
Guidelines for Design, Production and Testing of Animal-Drawn Carts
Published: 1996
Pages: 200
eBook: 9781780445076
Paperback: 9781853393389
PREFACE ix | |||
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SECTION A: GUIDELINES ON CART DESIGN 1 | |||
A1: INTRODUCTION 3 | |||
A1.1 FEATURES OF GOOD CART DESIGN 3 | |||
A1.2 RECOMMENDATION FOR MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS 4 | |||
A1.3 LAYOUT OF MANUAL 5 | |||
A1.4 REASONING BEHIND THE GUIDELINES 6 | |||
A2: CART CONSTRUCTION 7 | |||
A2.1 CART CAPACITY 7 | |||
A2.2 CART DIMENSIONS 9 | |||
A2.3 LAYOUT OF TWO-WHEEL CARTS (Figure 2.2) 11 | |||
A2.4 LAYOUT OF FOUR-WHEEL CARTS 13 | |||
A2.5 CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-WHEEL CARTS 14 | |||
A2.6 DESIGN OF A STEEL BASE-FRAME (Figure 2.3) 15 | |||
A2.7 CONSTRUCTION OF BODY 18 | |||
A2.7.1 Body Made From Sheet Steel 18 | |||
A2.7.2 Steel Frame With Wooden Body (Figure 2.6) 23 | |||
A2.8 WOODEN BASE FRAME AND BODY 25 | |||
A2.9 BAMBOO OR TIMBER POLE CONSTRUCTION (Figure 2.8(i) and (ii)) 26 | |||
A2.10 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 29 | |||
A2.11 DESIGN OF A HINGED TAILGATE (Figure 2.9) 31 | |||
A2.12 ATTACHMENT OF DRAWPOLE (Figure 2.10) 33 | |||
A2.13 OTHER TYPES OF CART BODIES 34 | |||
A2.14 DESIGN OF 4-WHEEL CARTS (Figure 2.13) 38 | |||
A2.15 BRAKE DESIGN 42 | |||
A2.16 SUSPENSION 47 | |||
A3: WHEEL/AXLE ASSEMBLY 53 | |||
A3.1 BASIC FACTORS 53 | |||
A3.1.1 Tyres 53 | |||
A3.1.2 Rolling Resistance 54 | |||
A3.1.3 Friction and Wear in Bearings 56 | |||
A3.1.4 Wheel and Bearing Loads 58 | |||
A3.1.5 Comparison of the Performance of Different Types of Wheel/Axle | |||
Assemblies 58 | |||
A3.2 TYPES OF WHEELS 61 | |||
A3.2.1 Scrap Rims and Axles 61 | |||
A3.2.2 Pressed and Rolled Rims 68 | |||
A3.2.3 Wheels for Manufacture in Small to Medium Size Workshops 70 | |||
A3.2.4 Fabricated Steel Wheels 73 | |||
A3.2.5 Wooden Wheels 76 | |||
A3.3 HUB AND AXLE 80 | |||
A3.3.1 Machined Hub and Axle Assembly (Figure 3.15) 80 | |||
A3.3.2 Fabricated Hub and Axle Assembly (Figure 3.16) 85 | |||
A3.3.3 Axle Assemblies with Bush Bearings 88 | |||
A3.3.4 Live-Axle Assembly (Figure 3.18) 91 | |||
A3.3.5 Other Hub/Bearing Options 98 | |||
A3.4 COMPARISON OF WHEEL/AXLE ASSEMBLIES 102 | |||
A3.4.1 Comparison of Wheel/Axle Assemblies for Ox-Carts (Table 3.2) 102 | |||
A3.4.2 Comparison of Wheel/Axle Assemblies for Light, Single-Donkey | |||
Carts (Table 3.3) 107 | |||
A3.5 PUNCTURE-RESISTANT TYRES 109 | |||
A4: COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF CART DESIGNS 115 | |||
A4.1 RANGE OF OPTIONS 115 | |||
A4.2 SELECTION OF PREFERRED CART DESIGN 118 | |||
A4.2.1 Recommended Design 118 | |||
A4.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS 123 | |||
A4.3.1 Alternative Designs of Wheel/Axle Assemblies 123 | |||
A4.3.2 Intermediate Designs 125 | |||
A4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 128 | |||
A4.4.1 Cart Construction 128 | |||
A4.4.2 Wheel and Axle Assemblies 128 | |||
A4.4.3 Brakes 130 | |||
A4.4.4 Suspension 130 | |||
APPENDIX 1: SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION 132 | |||
SECTION B: GUIDELINES ON HARNESSING 135 | |||
B1: INTRODUCTION 136 | |||
B2: HARNESSING OF OXEN 138 | |||
B3: HARNESSING OF DONKEYS 143 | |||
B4: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON HARNESSING AND | |||
HITCHING 150 | |||
SECTION C: MANUFACTURE, MARKETING AND MAINTENANCE OF CARTS 155 | |||
C1: INTRODUCTION 157 | |||
C2: POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENTS 160 | |||
C3: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON CART MANUFACTURE 164 | |||
C4: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON MARKETING 166 | |||
C5: RECOMMENDATIONS OF WORKING PARTY ON MAINTENANCE AND | |||
REPAIR 169 | |||
SECTION D: GUIDELINES ON CREDIT 171 | |||
D1: INTRODUCTION 173 | |||
D2: TYPES OF CREDIT SCHEME 174 | |||
D3: ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF CREDIT PROGRAMMES 178 | |||
SECTION E: GUIDELINES ON TESTING OF CARTS AND DESIGN STANDARDS 183 | |||
E1: INTRODUCTION 185 | |||
E2: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WORKING GROUP ON TESTING AND | |||
STANDARDS 187 |