Over the past decade there has been an increasingly receptive audience for participatory and qualitative research methods by policy makers, development practitioners and academics working in applied research. At the same time there is an increasing awareness that the value of research can be enhanced through a more systematic combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. While this recent interest has begun to provide useful pointers as to how development research might be improved, it has also given rise to certain problems. This book will draw together lessons about emerging best practice with regard to combining qualitative and quantitative methods and approaches to generate numbers from qualitative/participatory methods and to monitor and evaluate development processes. It will build and expand upon innovation and reflection from practice in developing and developed societies, from within development agencies and academia, government departments and civil society organizations. By drawing on current research in many sectors and countries, the book will situate current development research issues squarely within debates about development policy and social research and it will help begin the process of defining best practice in the use of participatory/ qualitative and quantitative methods, and issues of methodological triangulation which are of considerable interest to academics, practitioners and policy makers. A genuine how to manual which combines best practice and new innovations and presents fascinating material for academics, practitioners and policy makers.

General introduction
Context and challenges for combining methods
in development research 1
Part I: Combining forces with qualitative and quantitative research 19
Introduction: Bridges and fences for combined methods 21
1 Little white pebbles: getting the research questions right
and getting the right data 27
MIKE JENNINGS
2 Some practical sampling procedures for development research 37
IAN WILSON
3 Impact assessment of microfinance: protocol for collection
and analysis of qualitative data 53
JAMES COPESTAKE, SUSAN JOHNSON
and KATIE WRIGHT-REVOLLEDO
4 What determines successful sustainable development projects?
Some evidence from the PRODERS experience in Mexico 71
GIL YARON, JUTTA BLAUERT and ALEJANDRO GUEVARA
5 Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in
evaluation-related rural tourism development research 85
JENNIFER BRIEDENHANN and EUGENIA WICKENS
Part II: Quantifying the qualitative in development research 93
Introduction: Reflections on quantification 95
6 Quantitative analysis approaches to qualitative data:
why, when and how? 97
SAVITRI ABEYASEKERA
7 What do you sense? Applying analytical sensory
evaluation techniques to research on
development issues 107
QUIRIEN VAN OIRSCHOT and KEITH TOMLINS
8 Strong fences make good neighbours: survey and
participatory appraisal methods in poverty assessment
and poverty reduction strategy monitoring 119
SIMON APPLETON and DAVID BOOTH
Part III: The process of combination: democratizing
research, empowerment and institutional change 136
Introduction: Combined research as process 139
9 Quality, quantity and the third way 141
NIGEL GILBERT
10 The peer ethnographic method for health research:
methodological and theoretical reflections 149
NEIL PRICE and KIRSTAN HAWKINS
11 Participatory indicator development for sustainable
natural resource management 163
ANDREW DOUGILL and MARK REED
12 Exploring the temporal logic model: a Colombian case study
evaluating assistance to internally displaced people 177
ANDREA LAMPIS
13 Trade-offs between management costs and research benefits:
lessons from the forest and the farm 191
KATHRIN SCHRECKENBERG, ADRIAN BARRANCE,
ANN DEGRANDE, JAMIE GORDON, ROGER LEAKEY,
ELAINE MARSHALL, ADRIAN NEWTON and ZAC TCHOUNDJEU
14 Evaluating democracy assistance: the inadequacy
of numbers and the promise of participation 205
GORDON CRAWFORD
15 Monitoring social policy outcomes in Jamaica: combined
methods, democratic research and institutional change 219
JEREMY HOLLAND, STEADMAN NOBLE,
ANDY NORTON and KEN SIGRIST
16 From development research to policy change: methodological
learning from a research capacity-building project 227
TANJA BASTIA, ELEANOR FISHER, JEREMY HOLLAND
and DUNCAN HOLTOM
Glossary 239
List of contributors 245
Endnotes 251
References 267
Index 285