Tsunami impacts on groundwater and water supply in eastern Sri Lanka
Most households in the districts of Sri Lanka affected by the tsunami possessed drinking water wells, and these wells were contaminated by debris, sludge and saltwater. Once the wells were cleaned, only time and the onset of monsoon rains could reduce the levels of salinity - but local people continued to need information and reassurance about the quality of their water supplies.Villholth, K.G., P.H. Amerasinghe, P. Jeyakumar, C.R. Panabokke, O. Woolley, M.D. Weerasinghe, N. Amalraj, S. Prathepaan, N. Bürgi, D.M.D.S. Lionelrathne, N. G. Indrajith, S.R.K. Pathirana (2005) Tsunami impacts on shallow groundwater and associated water supply on the east coast of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka, International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68 pp. ISBN 92-9090-622-7. (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp). Illangasekare, T., S.W. Tyler, T.P. Clement, K.G. Villholth, A.P.G.R.L. Perera, J. Obeysekera, A. Gunatilaka, C.R Panabokke, D.W. Hyndman, K.J. Cunningham, J.J. Kaluarachchi, W. W-G. Yeh, M-R Van Genuchten, and K.H. Jensen (2006) ‘Impacts of the 2004 tsunami on groundwater resources in Sri Lanka’, Water Resources Research, 42, W05201. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp
WHO (2005) Cleaning and disinfecting wells in emergencies, WHO Technical Note for Emergencies No. 1. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html
Hogan, M.B., R.R. Goswami, K.G. Villholth, T.H. Illangasekare, and T.P. Clement, (2006) ‘Understanding the flow and mixing dynamics of saline water discharged into coastal freshwater aquifers’, selected peer-reviewed paper presented at the SWIM-SWICA meeting. Cagliari, Chia Laguna, Sardinia, Italy. September 24-29, 2006. The Sphere Project (2004), www.sphereproject.org www.sphereproject.org
Villholth, K.G., P.H. Amerasinghe, P. Jeyakumar, C.R. Panabokke, O. Woolley, M.D. Weerasinghe, N. Amalraj, S. Prathepaan, N. Bürgi, D.M.D.S. Lionelrathne, N. G. Indrajith, S.R.K. Pathirana (2005) Tsunami impacts on shallow groundwater and associated water supply on the east coast of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka, International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68 pp. ISBN 92-9090-622-7. (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp). Illangasekare, T., S.W. Tyler, T.P. Clement, K.G. Villholth, A.P.G.R.L. Perera, J. Obeysekera, A. Gunatilaka, C.R Panabokke, D.W. Hyndman, K.J. Cunningham, J.J. Kaluarachchi, W. W-G. Yeh, M-R Van Genuchten, and K.H. Jensen (2006) ‘Impacts of the 2004 tsunami on groundwater resources in Sri Lanka’, Water Resources Research, 42, W05201. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp
WHO (2005) Cleaning and disinfecting wells in emergencies, WHO Technical Note for Emergencies No. 1. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html
Hogan, M.B., R.R. Goswami, K.G. Villholth, T.H. Illangasekare, and T.P. Clement, (2006) ‘Understanding the flow and mixing dynamics of saline water discharged into coastal freshwater aquifers’, selected peer-reviewed paper presented at the SWIM-SWICA meeting. Cagliari, Chia Laguna, Sardinia, Italy. September 24-29, 2006. The Sphere Project (2004), www.sphereproject.org www.sphereproject.org
Villholth, K.G., P.H. Amerasinghe, P. Jeyakumar, C.R. Panabokke, O. Woolley, M.D. Weerasinghe, N. Amalraj, S. Prathepaan, N. Bürgi, D.M.D.S. Lionelrathne, N. G. Indrajith, S.R.K. Pathirana (2005) Tsunami impacts on shallow groundwater and associated water supply on the east coast of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka, International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68 pp. ISBN 92-9090-622-7. (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp). Illangasekare, T., S.W. Tyler, T.P. Clement, K.G. Villholth, A.P.G.R.L. Perera, J. Obeysekera, A. Gunatilaka, C.R Panabokke, D.W. Hyndman, K.J. Cunningham, J.J. Kaluarachchi, W. W-G. Yeh, M-R Van Genuchten, and K.H. Jensen (2006) ‘Impacts of the 2004 tsunami on groundwater resources in Sri Lanka’, Water Resources Research, 42, W05201. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp
WHO (2005) Cleaning and disinfecting wells in emergencies, WHO Technical Note for Emergencies No. 1. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html
Hogan, M.B., R.R. Goswami, K.G. Villholth, T.H. Illangasekare, and T.P. Clement, (2006) ‘Understanding the flow and mixing dynamics of saline water discharged into coastal freshwater aquifers’, selected peer-reviewed paper presented at the SWIM-SWICA meeting. Cagliari, Chia Laguna, Sardinia, Italy. September 24-29, 2006. The Sphere Project (2004), www.sphereproject.org www.sphereproject.org
Villholth, K.G., P.H. Amerasinghe, P. Jeyakumar, C.R. Panabokke, O. Woolley, M.D. Weerasinghe, N. Amalraj, S. Prathepaan, N. Bürgi, D.M.D.S. Lionelrathne, N. G. Indrajith, S.R.K. Pathirana (2005) Tsunami impacts on shallow groundwater and associated water supply on the east coast of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka, International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68 pp. ISBN 92-9090-622-7. (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp). Illangasekare, T., S.W. Tyler, T.P. Clement, K.G. Villholth, A.P.G.R.L. Perera, J. Obeysekera, A. Gunatilaka, C.R Panabokke, D.W. Hyndman, K.J. Cunningham, J.J. Kaluarachchi, W. W-G. Yeh, M-R Van Genuchten, and K.H. Jensen (2006) ‘Impacts of the 2004 tsunami on groundwater resources in Sri Lanka’, Water Resources Research, 42, W05201. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/TSUNAMI/Index.asp
WHO (2005) Cleaning and disinfecting wells in emergencies, WHO Technical Note for Emergencies No. 1. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/tn01/en/index.html
Hogan, M.B., R.R. Goswami, K.G. Villholth, T.H. Illangasekare, and T.P. Clement, (2006) ‘Understanding the flow and mixing dynamics of saline water discharged into coastal freshwater aquifers’, selected peer-reviewed paper presented at the SWIM-SWICA meeting. Cagliari, Chia Laguna, Sardinia, Italy. September 24-29, 2006. The Sphere Project (2004), www.sphereproject.org www.sphereproject.org
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