Over half the world’s population now lives in urban areas and a large proportion of them lives without improved sanitation. Efforts to tackle open defecation in rural areas has been led by the Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) movement. But how can the community mobilization techniques of CLTS be adapted to the more complex situations and transient populations in urban areas? How can landlords as well as tenants be motivated to provide and use safely managed sanitation?

Innovations in Urban Sanitation has been developed in response to calls from practitioners for practical guidance on how to mobilize communities and improve different parts of the sanitation chain in urban areas. Urban Community-Led Total Sanitation is potentially an important piece of a bigger puzzle. It offers a set of approaches, tools and tactics for practitioners to move towards safely managed sanitation services. The book provides examples of towns and cities in Africa, South Asia and South-East Asia which have used these approaches.
The approach has the potential to contribute not only to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 on water, sanitation and hygiene and SDG 11 on cities but also those concerning the reduction of inequalities and the promotion of inclusive societies. As a pro-poor development strategy, U-CLTS can mobilize the urban poor to take their own collective action and demand a response from others to provide safely managed sanitation, hygiene and water services which leave no one behind.

Tables, boxes, and figures
Author and organization biographies
Acronyms and abbreviations
Glossary of key terms
Acknowledgements
Overview
Chapter 1: Introduction
Who is this book for?
The principles of U-CLTS
Comparing the use of CLTS in urban versus rural settings
U-CLTS across urban typologies
Challenges for U-CLTS
Roles and responsibilities within U-CLTS
How to use this guide
Dos and don’ts
Notes for users
PART 1: The guide
Chapter 2: Stage 1: Assessment and preparation (pre-triggering)
Key messages
Purpose of assessment and preparation
Situation analysis
Stakeholder analysis and identifying key partners
Key partner capacity building and selection of communities
Preparing to enter the community
Key tasks here will include exploratory visits to:
Dos and don’ts for assessment and preparation (pre-triggering)
Notes for users
Chapter 3: Stage 2: U-CLTS triggering and institutional advocacy
Key messages
Purpose of U-CLTS triggering
Community triggering
Community-led action planning processes
Institutional advocacy and action planning
Institutional advocacy tools and tactics
Dos and don’ts for triggering, advocacy, and action planning
Notes for users
Chapter 4: Stage 3: Integrating U-CLTS across the sanitation chain
Key messages
Purpose of integrating U-CLTS across the sanitation chain
Revising and enforcing regulations across the sanitation chain
Safe capture and containment
Safe emptying and transportation
Safe treatment, disposal, and possible reuse
Associated waste streams
Dos and don’ts for integrating U-CLTS across the sanitation chain
Notes for users
Chapter 5: Stage 4: Maintaining momentum
Key messages
Purpose of maintaining momentum
Follow-up
Monitoring
Verification, certification, and celebration
Sustainability
Dos and don’ts and action points for maintaining momentum
Notes for users
PART 2: Case studies
Chapter 6: U-CLTS case studies
Introduction to the case studies
Case Study 1: Choma, Zambia
Case Study 2: Eight towns in Ethiopia
Case Study 3: Fort Dauphin, Madagascar
Case Study 4: Gulariya, Nepal
Case Study 5: Hawassa, Ethiopia
Case Study 6: Himbirti, Eritrea
Case Study 7: Iringa, Tanzania
Case Study 8: IUWASH, Indonesia
Case Study 9: Kabwe, Zambia
Case Study 10: Logo, Nigeria
Case Study 11: Mathare 10, Nairobi, Kenya
Case Study 12: Nakuru, Kenya
Case Study 13: New Delhi, India
Case Study 14: Ribaué and Rapale, Mozambique
Case Study 15: Small towns in Northern and Southern Nigeria
Conclusion
References

The urban sanitation sector suffers from a lack of effective engagement with the people who will use the services. Developments are usually driven by engineers, technology and regulations, with little heed paid to the capacities, aspirations, motivations and affordability of the sanitation services to the user. Innovations for Urban Sanitation: Adapting Community-Led Approaches contributes to redressing that balance and giving voice to the community and sanitation users. This useful new book applies what has been learned from using participatory tools in rural and urban sanitation to provide practical approaches to partner better with communities in urban sanitation projects – big and small. As a workbook it provides a menu of tools and techniques to mix and match for different types of urban sanitation project. Projects and programmes which systematically use these approaches will achieve better community engagement and increased ownership and thus improve the sustainability and outcomes of urban sanitation investments.
Isabel Blackett, Consultant, Inclusive Sanitation in Practice (ISP)

A timely and valuable book for anyone wanting to better understand the complexities of CLTS in urban settings. The authors helpfully combine comprehensive descriptions, practical guidance and tools for integrating CLTS into sustainable urban sanitation services.
Rebecca Scott, Lecturer in Public Health Engineering, WEDC, Loughborough University, UK

Jamie Myers
Jamie Myers is a Research Officer at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex

Sue Cavill
Sue Cavill has been working as a specialist advisor to the UK’s Department for International Development in recent years and has also worked with non-governmental organisations and international networks of community-based organisations. Widely published in peer-reviewed journals.

Samuel Musyoki
Samuel Musyoki is Country Director for Plan International, Zambia

Katherine Pasteur
Katherine Pasteur was the International Programme Coordinator in the Reducing Vulnerability Team at Practical Action. She has more than 15 years’ experience in international development, specializing in sustainable livelihoods, natural resource management and disaster risk reduction, in Africa, Latin America and Asia.

Lucy Stevens
Lucy Stevens is Senior Policy and Practice Adviser with Practical Action, UK. She leads the organisation’s influencing and learning strategy on energy access.