In many of India's cities, domestic dry latrines are emptied daily, a task that has been forced traditionally on a group considered so lowly that they were placed outside the Hindu caste order. In spite of the fact that their ‘out caste’ position and work combine to reinforce their social ostracism, a latent fear persists, especially amongst their elders, that their livelihoods are being phased out along with dry latrines.

Feachem, R., McGarry, M. and Mara, D. (1977) Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.

Ramaswamy, G. (2005) India Stinking: Manual scavengers in Andhra Pradesh and their work, Navayana Publishing, Pondicherry, India.

Feachem, R., McGarry, M. and Mara, D. (1977) Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.

Ramaswamy, G. (2005) India Stinking: Manual scavengers in Andhra Pradesh and their work, Navayana Publishing, Pondicherry, India.

Feachem, R., McGarry, M. and Mara, D. (1977) Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.

Ramaswamy, G. (2005) India Stinking: Manual scavengers in Andhra Pradesh and their work, Navayana Publishing, Pondicherry, India.

Feachem, R., McGarry, M. and Mara, D. (1977) Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.

Ramaswamy, G. (2005) India Stinking: Manual scavengers in Andhra Pradesh and their work, Navayana Publishing, Pondicherry, India.

Between paternalism and illegality: a longitudinal analysis of the role and condition of manual scavengers in India

Saldanha, Sakshi

Kirchhelle, Claas

Webster, Emily

Vanderslott, Samantha

Vaz, Manjulika

BMJ Global Health, Vol. 7 (2022), Iss. 7 P.e008733

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008733 [Citations: 0]