research 47(3): 1181–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.034>.

Eschol, J., Mahapatra, P. and Keshapagu, S. (2009) ‘Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India’, Journal of Water and Health 7(1): 145–54 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.094>.

Faith in Water (no date) ‘Working with faith schools to improve water, sanitation and hygiene for children and communities’ [online] <www.faithinwater.org/> [accessed 17 December 2016].

Figueroa, M.E. and Kincaid, D.L. (2010) Social, Cultural and Behavioral Correlates of Household Water Treatment and Storage, Center Publication HCI 2010-1: Health Communication Insights.

Gupta, S.K., Suantio, A., Gray, A., Widyastuti, E., Jain, N., Rolos, R., Hoekstra, R.M. and Quick, R. (2007) ‘Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia’, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76(6): 1158–62.

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