Who Changes?
Institutionalizing participation in development
James Blackburn, Jeremy Holland
The recent trend of participatory approaches presents challenges to those working in the development sector.
Who Changes? draws together, for the first time, lessons and experiences from key development agencies around the globe on the institutional change needed to make participation a reality. The book explores the main issues and concerns of development professionals involved in PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) practices: adapting PRA methods from micro to macro organizations and the type of changes required by an organization to implement PRA effectively. In addition, the reader is provided with a checklist of practical considerations to guide them through this complex field: training programmes and training needs for all those involved in the participation programme, implementing projects from piloting stages to gradual scaling up, institutional change and the changing cultures and procedures of hierarchical organizations, and participatory monitoring and evaluation. Containing highly readable accounts and clear summaries by development workers from a variety of development settings across the globe, Who Changes? will be a valuable asset to all development professionals concerned with PRA approaches from fieldworkers to practitioners and policy makers.
Published: 1998
Pages: 216
eBook: 9781780446417
Paperback: 9781853394201
Who Changes? draws together, for the first time, lessons and experiences from key development agencies around the globe on the institutional change needed to make participation a reality. The book explores the main issues and concerns of development professionals involved in PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) practices: adapting PRA methods from micro to macro organizations and the type of changes required by an organization to implement PRA effectively. In addition, the reader is provided with a checklist of practical considerations to guide them through this complex field: training programmes and training needs for all those involved in the participation programme, implementing projects from piloting stages to gradual scaling up, institutional change and the changing cultures and procedures of hierarchical organizations, and participatory monitoring and evaluation. Containing highly readable accounts and clear summaries by development workers from a variety of development settings across the globe, Who Changes? will be a valuable asset to all development professionals concerned with PRA approaches from fieldworkers to practitioners and policy makers.
| List of figures, tables and boxes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviations | |||
| Acknowledgements | |||
| Foreword ROBERT CHAMBERS | |||
| 1. General introduction | |||
| Part 1: The scaling-up of participatory approaches: opportunities | |||
| and dangers | |||
| 2. Introduction to Part 1 | |||
| 3. Internalizing and diffusing the PRA approach: the case of | |||
| Ethiopia | |||
| DEREJE WORDOFA | |||
| Learning and internalizing | |||
| Diffusing the methodology and influencing others | |||
| New ways forward? | |||
| 4. Scaling-up PRA: lessons from Vietnam | |||
| BARDOLF PAUL | |||
| Background to the Forestry Cooperation Programme | |||
| A systems approach to institutionalization | |||
| 5. The rush to scale: lessons being learnt in Indonesia | |||
| NILANJANA MUKHERJEE | |||
| Country-wide participatory planning: how it happened | |||
| What we can learn from the experience | |||
| 6. Scaling-down as the key to scaling-up? The role of | |||
| participatory municipal planning in Bolivia's Law of | |||
| Popular Participation | |||
| JAMES BLACKBURN and COSTANZA de TOMA | |||
| Scaling-down, Bolivian style | |||
| New roles for local institutions: the key to making the LPP work | |||
| State-sanctioned participatory planning: a contradiction in terms? | |||
| NGO-State relations and the LPP | |||
| A realignment of political forces | |||
| Participatory social assessment in an economy in transition: | |||
| strengthening capacity and influencing policy in Estonia | |||
| JOHN THOMPSON | |||
| The context | |||
| The challenge | |||
| The participatory social assessment (PSA) | |||
| Findings of Phase I | |||
| Learning from the past, building for the future | |||
| 8. Scaling-up of participatory approaches through | |||
| institutionalization in Government Services: the case of | |||
| agricultural extension in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe | |||
| JURGEN HAGMANN, EDWARD CHUMA and KUDAKWASHE MURWIRA | |||
| Concept and approach for participatory innovation development | |||
| and extension | |||
| Strategy for institutionalizing the participatory approach | |||
| Lessons learnt from experience | |||
| Conclusions and recommendations | |||
| 9. Scaling-up or scaling-down? The experience of | |||
| institutionalizing PRA in the slum-improvement | |||
| projects in India | |||
| KAMAL KAR and SUE PHILLIPS | |||
| Background | |||
| Problems of scaling-up | |||
| Efforts to scale down and create small examples of sustained | |||
| community action | |||
| Lessons learnt and conclusions | |||
| Part 2: Organizational change: the key to institutionalizing | |||
| participation? | |||
| 10. Introduction to Part 2 | |||
| 1 1. The participatory watershed development implementation | |||
| process: some practical tips drawn from OUTREACH in | |||
| South India | |||
| JAMES MASCARENHAS | |||
| Stage 1: preparation time and the creation of self-help groups | |||
| Stage 2: participatory planning processes and procedures | |||
| Stage 3: the implementation plan | |||
| Stage 4: withdrawal from the micro-watershed | |||
| Conclusion | |||
| 12. Introducing participatory learning approaches in the | |||
| Self-help Support Programme, Sri Lanka | |||
| MALLIKA SAMARANAYAKE | |||
| National Development Foundation (NDF), partner of Self-SP | |||
| Institutional changes resulting from the wholesale adoption of | |||
| participatory methodologies 1990-94 | |||
| Key factors emerging from the programme's reorientation | |||
| Constraints generally faced by NGOs when attempting to | |||
| institutionalize participatory approaches | |||
| 13. Participatory management or community-managed | |||
| programmes? Reflections from experience in Somaliland | |||
| SAM JOSEPH | |||
| New roles for development managers | |||
| Rethinking project management | |||
| 14. Participatory environmental management: contradiction of | |||
| process, project and bureaucracy in the Himalayan Foothills | |||
| ANDREW SHEPHERD | |||
| Recent paradigm shifts | |||
| Participation and Indian bureaucracy | |||
| The question of targets in participatory projects | |||
| How to merge project activities with people's priorities | |||
| Lessons for paradigm shifters | |||
| 15. Taking on the challenge of participatory development at | |||
| GTZ: searching for innovation and reflecting on the | |||
| experience gained | |||
| HEINRICH EYLERS and REINER FORSTER | |||
| Background to GTZ's experience | |||
| Some lessons from GTZ-supported projects | |||
| Reorientations and challenges for GTZ as an organization | |||
| 16. Participatory Approaches in Government Bureaucracies: | |||
| Facilitating Institutional Change | |||
| JOHN THOMPSON | |||
| Recognizing the need for institutional change | |||
| Training for transformation? | |||
| The institutional learning and training cycle | |||
| Charting the course from participatory rhetoric to participatory | |||
| reality | |||
| Part 3: Where do we go from here? | |||
| 17. Introduction to Part 3 | |||
| 18. Current challenges facing participatory rural appraisal | |||
| ROBERT LEURS | |||
| Challenges facing PRA at the individual level | |||
| Challenges facing PRA at the colllrnunity level | |||
| Challenges facing PRA at the organizational level 128 | |||
| Challenges facing PRA at the projectlprogramme level 129 | |||
| Challenges facing PRA at the policy level 131 | |||
| Challenges facing PRA at the donor level 132 | |||
| Conclusions 133 | |||
| 19. Reflections and recommendations on scaling-up and | |||
| organizational change | |||
| IDS WORKSHOP 135 | |||
| Enabling conditions for scaling-up 135 | |||
| Dangers of rapid scaling up for PRA practice 137 | |||
| Recommendations for quality PRA training and field practice 138 | |||
| Recommended actions for communities and local groups, NGOs | |||
| and donors 142 | |||
| Recommended actions for those involved in shifting organizations | |||
| to more people-centred and participatory approaches 1 44 | |||
| 20. Towards a learning organization - making development | |||
| agencies more participatory from the inside | |||
| IDS WORKSHOP 145 | |||
| Understanding the issue 145 | |||
| Procedures 147 | |||
| Systems and Structures 148 | |||
| 21. The Scaling-up and Institutionalization of PRA: lessons and | |||
| challenges | |||
| JOHN GAVENTA 153 | |||
| Micro-macro linkages 153 | |||
| The dimensions of scaling-up 154 | |||
| Scaling-out: increasing the types of quality of participation 156 | |||
| Scaling-up: increasing the quantity of participation 159 | |||
| Institutional change 161 | |||
| Summary and questions for future research 163 | |||
| 22. Conclusion | |||
| JAMES BLACKBURN 167 | |||
| References 179 |
Jeremy Holland Jeremy Holland is Lecturer at the Centre for Development Studies at the University of Wales Swansea
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